ʻO ka moku Arctic kahi pōʻino e kali ana e hiki mai

Na Richard Steiner

I ka wā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ka moku lawe ukana ʻo Selendang Ayu ma Alaska o Aleutian Islands i ʻewalu mau makahiki i hala aku nei i kēia pule, he mea hoʻomanaʻo pōʻino ia no ka ulu ʻana o nā pilikia o ka moku ʻākau. ʻOiai ma ke alahele mai Seattle a hiki i Kina, i loko o kahi makani hoʻoilo ikaika o ke Kai Bering me nā makani 70-knot a me 25-kapuai kai, ua hāʻule ka enekini o ka moku. I kona neʻe ʻana i uka, ʻaʻole lawa nā moku huki moana e hiki ai ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka mokupuni ʻo Unalaska i ka lā 8 o Dekemaba, 2004. Ua nalowale ʻeono mau luina, ua naha ka moku, a me kāna ukana holoʻokoʻa a ʻoi aku ka 335,000. Ua kahe nā galani wahie kaumaha i ka ʻaila i loko o nā wai o ka Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge (Puʻuhonua ʻo Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge). E like me nā kahe nui ʻē aʻe o ka moana, ʻaʻole i mālama ʻia kēia hū, a ua pepehi i nā tausani o nā manu kai a me nā mea hihiu ʻē aʻe o ke kai, pani ʻia nā lawaiʻa, a hoʻohaumia i nā mile he nui o ke kahakai.

E like me ka hapa nui o nā pōʻino ʻoihana, ʻo ka pōʻino Selendang Ayu i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hui pū ʻana o ka hewa kanaka, nā pilikia kālā, nā hemahema mechanical, lax a me ka nānā aupuni, ([PDF]Ke hoʻokumu ʻia nei o ka hae Malaysian-Hae Nui M/V Selendang Ayu ma). No kekahi manawa, ua nānā ka pōʻino i ka pilikia o ka moku ʻākau. Akā ʻoiai ua hoʻoponopono ʻia kekahi mau mea pilikia, ua hoʻi koke ka ʻoluʻolu. I kēia lā, poina wale ʻia ka pōʻino Selendang, a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka holo moku, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pilikia ma mua o ka wā.

I kēlā me kēia lā, he 10-20 mau moku kalepa nui - nā moku pahu, nā mea lawe nui, nā mea lawe kaʻa, a me nā pahu pahu - hele i ke "ala pōʻai nui" ma waena o Asia a me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau ma ke kaulahao Aleutian he 1,200 mile. Ke hoʻi hou nei ke kālepa mai ke kaʻe ʻana, ke piʻi mau nei ka hoʻouna ʻana ma kēia ala. A i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka hoʻomehana honua i ka hau kai kau wela, ke piʻi wikiwiki nei ka holo moku ma waena o ka Moana Arctic. I kēia kauwela i hala iho nei, he 46 mau moku kalepa i kaʻa aku i ke Alanui Kai ʻĀkau ma waena o ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia ma waena o ka ʻĀkau Lūkini (Mea Nānā Barents), he ʻumi pānaʻi hoʻonui mai ʻelua makahiki aku nei. ʻOi aku ma mua o 1 miliona mau tona ukana i huki ʻia ma ke ala ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua i kēia kauwela (he piʻi 50% ma mua o 2011), a ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mea he huahana petroleum pōʻino e like me ka wahie diesel, wahie mokulele, a me ka condensate kinoea. A ʻo ka tanker Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) mua ma ka mōʻaukala i huakaʻi i ke ala i kēia makahiki, e lawe ana i ka LNG mai Norewai a Iapana i ka hapalua o ka manawa e hele ai i ke ala maʻamau o Suez. ʻO ka nui o ka aila a me ke kinoea i hoʻouna ʻia ma ke Alanui ʻĀkau ʻĀkau e manaʻo ʻia e hiki i 40 miliona tons i kēlā me kēia makahiki e 2020. Aia pū kekahi e hoʻonui nei i ka holo ʻana o nā moku holo moana (ʻoi aku ma kahi o Greenland), nā moku lawaiʻa, a me nā moku e lawelawe ana i nā ʻaila arctic a me nā ʻoihana kinoea a me nā mines. .

He ʻoihana pilikia kēia. He mau moku nui keia, e lawe ana i ka wahie a me ka ukana, e holo ana i na kai hoopunipuni ma na kahakai pili kaiaola, i lawelaweia e na hui nona na koina kalepa e hookahuli pinepine ai i ka palekana, a me ka aneane ole e pale aku a i ole i ka pilikia pilikia ma ke ala. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia kaʻa he hae haole a ma ka "ahele hewa ʻole," ma lalo o kahi Haʻi-o-Maʻalahi, me kahi Crew-of-Convenience, a me nā kūlana palekana haʻahaʻa. A hiki wale mai ia mea ma waho o ka ʻike, ma waho o ka manaʻo o ka lehulehu a me nā mea hoʻoponopono aupuni. Hoʻopilikia kēlā me kēia moku moku i ke ola kanaka, ka hoʻokele waiwai, a me ke kaiapuni, a ke ulu nei ka pilikia i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Hāʻawi ka moku i nā hoʻolauna ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano invasive, ka walaʻau i lalo o ka wai, nā moku moku i nā mammals moana, a me nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana. Akā, ʻoiai e lawe ana kekahi o kēia mau moku i nā miliona mau galani wahie kaumaha, a e lawe ana nā pahu pahu he ʻumi miliona mau galani o ka aila a i ʻole nā ​​mea kemika, maopopo ka makaʻu nui loa ʻo ia ka pōʻino.

Pane i ka Selendang ʻO ka pōʻino, kahi hui o nā hui aupuni ʻole, Alaska Natives, a me nā lawaiʻa kalepa i hui pū ʻia ma ka Shipping Safety Partnership e kākoʻo i nā hoʻomaikaʻi palekana holoʻokoʻa ma nā ala moku Aleutian a me Arctic. I ka makahiki 2005, ua kāhea ka Partnership i ka nānā ʻana i ka manawa maoli o nā moku āpau, nā moku hoʻopakele moana, nā pūʻolo huki pilikia, nā ʻaelike alahele, nā wahi e pale ʻia, hoʻonui i ke kuleana kālā, nā kōkua maikaʻi-i-navigation, hoʻonui ʻia ka pilotage, kamaʻilio pono. nā protocols, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā lako pane ʻana i ka wai, nā uku ukana hoʻonui, a me nā loiloi pilikia o ka moku. Ua hoʻokō ʻia kekahi o kēia mau mea (ʻo ka "hua haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa"): ua kūkulu ʻia nā keʻena mākaʻikaʻi ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻonohonoho mua ʻia nā pūʻolo huki lawe lima ma Dutch Harbor, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kālā a me nā lako pane ʻana, ua hana ʻia kahi Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment. alakaʻi ʻia (PUBLICATIONS > Related > AMSA – US Arctic Research…), a ke hoʻomaka nei kahi loiloi hoʻokele moku Aleutian (Aleutian Islands Risk Assessment Project Home Page).

Akā i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pilikia holoʻokoʻa o ka moku Arctic a me Aleutian, ʻoi aku ka piha o ke aniani i hoʻokahi hapaha piha, ʻekolu hapaha ʻole. He mamao loa ka ʻōnaehana mai ka palekana. No ka laʻana, ʻaʻole lawa ka mākaʻikaʻi moku, a ʻaʻole naʻe he mau moku hoʻopakele moana ikaika e kū ana ma nā ala. Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ma hope o Exxon Valdez, ua loaʻa iā Prince William Sound he ʻumikūmākahi mau mea hoʻokele a me nā mea hoʻokele pane e kū nei no kāna mau pahu (Alyeska Pipeline – TAPS – SERVS). I ka Aleutians, ua pau ka hōʻike ʻana o ka National Academy of Sciences i ka makahiki 2009: “ʻAʻohe o nā hana e kū nei i kūpono no ka pane ʻana i nā moku nui ma lalo o nā kūlana ʻino ʻino.
ʻO ING OB River ʻElua mau wahi hopohopo nui, kahi e holo ai ka hapa nui o kēia mau moku, ʻo ia ʻo Unimak Pass (ma waena o ke Kaiwa o Alaska a me ke Kai Bering ma nā Aleutians hikina), a me Bering Strait (ma waena o ke Kai Bering a me ka Moana Arctic). Ke kākoʻo nei kēia mau wahi i nā mea momona o ka moana, nā manu kai, nā iʻa, nā pāpaʻi, a me nā huahana holoʻokoʻa ma mua o nā kaiaola kai ʻē aʻe o ka honua, maopopo ka pilikia. ʻO ka huli hewa ʻana a i ʻole ka nalowale ʻana o ka mana o kahi pahu pahu a ukana paha i kēia mau ala hiki ke alakaʻi i kahi pōʻino nui. No laila, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo Unimak Pass a me Bering Strait i ka makahiki 2009 no ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana ma ke ʻano he Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas, a me Marine National Monuments a i ʻole Sanctuaries, akā ʻaʻole i hana ke aupuni US ma kēia ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo (Mai Manaʻo i nā Laa Kai Hou ma lalo o…).

ʻIke maopopo, pono mākou e loaʻa i kēia manawa, ma mua o ka pōʻino e hiki mai ana. Pono e hoʻokō koke ʻia nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a pau o ka Shipping Safety Partnership mai 2005 (luna) ma waena o nā ala moku Aleutian a me Arctic, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻomau mau ʻana i nā moku a me nā huki hoʻopakele. Pono ka ʻoihana e uku no ia mea ma o ka uku ukana. A, pono i nā aupuni ke kauoha i ka International Maritime Organization's Guidelines for Ships Operating in Arctic ice-covered Waters, e hoʻoikaika i ka huli ʻana a me ka hoʻopakele ʻana, a hoʻokumu i nā ʻAha Kūkākūkā Kūkākūkā o nā Makaʻāinana ʻĀpana.ʻAha Kūkākūkā Makaʻāinana ʻĀpana ʻo Prince William Sound) e nānā i nā hana pāʻoihana āpau o waho.

ʻO ka moku Arctic kahi pōʻino e kali ana e hiki mai. ʻAʻole inā inā, akā i ka manawa a me kahi e hiki mai ai ka pōʻino e hiki mai ana. Hiki paha i kēia pō a i ʻole mau makahiki mai kēia manawa; Aia paha ia ma Unimak Pass, Bering Strait, Novaya Zemlya, Baffin Island, a i ʻole Greenland. Akā e hiki mai ana. Pono nā aupuni Arctic a me ka ʻoihana moku e koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka hōʻemi ʻana i kēia pilikia e like me ka hiki, a hiki koke.

Na Richard Steiner e alakaʻi i ka Honua Oasis papahana - he kūkākūkā honua e hana pū ana me nā NGO, nā aupuni, nā ʻoihana, a me nā hui kīwila e wikiwiki i ka hoʻololi ʻana i kahi kaiāulu hoʻomau. Hoʻokō ʻo Oasis Earth i nā loiloi wikiwiki no nā NGO i nā lāhui e ulu ana i nā pilikia mālama mālama koʻikoʻi, loiloi i nā loiloi kaiapuni, a alakaʻi i nā haʻawina hoʻomohala piha.