Shirye-shiryen daidaita yanayin yanayi zuwa Hawan matakin Teku

Yunkurin hawan tekun da ke gabatowa barazana ce ga al'ummomin da ke bakin teku. A duk faɗin duniya, sama da mutane miliyan 20 suna rayuwa a cikin ƙananan yankuna waɗanda ke da saurin haɓakawa da kuma hasashen hawan teku (Nicholls, 2010). Bugu da kari, mutane miliyan 200 suna cikin wuraren da ke fuskantar hadarin ambaliya daga matsanancin yanayi (Nicholls, 2010). A cikin Amurka, hauhawar matakin teku da aka annabta na iya yin barazana ga kashi 9% na ƙasar a cikin biranen bakin teku na Amurka 180 nan da 2100 (Jami'ar Arizona, 2011). Bisa ga rahoton 2014 IPCC Synthesis Report, an annabta cewa hawan matakin teku na wasu digiri yana da "yiwuwa" a cikin fiye da 95% na yankunan teku (IPCC, 2014). A cikin kiyasi mafi munin yanayi na fitar da hayaki, matsakaicin matakin hawan teku zai kai kusan 61cm-1.1m ta 2100 (IPCC, 2014). Ko da mafi munin hayaki bai faru ba, matakan tekun da ke tashi kamar 10 cm na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri a kan al'ummomin bakin teku, musamman a yankunan da ba su da kuɗi da kuma al'ummomin BIPOC. Yankunan bakin teku suna cikin hatsarin ambaliyar ruwa mai tsananin gaske, matsanancin yanayi na yanayi, ƙara gurɓatar ruwa, asarar wurin zama, zaizayar ƙasa, ƙãra gishirin ƙasa, da asarar yankin bakin teku. Za a tilastawa al'ummar bakin teku yin ƙaura daga kan iyakokin da ke koma baya, su yi watsi da zamansu, idan ba a samar da matakan kariya ba.

A cikin Amurka da duniya baki ɗaya, al'ummomin bakin teku da masu tsara manufofi suna ƙirƙirar tsare-tsaren daidaita yanayin yanayi don rage tsammanin hawan teku. Shirye-shiryen karbuwa sukan haɗa da jerin canje-canjen da aka aiwatar waɗanda gabaɗaya suna faɗuwa ƙarƙashin nau'ikan kayan aikin "launin toka" ko "kore". "Gray" kayayyakin more rayuwa sun fi wuya, tsarin da ɗan adam ke yi a bakin teku ya haɗa da bangon ambaliya, ƙofofin ruwa, bututu, madatsun ruwa, da dai sauransu. Akasin haka, kayan aikin "kore" yana nufin kiyaye ayyukan yanayin yanayin yanayi don rigakafin ambaliyar ruwa, gami da gandun daji na mangrove, dunes, da tsarin reef. Biranen bakin teku masu fama da ambaliya da matsanancin yanayi na iya zaɓar yin amfani da ko dai kayan aikin launin toka, kayan aikin kore, ko haɗin hanyoyin biyu.

Koren ababen more rayuwa da wuraren zama na bakin teku suna iya cin gajiyar sabis na yanayin yanayin don kare al'ummomin bakin teku, gidaje, da kasuwanci daga hawan teku wanda ya haifar da ambaliya, yayin da ake buƙatar ƙananan matakan kulawa da kula da farashi. Zai iya zama sau 2 zuwa 5 mai rahusa don maido da dausayin bakin teku fiye da gina shingen ambaliyar ruwa (Cook, 2020). Tare da ƙarancin gini da tsadar kulawa, al'ummar bakin teku kuma za su iya girbi ƙarin sabis na yanayin halittu da suka haɗa da wadatar magudanar ruwa da na ƙasa, tace ruwa, sarrafa carbon, da nishaɗin al'umma. Ko da yake mafita na tushen yanayi suna ba da fa'idodi masu fa'ida, har yanzu ba su da farin jini ga masu tsara manufofi. Bangaren kasa da kasa, daga cikin 167 da aka kayyade gudunmawar a karkashin yarjejeniyar Paris, 70 ne kawai suka hada da hanyoyin da suka dogara da yanayin kuma galibin wadancan suna cikin kasashe masu karamin karfi. Akwai karancin sanin kimar hanyoyin magance yanayi a tsakanin al’umma da kananan hukumomi. Ya kamata a ba da fifikon samfuran tushen yanayi masu nasara a matsayin misalai don koyo daga kuma a yi amfani da su don haɓaka ilimin ababen more rayuwa kore. 

Ko da yake yawancin tsare-tsaren daidaitawa suna kasa yin la'akari da hanyoyin da suka dogara da yanayin, wasu al'ummomin bakin teku suna fahimtar fa'idodin kuma suna iya zama misali. A Arewacin Java, Indonesia, mutane miliyan 30 suna fama da ambaliyar ruwa da zaizayar ruwa. Lamarin ambaliya ya ta'azzara sakamakon lalata dazuzzukan mangrove na yankin. Ƙungiya daban-daban na masu ruwa da tsaki suna aiki tare a Demak, Java akan wani aikin da aka sani da "Gina tare da yanayi" don maido da 12 mil na gandun daji na mangrove na bakin teku don kare al'ummomin bakin teku daga ambaliya (Gina tare da yanayi a Indonesia, 2020). Ta hanyar aikin maido da mangrove, suna samun nasarar ƙarfafa yanayin rayuwa a bakin teku tare da kare al'ummominsu daga ambaliya.  

Mangroves musamman suna ba da babban jari mai kima ga yanayin yanayin ruwa da al'ummomin gida. Matsakaicin farashin maidowar mangrove kusan $0.01 USD a kowace ƙafar murabba'in ƙafa, ƙasa da kayan aikin wucin gadi (Cook, 2020). Hukumar Kula da Adabi ta Duniya ta gano cewa ribar da ake samu na kare gandun daji na mangrove, a duniya, ya kai dalar Amurka tiriliyan 1 nan da shekarar 2030 (Hukumar daidaitawa ta duniya, 2019). Dazuzzukan Mangrove suna haɓaka nau'ikan halittun ruwa, sabili da haka yana ƙaruwa a cikin wuraren da ake kamawa a cikin teku daga matsakaicin fam 40 zuwa fam 271 a kowace awa (Hussain, 2010). Hakazalika, mangroves a matsayin mazaunin bakin teku yana adana kashi 14% na iskar carbon daga tekun duniya (Alongi, 2012). Mangroves a matsayin bakin teku masu rai suna iya magance fiye da ƙofofin ambaliya, bangon ambaliya, ko sauran kayan aikin wucin gadi.

Dangane da mangroves, ana amfani da wasu nau'ikan rayayyun bakin teku don magance zaizayar ƙasa. Yankunan bakin teku na rayuwa sun haɗa da takamaiman ciyayi na ƙasa kamar ciyawa, ciyawa na teku, dunes, da tsarin reef. Maido da layukan teku na dabi'a yana taimakawa yanayin yanayin gabar tekun daidaitawa da kula da ayyukan ilimin halitta yayin da suke karewa daga matsanancin yanayi da ambaliyar ruwa. Wasu layin bakin teku masu rai za su haɗa nau'ikan kayan aikin kore da launin toka waɗanda ke haɗa ciyayi na halitta tare da wasu abubuwan more rayuwa masu ƙarfi kamar dutsen sills, katakon katako, siminti ko matakan ƙarfe. Ƙirƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙira za ta iya yin amfani da mafi kyawun abubuwan da aka gina da kuma abubuwan more rayuwa na halitta don ƙirƙirar tsarin kare bakin teku mai fa'ida. Misali, a cikin 2013, The Nature Conservancy ya yi nazarin fa'idar farashi akan 5.6km na tsarin raƙuman ruwan kawa da aka shigar a cikin Tekun Mexico. Ƙididdigar Yanayi ta sami fa'idodi iri-iri a cikin ƙimar fa'idarsu: raguwa akan tsayi da ƙarfi na manyan raƙuman ruwa, fiye da fam 6,900 na ƙarin kama a kowace shekara, cire kilo 1,888 na nitrogen a kowace shekara, kuma an ƙiyasta shi. wannan fa'idodin ya zarce farashin maidowa da kari da dala miliyan 4.28 a cikin shekara ta 34 na aikin (The Nature Conservancy, 2013). Haɓaka dabarun ba da damar al'ummomi su yi amfani da fa'idodin tsarin halittu yayin da suke samun manyan matakan amincewa fiye da hanyoyin halitta kaɗai. 

Yayin da ake kimanta tsare-tsare na daidaita yanayin yanayi, yana da mahimmanci musamman a gane da kuma nuna bambancin ra'ayi tsakanin hawan teku da adalci na launin fata. Al'ummomin BIPOC suna fama da rashin daidaituwa sakamakon sauyin yanayi da suka haɗa da hawan teku, ambaliya, da matsanancin yanayi na bakin teku. Yayin da sauyin yanayi ke shafar dukkan al'ummomi, yawancin BIPOC da al'ummomin masu karamin karfi ba su da albarkatun da za su iya magance ko hana lalata muhalli. A cikin rahoton 2019 da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya, Injiniya, da Magunguna ta Kasa ta fitar, an buga cewa ambaliya a birane yana shafar nau'ikan al'adu da yawa, amma yana da illa ga ƴan tsiraru da masu karamin karfi saboda suna iya zama a yankuna. fuskantar babban haɗarin ambaliya yayin da a lokaci guda aka ba da fifiko kaɗan da ƙarancin kariya ta ambaliya (Kwararrun Ilimin Kimiyya, Injiniya da Magunguna, 2019). Hurricane Katrina babban misali ne na rashin adalcin muhalli. Guguwar Louisiana ta shekara ta 2005 ta yi illa ga al'ummomin baƙar fata. Sakamako daga kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a da kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Amurka ta yi ya nuna cewa Race wani abu ne mafi girma na bayyana illar guguwa fiye da matakan shiga (Moore, 2005). Ko ana amfani da kayan aikin launin toka ko kore, al'ummomin BIPOC na bakin teku dole ne a ba su fifiko wajen ƙirƙirar tsare-tsaren daidaita yanayin yanayi.

Yayin da matakan teku ke ci gaba da hauhawa, gwamnatoci da masu tsara manufofi za su fuskanci matsananciyar yanke shawara don kare iyakokin teku da al'ummomin da ke cikin hadari. Kowane yanki dole ne ya yi zaɓi bisa yanayin wurin da yake da zaman kansa. Maiyuwa ba za a iya amfani da ababen more rayuwa koren a keɓe ba, amma ta hanyar amfani da yanayin dogaro na yanayi na dabaru na wucin gadi da na sassauƙa na halitta, tare da fifikon ababen more rayuwa kore, za a iya samun nasarar sarrafa matakin hawan teku.

ayyukan da aka ambata

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