ʻĀmaʻomaʻo Blue

1. Introduction
2. He aha ka Blue Economy?
3. Ka hopena waiwai
4. Ka iʻa a me ka lawaiʻa
5. ʻO ka mākaʻikaʻi, nā holo moku, a me ka lawaiʻa leʻaleʻa
6. ʻenehana i ka Blue Economy
7. Ulu Polū
8. Ke Aupuni Lahui a me ka Hana Hoʻohui Aupuni

---

Kaomi ma lalo e aʻo hou aʻe e pili ana i kā mākou hoʻokele waiwai polū hoʻomau.

---

1. Introduction

Ua hoʻokumu piha ʻia nā aupuni ma luna o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe, a me ke kālepa ʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku (textiles, spices, chinaware), a me (kaumaha) nā kauā a ua hilinaʻi ʻia i ke kai no ka lawe ʻana. ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻoihana ʻenehana i hoʻoikaika ʻia e ka ʻaila mai ka moana, no ka mea me ka ʻole o ka aila spermaceti e lubricate i nā mīkini, ʻaʻole hiki ke loli ka nui o ka hana. Ua kūkulu ʻia nā mea hoʻopukapuka kālā, nā mea hoʻolalelale, a me ka ʻoihana ʻinikua hou (Lloyd's of London) mai ke komo ʻana i ke kālepa moana honua i nā mea ʻala, ka aila kohola, a me nā metala makamae.

No laila, ʻaneʻane like ka makahiki o ka hoʻokele waiwai ʻana i ka moana me ka ʻoihana moana ponoʻī. No ke aha mākou e kamaʻilio nei me he mea lā he mea hou? No ke aha mākou e noʻonoʻo nei i ka huaʻōlelo "ʻo ka ʻoihana uliuli?" No ke aha mākou i manaʻo ai he manawa ulu hou mai kahi "hoʻokele waiwai uliuli?"

ʻO ka (hou) Blue Economy pili i nā hana hoʻokele waiwai i hoʻokumu ʻia i loko, a maikaʻi maikaʻi no ke kai, ʻoiai ʻokoʻa nā wehewehe. ʻOiai ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻololi a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka manaʻo o ka Blue Economy, hiki ke hoʻolālā ʻia ka hoʻomohala hoʻokele waiwai ma ke kai a me nā kaiāulu kahakai e lilo i kumu no ka hoʻomohala hoʻomau a puni ka honua.

ʻO ke kumu o ka manaʻo Blue Economy hou, ʻo ia ka wehe ʻana o ka hoʻomohala socioeconomic mai ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni… kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻoihana moana holoʻokoʻa e loaʻa ana nā hana hoʻoponopono a hoʻihoʻi e alakaʻi i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke olakino a me ka maikaʻi o ke kanaka, me ka mālama ʻana i ka meaʻai a me ka hana ʻana. o ke ola mau.

Mark J. Spalding | Pepeluali, 2016

PAKAI i TOP

2. He aha ka Blue Economy?

Spalding, MJ (2021, Mei 26) Hoʻokomo kālā i ka New Blue Economy. Ka Moana Foundation. Ua kiʻiʻia mai: https://youtu.be/ZsVxTrluCvI

ʻO ka Ocean Foundation he hoa a me ke kākāʻōlelo o Rockefeller Capital Management, e kōkua ana i ka ʻike ʻana i nā hui lehulehu e hoʻokō ana nā huahana a me nā lawelawe i nā pono o ka pilina kanaka olakino me ke kai. Kūkākūkā ʻo TOF Pelekikena Mark J. Spalding i kēia hui ʻana a me ka hoʻopukapuka kālā ʻana i kahi hoʻokele waiwai polū paʻa i kahi webinar 2021 hou.  

Wenhai L., Cusack C., Baker M., Tao W., Mingbao C., Paige K., Xiaofan Z., Levin L., Escobar E., Amon D., Yue Y., Reitz A., Neves AAS , O'Rourke E., Mannarini G., Pearlman J., Tinker J., Horsburgh KJ, Lehodey P., Pouliquen S., Dale T., Peng Z. a me Yufeng Y. (2019, Iune 07). Nā Laʻana Kūlohelohe Pōlū Pōmaikaʻi me ka manaʻo nui i nā manaʻo honua. Nā palena i ka ʻepekema moana 6 (261). Lawe ʻia mai: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00261

ʻO ka Blue Economy ke kumu a me nā kulekele no nā hana hoʻokele waiwai kai hoʻomau a me nā ʻenehana pili kai hou. Hāʻawi kēia pepa i kahi hiʻohiʻona piha a me nā haʻawina kumu a me ka honua maoli e hōʻike ana i nā ʻāpana honua like ʻole e hāʻawi i kahi ʻae o ka Blue Economy holoʻokoʻa.

Banos Ruiz, I. (2018, Iulai 03). Blue Economy: ʻAʻole wale no ka iʻa. Deutsche Welle. Lawe ʻia mai: https://p.dw.com/p/2tnP6.

Ma kahi hoʻolauna pōkole i ka Blue Economy, hāʻawi ka mea hoʻolaha hoʻolaha honua o Deutsche Welle Kelemānia i kahi hiʻohiʻona pololei o ka Blue Economy. Ma ke kamaʻilio ʻana i nā mea hoʻoweliweli e like me ka lawaiʻa nui ʻana, ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau, a me ka pollution plastic, ʻōlelo ka mea kākau i ka mea ʻino i ke kai ka mea ʻino i ke kanaka a aia nā wahi he nui e pono ai ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka launa pū ʻana no ka pale ʻana i ka waiwai waiwai nui o ke kai.

Keen, M., Schwarz, AM, Wini-Simeon, L. (Fepeluali 2018). No ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻAiʻa Blue: Nā Haʻawina Hoʻomaʻamaʻa mai ke Aupuni Moana Pākīpika. Kulekele Moana. Vol. 88 pg. 333 – pg. 341. Kii ia mai: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.03.002

Ua hoʻomohala nā mea kākau i kahi manaʻo noʻonoʻo e hoʻoponopono i nā ʻano huaʻōlelo e pili ana i ka Blue Economy. Hōʻike ʻia kēia ʻano hana ma kahi noiʻi hihia o nā lawaiʻa ʻekolu ma ka mokupuni ʻo Solomona: nā mākeke liʻiliʻi, nā mākeke kūlanakauhale kūloko, a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻoihana honua ma o ka hana ʻana i ka tuna uka. Ma ka pae honua, aia nā pilikia mai ke kākoʻo kūloko, ke kaulike kāne a me nā koho politika kūloko e pili ana i ka hoʻomau o ka Blue Economy.

World Wildlife Fund (2018) Nā Kūkākūkā no kahi Kūkākūkā Hoʻokele waiwai ʻulaʻula. ʻO ka World Wildlife Fund. Ua kiʻiʻia mai: https://wwf.panda.org/our_work/oceans/publications/?247858/Principles-for-a-Sustainable-Blue-Economy

Ke manaʻo nei ka World Wildlife Fund's Principles for a Sustainable Blue Economy e wehewehe pōkole i ka manaʻo o ka Blue Economy e hōʻoia i ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ke kai e kōkua i ka pōmaikaʻi maoli. Kūʻē ka ʻatikala e hoʻomalu ʻia ka Blue Economy e nā kaʻina lehulehu a me nā kaʻina pilikino e komo pū ana, ʻike maikaʻi, hoʻololi, kūpono, ʻike maopopo, holistic, a me ka proactive. No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia mau pahuhopu, pono nā mea hana lehulehu a pilikino e hoʻonohonoho i nā pahuhopu hiki ke ana, loiloi a kamaʻilio i kā lākou hana, hāʻawi i nā lula kūpono a me nā mea hoʻoikaika, hoʻokele maikaʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wahi kai, hoʻomohala i nā kūlana, hoʻomaopopo i ka pollution moana maʻamau ma ka ʻāina, a hui pū me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka loli. .

Grimm, K. a me J. Fitzsimmons. (2017, ʻOkakopa 6) Noiʻi a me nā Manaʻo no ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka Blue Economy. ʻO Spitfire. PDF

Ua hana ʻo Spitfire i kahi loiloi ʻāina ma ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka Blue Economy no ka 2017 Mid-Atlantic Blue Ocean Economy 2030 Forum. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻike ʻana i kahi pilikia koʻikoʻi ka nele o ka wehewehe a me ka ʻike ma nā ʻoihana ʻelua a ma waena o ka lehulehu a me nā mea hana kulekele. Ma waena o nā ʻumi mau ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo hou i hōʻike ʻia i kahi kumuhana maʻamau e pili ana i ka pono o ka memo hoʻolālā a me ke komo ʻana.

ʻO ka Hui Meaʻai a me ka Mahiʻai o ka United Nations. (2017, Mei 3). ʻO ka Palapala Hoʻolālā Blue Growth ma Cabo Verde. Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa. Ua kiʻiʻia mai: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cmw4kvfUnZI

Kākoʻo ka United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization i nā Mokupuni Hoʻoulu Mokuʻāina ma o kekahi mau papahana a puni ka honua, me ka Blue Growth Charter. Ua koho ʻia ʻo Cape Verde ma ke ʻano he papahana hoʻokele o ka Blue Growth Charter e hāpai i nā kulekele a me nā hoʻopukapuka e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka moana. Hōʻike ka wikiō i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka Blue Economy me nā ramifications no ka heluna kanaka kūloko i hōʻike pinepine ʻole ʻia ma nā wehewehe nui o ka Blue Economy.

Spalding, MJ (2016, Pepeluali). The New Blue Economy: the Future of Sustainability. Ka Nupepa o ka Moana a me ke Kai Waiwai. Ua kiʻiʻia mai: http://dx.doi.org/10.15351/2373-8456.1052

ʻO ka Blue Economy kahi huaʻōlelo i hoʻomohala ʻia e wehewehe i nā hana e hāpai i ka pilina maikaʻi ma waena o nā hoʻoikaika kanaka, ʻoihana waiwai, a me nā hana mālama.

UN Environment Program Finance Initiative. (2021, Malaki). Ka Huli ʻana o ke Kai: Pehea e loaʻa kālā ai ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka moana: He alakaʻi kūpono no nā ʻoihana kālā e alakaʻi i ka hoʻolaʻa moana hoʻomau. Hiki ke hoʻoiho ʻia ma ʻaneʻi ma kēia pūnaewele.

ʻO kēia alakaʻi alakaʻi i hāʻawi ʻia e ka UN Environment Program Finance Initiative he mea hana pono mua ma ka mākeke no nā ʻoihana kālā e pivot i kā lākou mau hana i ke kālā ʻana i kahi ʻoihana polū mau. Hoʻolālā ʻia no nā panakō, nā mea hoʻolale kālā a me nā mea hoʻopukapuka, hōʻike ke alakaʻi i ka pale ʻana a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā pōʻino a me nā hopena o ka nohona a me ka pilikanaka, a me ka hōʻike ʻana i nā manawa kūpono, i ka wā e hāʻawi kālā ai i nā ʻoihana a i ʻole nā ​​​​hana i loko o ka ʻoihana polū. ʻElima mau ʻāpana moana nui e ʻimi ʻia, koho ʻia no ko lākou pili paʻa ʻana me ke kālā pilikino: ka iʻa kai, ka moku moku, nā awa, ka mākaʻikaʻi kahakai a me ka moana a me ka ikehu hou o ka moana, ʻoi aku ka makani o waho.

PAKAI i TOP

3. Ka hopena waiwai

Asian Development Bank / International Finance Corporation me ka hui pū ʻana me ka International Capital Market Association (ICMA), United National Environment Program Finance Initiative (UNEP FI), a me United Nations Global Compact (UNGC) (2023, Kepakemapa). Nā Paʻa e Waiwai i ka ʻAula Kūʻai Kūlohelohe: He alakaʻi alakaʻi. https://www.icmagroup.org/assets/documents/Sustainable-finance/Bonds-to-Finance-the-Sustainable-Blue-Economy-a-Practitioners-Guide-September-2023.pdf

ʻO ke alakaʻi hou ʻana i nā paʻa polū e kōkua i ka wehe ʻana i ke kālā no ka ʻoihana moana hoʻomau | ʻO ka International Capital Market Association (ICMA) me ka International Finance Corporation (IFC) - he lālā o ka World Bank Group, United Nations Global Compact, ka Asian Development Bank a me UNEP FI ua hoʻomohala i kahi alakaʻi alakaʻi o ka honua no nā paʻa e hoʻolilo i ka hoʻomau. hoʻokele waiwai uliuli. Hāʻawi kēia alakaʻi manawaleʻa i nā mea kūʻai aku i nā pae hoʻohālike, nā hana, a me nā hiʻohiʻona no ka hōʻaiʻē "blue bond" a me nā hoʻopuka. ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā manaʻo mai nā mākeke kālā, ʻoihana moana a me nā ʻoihana honua, hāʻawi ia i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi "blue bond" hilinaʻi, pehea e loiloi ai i ka hopena o ke kaiapuni o nā hoʻopukapuka "blue bond"; a me nā ʻanuʻu e pono ai e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā hana e mālama ai i ka pono o ka mākeke.

Spalding, MJ (2021, Dekemaba 17). Ke ana i ka hoʻokele waiwai moana hoʻomau. Wilson Center. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/measuring-sustainable-ocean-economy-investing

ʻO ka hoʻopukapuka kālā ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai moana ʻaʻole wale e pili ana i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā hoʻihoʻi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, akā e pili ana hoʻi i ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka pale a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā kumu waiwai polū intangible. Manaʻo mākou i ʻehiku mau ʻāpana nui o ka hoʻokele waiwai polū hoʻomau, aia ma nā pae like ʻole a hiki ke hoʻokipa i ka lehulehu a pilikino paha, hoʻopukapuka ʻaiʻē, philanthropy, a me nā kumu kālā ʻē aʻe. ʻO kēia mau ʻāpana ʻehiku: ʻo ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka nohona pili kai, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka lawe ʻana i ka moana, ka ikehu hou o ka moana, ka hoʻopukapuka meaʻai o ka moana, ka biotechnology o ka moana, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ke kai, a me nā hana moana o nā hanauna e hiki mai ana. Eia hou, hiki i nā mea aʻoaʻo kālā a me nā mea waiwai ke kākoʻo i ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i ka ʻoihana polū, me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻoihana a huki iā lākou i ka ʻano maikaʻi, nā huahana, a me nā lawelawe.

Metroeconomica, The Ocean Foundation, a me WRI Mexico. (2021, Ianuali 15). Ka Hoʻokele Waiwai o nā Reef Ecosystems ma ka Māhele MAR a me nā waiwai a me nā lawelawe a lākou e hoʻolako ai, hōʻike hope loa. Panakō Hoʻomohala Inter-ʻAmelika. PDF.

ʻO Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System (MBRS a i ʻole MAR) ka kaiaola kaiaola nui loa ma ʻAmelika a ʻo ka lua ka nui loa ma ka honua. Ua noʻonoʻo ka haʻawina i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā lawelawe, nā lawelawe moʻomeheu, a me nā lawelawe hoʻoponopono i hāʻawi ʻia e nā kaiaola kai ma ka ʻāina MAR, a ua ʻike ʻia ua hāʻawi ka mākaʻikaʻi a me ka leʻaleʻa i 4,092 miliona USD ma ka Mesoamerican Region, me nā lawaiʻa e hāʻawi i kahi 615 miliona USD. ʻO nā pōmaikaʻi makahiki o ka pale ʻana i kahakai ua like me 322.83-440.71 miliona USD. ʻO kēia hōʻike ka hopena o ʻehā mau hana hana pūnaewele ma kahi papa hana ʻo Ianuali 2021 me ka 100 o ka poʻe i hele mai e hōʻike ana i ʻehā mau ʻāina MAR: Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, a me Honduras. ʻO ka Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo hiki ke Loaʻa maʻaneʻi, a hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi ʻike kiʻi ma lalo:

Voyer, M., van Leeuwen, J. (2019, ʻAukake). "Laikini Laikini e Hana" ma ka Blue Economy. Kulekele Punawai. (62) 102-113. Lawe ʻia mai: https://www.sciencedirect.com/

ʻO ka Blue Economy ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻokele waiwai e pili ana i ka moana ke kāhea nei i ke kūkākūkā e pili ana i ke kuleana o kahi laikini kaiapuni e hana. Ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei ka ʻatikala e pili ana ka laikini pilikanaka, ma o ka ʻae ʻia ʻana e nā kaiāulu kūloko a me nā mea kuleana, i ka loaʻa kālā o kahi papahana e pili ana i ka Blue Economy.

Hui Pūʻulu Waiwai Polū. (2019). Towards Sustainable Blue Economies in the Caribbean. Hui Pūʻulu Blue Economy, Roatan, Hononduras. PDF

Ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā mea hoʻomaka a puni ka Caribbean i ka hana hoʻohui, cross-sectoral a me ka hoʻomau ʻana me ka hoʻolālā ʻoihana a me ke aupuni. Aia ka hōʻike i ʻelua mau hihia noiʻi o nā hana ma Grenada a me nā Bahamas a me nā kumuwaiwai no ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i nā hana e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala hoʻomau ma ka ʻāina ʻo Wider Caribbean.

Attri, VN (2018 Nowemapa 27). ʻO nā manawa hou a me nā mea e puka mai ana ma lalo o ka hoʻokele waiwai polū. Hui Pāʻoihana, ʻAha Kūkākūkā Polū Hoʻomau. Nairobi, Kenya. PDF

Hāʻawi ka Indian Ocean Region i nā manawa waiwai nui no ka Blue Economy. Hiki ke kākoʻo ʻia ke kālā ma ka hōʻike ʻana i ka loulou i hoʻokumu ʻia ma waena o ka hana hoʻomau ʻoihana a me ka hana kālā. ʻO nā hopena maikaʻi loa no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hoʻopukapuka hoʻomau i ka moana ʻĀina e hele mai me ke komo ʻana o nā aupuni, ka hui pilikino, a me nā hui multilateral.

Mwanza, K. (2018, Nowemapa 26). Ke alo nei nā kaiāulu lawaiʻa ʻApelika i ka "hoʻopau ʻia" i ka ulu ʻana o ka Blue Economy: nā loea. ʻO Thomas Reuters Foundation. Ua kiʻiʻia mai: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-oceans-blueeconomy/african-fishing-communities-face-extinction-as-blue-economy-grows-experts-idUSKCN1NV2HI

Aia ka pilikia e hiki i nā papahana hoʻomohala Blue Economy ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā kaiāulu lawaiʻa ke hoʻokumu mua nā ʻāina i ka mākaʻikaʻi, ka lawaiʻa ʻoihana, a me ka loaʻa kālā ʻimi. Hōʻike kēia ʻatikala pōkole i nā pilikia o ka ulu ʻana me ka noʻonoʻo ʻole no ka hoʻomau.

Caribank. (2018, Mei 31). Seminā: Ke kākoʻo kālā i ka Blue Economy- A Caribbean Development Opportunity. Bank Hana Hoʻolālā. Lawe ʻia mai: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2O1Nf4duVRU

Ua hoʻokipa ka Caribbean Development Bank i kahi seminar ma kā lākou 2018 Annual Meeting on "Financing the Blue Economy- A Caribbean Development Opportunity." Kūkākūkā ka seminar i nā hana kūloko a me ka honua i hoʻohana ʻia no ke kālā ʻana i ka ʻoihana, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻōnaehana no nā hana hoʻokele polū, a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā manawa hoʻopukapuka i loko o ka Blue Economy.

Sarker, S., Bhuyan, Md., Rahman, M., Md. Islam, Hossain, Md., Basak, S. Islam, M. (2018, Mei 1). Mai ka ʻepekema i ka hana: Ke ʻimi nei i nā mana o ka Blue Economy no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai ma Bangladesh. Ka Moana a me ke Kai. (157) 180-192. Lawe ʻia mai: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii

ʻIke ʻia ʻo Bangladesh ma ke ʻano he noiʻi hihia o ka hiki o ka Blue Economy, kahi i loaʻa ai ka mana nui, akā naʻe he nui nā pilikia ʻē aʻe e koe, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ke kālepa a me ke kālepa pili i ke kai a me ke kahakai. ʻIke ʻia ka hōʻike ʻo Blue Growth, ka mea i wehewehe ʻia e ka ʻatikala ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana hoʻokele waiwai ma ke kai, ʻaʻole pono e mōhai aku i ka hoʻomau kaiapuni no ka loaʻa kālā e like me ka ʻike ʻia ma Bangladesh.

ʻO ka ʻōlelo hoʻolaha o nā Kumukānāwai Waiwai Blue Economy. (2018 Ianuali 15). ʻO ke Komisina ʻEulopa. Lawe ʻia mai: https://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/sites/maritimeaffairs/files/ declaration-sustainable-blue-economy-finance-principles_en.pdf

Ua hoʻokumu nā Lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻāpana lawelawe kālā a me nā hui waiwai ʻole me ka European Commission, European Investment Bank, World Wide Fund for Nature, a me The Prince of Wales's International Sustainability Unit i hoʻokumu i kahi framework Blue Economy Investment Principles. ʻO nā loina he ʻumikūmāhā e pili ana i ka ʻike maopopo, ʻike i ka pilikia, ka hopena, a me ka ʻepekema i ka wā e hoʻomohala ai i ka Blue Economy. ʻO kā lākou pahuhopu ke kākoʻo i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻolako ʻana i kahi hoʻolālā no ka hoʻokele waiwai hoʻokele moana.

Blue Economy Karipiana. (2018). Nā mea hana. BEC, Nā Hana Hana Hou. Lawe ʻia mai: http://newenergyevents.com/bec/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/11/BEC_5-Action-Items.pdf

Pono kahi infographic e hōʻike ana i nā ʻanuʻu e hoʻomau i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana polū ma ka Caribbean. ʻO kēia mau mea e pili ana i ke alakaʻi, ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, ka ʻōlelo hoʻolaha lehulehu, ka koi-alakaʻi, a me ka loiloi.

Blue Economy Caribbean (2018). ʻO ka Caribbean Blue Economy: He Manaʻo OECS. Hōʻike. BEC, Nā Hana Hana Hou. Ua kiʻiʻia mai: http://newenergyevents.com/blue-economy-caribbean/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2018/11/BEC_Showcase_OECS.pdf

ʻO ka Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Blue Economy ma ka Caribbean me kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka waiwai waiwai a me nā mea pāʻani nui ma ka ʻāina. Ke nānā aku nei kā lākou ʻike i kahi kaiaola kai olaola olakino a waiwai nui o ka Hikina Caribbean e mālama mau ʻia ʻoiai e noʻonoʻo ana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hoʻomohala socio-economic no nā poʻe o ka ʻāina. 

Aupuni o Anguila. (2018) Monetising Anguilla's 200 Mile EFZ Hōʻike ʻia ma ka Caribbean Blue Economy Conference, Miami. PDF

E uhi ana ma luna o 85,000 sq. km, ʻo Anguilla's EFZ kekahi o nā mea nui loa ma ka Caribbean. Hāʻawi ka hōʻike i kahi kikoʻī o ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi laikini lawaiʻa waho a me nā laʻana o nā pōmaikaʻi i hala no nā lāhui mokupuni. ʻO nā ʻanuʻu no ka hana ʻana i kahi laikini ka ʻohi ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻikepili lawaiʻa, ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi papa kānāwai e hoʻopuka ai i nā laikini waho a hāʻawi i ka nānā ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana.

Hansen, E., Holthus, P., Allen, C., Bae, J., Goh, J., Mihailescu, C., a me C. Pedregon. (2018). Nā Hui Moana/Maritime Clusters: Ke alakaʻi a me ka hui pū ʻana no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kai a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā pahuhopu hoʻomohala mau.. ʻAha Kūkākūkā Moana Honua. PDF

ʻO ka Ocean/Maritime Clusters nā ʻāpana ʻāina o nā ʻoihana moana pili e kaʻana like i nā mākeke maʻamau a hana kokoke i kekahi i kekahi ma o nā pūnaewele lehulehu. Hiki i kēia mau puʻupuʻu ke hana koʻikoʻi i ka holomua ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka moana ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea hou, hoʻokūkū-huahana-pono a me ka hopena o ke kaiapuni.

Humphrey, K. (2018). Blue Economy Barbados, Ke Kuhina Waiwai a me ka Blue Economy. PDF

ʻO Barbados's Blue Economy Framework he ʻekolu kia: ka halihali a me ka logistic, ka hale a me ka hoʻokipa, a me ke olakino a me ka meaʻai. ʻO kā lākou pahuhopu ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni, lilo i 100% ikehu hou, pāpā i nā plastics, a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā kulekele hoʻokele kai.

Parsan, N. a me A. Pōʻalima. (2018). Hoʻolālā kumu no ka ulu ʻana ʻulaʻula ma ka Caribbean: kahi haʻawina mai Grenada. Hōʻike ma ka Blue Economy Caribbean. PDF

Ua hoʻopau ʻia ka hoʻokele waiwai o Grenada e ka Hurricane Ivan i ka makahiki 2004 a ma hope iho ua manaʻo ʻo ia i ka hopena o ka pilikia kālā e alakaʻi ana i kahi 40% o ka nele i ka hana. Hāʻawi kēia i kahi manawa kūpono e hoʻomohala ai i ka Blue Growth no ka hoʻohou waiwai. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i ʻeiwa pūʻulu o nā hana i kākoʻo ʻia ke kaʻina hana e ka World Bank me ka pahuhopu no St. Hiki ke loaʻa ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā Blue Growth Master o Grenada maanei.

Ram, J. (2018) The Blue Economy: A Caribbean Development Opportunity. Pākē Hoʻomohala Karipiano. PDF

Luna Hoʻokele waiwai ma ka Caribbean Development Bank i hōʻike ʻia ma ka 2018 Blue Economy Caribbean i nā manawa kūpono no nā mea hoʻopukapuka ma ka ʻāina Caribbean. Aia ka hōʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona hou o ka hoʻopukapuka kālā e like me Blended Finance, Blue Bonds, Recoverable Grants, Debt-for-Nature Swaps, a kamaʻilio pololei i ka hoʻopukapuka pilikino i ka Blue Economy.

Klinger, D., Eikeset, AM, Davíðsdóttir, B., Winter, AM, Watson, J. (2017, ʻOkakopa 21). Ka Mechanics of Blue Growth: Management of Oceanic Natural Resource Use with Multiple, Interacting Actors. Kulekele Moana (87). 356-362.

Ke hilinaʻi nei ʻo Blue Growth i ka hoʻokele hui ʻana o nā ʻāpana waiwai he nui e hoʻohana pono i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe o ke kai. Ma muli o ke ʻano ikaika o ka moana ma laila ka hui like ʻana a me ka hakakā, ma waena o ka mākaʻikaʻi a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka ikehu ma waho, a ma waena o nā wahi like ʻole a me nā ʻāina e hakakā nei no nā kumu waiwai palena ʻole.

Spalding, MJ (2015 ʻOkakopa 30). Ke nānā nei i nā kikoʻī liʻiliʻi. He blog e pili ana i kahi hui i kapa ʻia "The Oceans in National Income Accounts: Seeking Consensus on Definitions and Standards". Ka Moana Foundation. Loaʻa iā Iulai 22, 2019. https://oceanfdn.org/looking-at-the-small-details/

ʻAʻole pili ka hoʻokele waiwai uliuli (hou) e pili ana i ka ʻenehana hou e puka mai nei, akā nā hana hoʻokele waiwai e kūpaʻa vs. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa o nā loina hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻoihana, e like me ka mea i hoʻoholo ʻia e ka hui "The Oceans National Income Account" ma Asilomar, Kaleponi. Hāʻawi nā code classification classification code a ka Pelekikena Mark Spalding i nā helu ʻikepili koʻikoʻi e pono ai no ka nānā ʻana i ka loli i ka manawa a no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kulekele.

Polokalamu Hoʻonaʻauao Moana Lahui. (2015). ʻIkepili Makeke. Middlebury Institute of International Studies ma Monterey: Center for the Blue Economy. Ua kiʻiʻia mai: http://www.oceaneconomics.org/market/coastal/

Hāʻawi ka Middlebury's Center for the Blue Economy i nā helu helu a me nā waiwai waiwai no nā ʻoihana e pili ana i nā kālepa mākeke ma ka Moana a me nā ʻoihana kahakai. Māhele ʻia e ka makahiki, mokuʻāina, kalana, nā ʻāpana ʻoihana, a me nā ʻāpana kahakai a me nā waiwai. He mea maikaʻi loa kā lākou ʻikepili helu i ka hōʻike ʻana i ka hopena o nā ʻoihana moana a me nā kahakai i ka hoʻokele honua.

Spalding, MJ (2015). ʻO ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka moana a me ka hoʻokele waiwai honua. He blog ma ka "Ocean Sustainability Science Symposium". Ka Moana Foundation. Loaʻa iā Iulai 22, 2019. https://oceanfdn.org/blog/ocean-sustainability-and-global-resource-management

Mai ka plastics a hiki i ka Ocean Acidification na ke kanaka ke kuleana no ke kūlana o ka pōʻino i kēia manawa a pono e hoʻomau ka poʻe i ka hana e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūlana o ka moana o ka honua. Paipai ʻia ka moʻomanaʻo moʻomanaʻo a ka Pelekikena Mark Spalding i nā hana ʻaʻohe pōʻino, hana i nā manawa kūpono no ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ke kai, a lawe i ke kaomi mai ke kai ma ke ʻano he kumu waiwai.

ʻO ka ʻĀpana Naʻauao Economist. (2015). Ka Blue Economy: Growth, Opportunity, and a Sustainable Ocean Economy. ʻO ka Economist: pepa pōkole no ka World Ocean Summit 2015. Ua kiʻiʻia mai: https://www.woi.economist.com/content/uploads/2018/ 04/m1_EIU_The-Blue-Economy_2015.pdf

Hoʻomākaukau mua ʻia no ka World Ocean Summit 2015, The Economist's Intelligence Unit e nānā i ka puka ʻana mai o ka hoʻokele waiwai polū, ke koena o ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka mālama ʻana, a me nā hoʻolālā hoʻokele waiwai. Hāʻawi kēia pepa i ka ʻike ākea o ka ʻoihana hoʻokele moana a hāʻawi i nā manaʻo kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka hana hoʻokele waiwai e pili ana i nā ʻoihana pili moana.

BenDor, T., Lester, W., Livengood, A., Davis, A. a me L. Yonavjak. (2015). Manaʻo i ka nui a me ka hopena o ka Ecological Restoration Economy. Pūnaewele Pūnaewele 10(6): e0128339. Lawe ʻia mai: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0128339

Hōʻike ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka kaiaola kūloko, ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana, e hoʻopuka ana ma kahi o $9.5 biliona ma ke kūʻai aku i kēlā me kēia makahiki a me 221,000 mau hana. Hiki ke ʻōlelo nui ʻia ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka kaiaola ma ke ʻano he hana hoʻokele waiwai e kōkua i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā kaiaola i kahi kūlana olakino maikaʻi a hoʻopiha i nā hana. ʻO kēia haʻawina hihia ka mea mua i hōʻike i nā pōmaikaʻi koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka kaiaola ma ka pae aupuni.

Kildow, J., Colgan, C., Scorse, J., Johnston, P., a me M. Nichols. (2014). Moku'āina o ka US Ocean and Coastal Economies 2014. Ke kikowaena no ka Blue Economy: Middlebury Institute of International Studies ma Monterey: National Ocean Economics Program. Ua kiʻiʻia mai: http://cbe.miis.edu/noep_publications/1

Hāʻawi ka Monterey Institute of International Studies' Center for the Blue Economy i kahi nānā hohonu i nā hana hoʻokele waiwai, demographics, waiwai ukana, waiwai kūlohelohe a me ka hana ʻana, nā hoʻolilo aupuni ma ʻAmelika e pili ana i nā ʻoihana moana a me nā kahakai. Hoʻopuka ka hōʻike i nā papa a me nā ʻikepili he nui e hāʻawi ana i kahi ʻikepili helu piha o ka ʻoihana moana.

Conathan, M. a me K. Kroh. (2012 Iune). Nā Kuleana o ka Waiwai Polū: Hoʻolaha ʻo CAP i ka Papahana Hou e hāpai ana i nā ʻoihana moana hoʻomau. Kikowaena no ka Holomua o Amerika. Ua kiʻiʻia mai: https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/report/2012/06/ 27/11794/thefoundations-of-a-blue-economy/

Ua hoʻopuka ka Center for American Progress i kahi pōkole e pili ana i kā lākou papahana Blue Economy e kālele ana i ka nexus o ke kaiapuni, hoʻokele waiwai, a me nā ʻoihana e hilinaʻi a noho pū me ke kai, kahakai, a me nā loko nui. Hōʻike kā lākou hōʻike i ka pono o ka noiʻi nui ʻana i ka hopena o ka hoʻokele waiwai a me nā waiwai i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka ʻikepili kuʻuna. Loaʻa kēia mau pono waiwai e koi ana i kahi kai maʻemaʻe a maikaʻi hoʻi, e like me ka waiwai kūʻai o ka waiwai o ka wai a i ʻole ka mea kūʻai aku i loaʻa ma ka hele ʻana ma kahakai.

PAKAI i TOP

4. Ka iʻa a me ka lawaiʻa

Ma lalo ʻoe e ʻike ai i ka ʻike holoʻokoʻa o ka iʻa a me ka lawaiʻa ma o ka lens o kahi Blue Economy, no kahi noiʻi kikoʻī e ʻoluʻolu e ʻike i nā ʻaoʻao kumu waiwai o The Ocean Foundation ma ʻO ka Aquaculture hoʻomau a Nā mea hana a me nā hoʻolālā no ka mālama pono ʻana i ka lawaiʻa niioaaonoaaiii.

Bailey, KM (2018). Nā Haʻawina lawaiʻa: ʻO nā lawaiʻa Artisanal a me ka wā e hiki mai ana o ko kākou moana. ʻO Chicago a me Lākana: Ke Kulanui o Chicago Press.

He kuleana nui nā lawaiʻa liʻiliʻi i ka hana ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, hāʻawi lākou i ka hapalua a i ʻelua hapakolu o ka iʻa iʻa iʻa honua akā hoʻokomo i ka 80-90% o nā limahana iʻa ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ka hapalua o lākou he wahine. Akā mau nā pilikia. I ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻoihana, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka poʻe lawaiʻa liʻiliʻi e mālama i nā pono lawaiʻa, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā wahi iʻa. Ke hoʻohana nei i nā moʻolelo pilikino mai nā lawaiʻa a puni ka honua, ʻōlelo ʻo Bailey i ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa honua a me ka pilina ma waena o nā lawaiʻa liʻiliʻi a me ke kaiapuni.

ʻO ka Hui Meaʻai a me ka Mahiʻai o ka United Nations. (2018). ʻO ka Moku'āina o nā lawaiʻa a me ka iʻa iʻa o ka honua: e hui ana i nā pahuhopu hoʻomohala hoʻomau. Roma. PDF

Na ka United Nations 2018 hōʻike e pili ana i nā lawaiʻa o ka honua i hāʻawi i kahi noiʻi kikoʻī i alakaʻi ʻia i ka ʻikepili e pono ai e mālama i nā kumuwaiwai wai i ka Blue Economy. Hōʻike ka hōʻike i nā pilikia nui e pili ana i ka hoʻomau mau ʻana, kahi ala multisectoral i hoʻohui ʻia, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka biosecurity, a me ka hōʻike helu helu pololei. Loaʻa ka hōʻike piha maanei.

Allison, EH (2011).  ʻAiʻa, lawaiʻa, ʻilihune a me ka mālama ʻai. Ua kauoha ʻia no ka OECD. Penang: WorldFish Center. PDF

Hōʻike ka hōʻike a ka WorldFish Center i nā kulekele hoʻomau i ka lawaiʻa a me ka lawaiʻa e hiki ke hāʻawi i nā waiwai nui i ka palekana meaʻai a me ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻilihune ma nā ʻāina ulu. Pono e hoʻokō ʻia ke kulekele koʻikoʻi me nā hana hoʻomau i mea e pono ai ka wā lōʻihi. ʻO nā hana lawaiʻa maikaʻi a me nā hana iʻa iʻa e pōmaikaʻi i nā kaiāulu he nui ke hoʻololi ʻia lākou i kēlā me kēia wahi a me nā ʻāina. Kākoʻo kēia i ka manaʻo he hopena koʻikoʻi nā hana hoʻomau i ka ʻoihana holoʻokoʻa a hāʻawi i ke alakaʻi no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka lawaiʻa ma ka Blue Economy.

Mills, DJ, Westlund, L., de Graaf, G., Kura, Y., Willman, R. a me K. Kelleher. (2011). ʻAʻole i hōʻike ʻia a ʻike ʻole ʻia: ʻO nā lawaiʻa liʻiliʻi ma ka honua ulu ma R. Pomeroy a me NL Andrew (eds.), Managing Small Scale Fisheries: Frameworks and Approaches. UK: CABI. Lawe ʻia mai: https://www.cabi.org/bookshop/book/9781845936075/

Ma o "paʻi paʻi kiʻi" ʻike ʻo Mills i nā hana socio-economic o ka lawaiʻa ma nā ʻāina ulu. Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia nā lawaiʻa liʻiliʻi ma ka pae ʻāina e pili ana i ka hopena o ka lawaiʻa i ka palekana meaʻai, ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka ʻilihune a me ka hoʻolako ʻana i ke ola, a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻokele lawaiʻa kūloko ma nā ʻāina ulu. ʻO ka lawaiʻa kekahi o nā māhele nui loa o ka hoʻokele waiwai moana a ʻo kēia loiloi holoʻokoʻa e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻomohala ʻoiaʻiʻo a hoʻomau.

PAKAI i TOP

5. ʻO ka mākaʻikaʻi, nā holo moku, a me ka lawaiʻa leʻaleʻa

Conathan, M. (2011). Nā iʻa ma nā Pōʻalima: He ʻumikūmālua miliona mau laina i ka wai. Kikowaena no ka Holomua o Amerika. Lawe ʻia mai: https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/news/2011/ 07/01/9922/fishon-fridays-twelve-million-lines-in-the-water/

Nānā ka Center for American Progress i ka ʻike ʻana o ka lawaiʻa leʻaleʻa, e pili ana ma luna o 12 miliona ʻAmelika i kēlā me kēia makahiki, hoʻoweliweli i nā ʻano iʻa he nui i nā helu like ʻole ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka lawaiʻa kalepa. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi loa e kaupalena i ka hopena o ke kaiapuni a me ka lawaiʻa nui ʻana e pili ana i nā kānāwai laikini a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka hopu a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana. ʻO ka nānā ʻana o kēia ʻatikala i nā hana maikaʻi loa e kōkua i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hoʻokele hoʻomau maoli o ka Blue Economy.

Zappino, V. (2005 June). ʻO ka Mākaʻikaʻi Karipiano a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana: He hōʻike manaʻo [Hoʻopuka hope]. Pepa Kukakuka Helu 65. ʻEulopa no ka hoʻokele kulekele hoʻomohala. Ua kiʻiʻia mai: http://ecdpm.org/wpcontent/uploads/2013/11/DP-65-Caribbean-Tourism-Industry-Development-2005.pdf

ʻO ka mākaʻikaʻi ma ka Caribbean kekahi o nā ʻoihana koʻikoʻi ma ka ʻāina, e huki ana i nā miliona o nā mākaʻikaʻi i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma o nā hōkele a ma ke ʻano he huakaʻi holo moana. Ma kahi noiʻi hoʻokele waiwai e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka Blue Economy, nānā ʻo Zappino i ka hopena o ke kaiapuni o ka mākaʻikaʻi a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā hoʻolālā huakaʻi hoʻomau i ka ʻāina. Paipai ʻo ia i ka hoʻokō hou ʻana i nā alakaʻi āpau no nā hana hoʻomau e pono ai ke kaiāulu kūloko e pono ai no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka Blue Economy.

PAKAI i TOP

6. ʻenehana i ka Blue Economy

US Department of Energy.(2018 ʻApelila). Manaʻo i ka hōʻike ʻoihana Blue Economy. Keʻena ʻOihana o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Keʻena ʻOihana Hoʻomaʻamaʻa a me ka Energy Renewable. https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/downloads/powering-blue-economy-report

Ma o ka loiloi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā manawa mākeke hiki ke nānā aku ka US Department of Energy i ka hiki ke hiki i nā mana hou a me ka hoʻomohala waiwai i ka ikehu kai. Ke nānā nei ka hōʻike i ka mana no nā ʻoihana o waho a me nā ʻoihana kokoke e pili ana i ka mana o ka desalination, ke kūpaʻa kahakai a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka pōʻino, ka iʻa iʻa ma waho, a me nā ʻōnaehana mana no nā kaiāulu kaʻawale. Hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻike hou aʻe e pili ana i nā kumuhana o ka mana moana me nā algae moana, desalination, resiliency kahakai a me nā ʻōnaehana mana kaʻawale. maanei.

Michel, K. a me P. Noble. (2008). ʻO nā holomua ʻenehana i ka halihali moana. Ka Alahaka 38:2, 33-40.

Kūkākūkā ʻo Michel lāua ʻo Noble i ka holomua ʻenehana i nā hana hou nui i ka ʻoihana moku kalepa moana. Hoʻoikaika nā mea kākau i ka pono o nā hana pili kaiapuni. ʻO nā wahi nui o nā kūkākūkā i loko o ka ʻatikala e pili ana i nā hana ʻoihana o kēia manawa, ka hoʻolālā moku, ka hoʻokele ʻana, a me ka hoʻokō kūleʻa o ka ʻenehana hou. ʻO ka hoʻouna ʻana a me ke kālepa ka mea nui o ka ulu ʻana o ka moana a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka lawe ʻana i ka moana he mea nui ia no ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi Blue Economy.

PAKAI i TOP

7. Ulu Polū

Soma, K., van den Burg, S., Hoefnagel, E., Stuiver, M., van der Heide, M. (2018 Ianuali). Ka Hana Hou- He ala e hiki mai ana no ka ulu uliuli? Kulekele Moana. Puke 87: pg. 363- pg. 370. Kii ia mai: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/

ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ka polū maʻemaʻe e like me ka manaʻo o ka European Union e ʻimi ana e huki i nā ʻenehana hou a me nā manaʻo i haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ke kaiapuni, ʻoiai e noʻonoʻo ana i nā pilina pili kanaka e pono ai no nā hana hoʻomau. Ma ke aʻo ʻana o ka ʻiʻa iʻa ma Dutch North Sea, ua ʻike ka poʻe noiʻi i nā hana e hiki ke pōmaikaʻi mai ka hana hou ʻana me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā ʻano, paipai ʻia ka laulima, a me nā hopena lōʻihi i ʻimi ʻia i ke kaiapuni. ʻOiai e mau ana nā pilikia he nui, me ke kūʻai ʻana mai nā mea hana kūloko, hōʻike ka ʻatikala i ke koʻikoʻi o kahi ʻano pilikanaka i ka ʻoihana polū.

Lillebø, AI, Pita, C., Garcia Rodrigues, J., Ramos, S., Villasante, S. (2017, Iulai) Pehea e hiki ai i nā lawelawe kaiaola moana ke kākoʻo i ka Agenda Growth Blue? Kulekele moana (81) 132-142. Lawe ʻia mai: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0308597X16308107?via%3Dihub

Ke nānā nei ka European Union's Blue Growth Agenda i ka hoʻolako kai o nā lawelawe kaiapuni i nā wahi o ka iʻa, biotechnology uliuli, ikehu uliuli a me ka hoʻolako kino ʻana o ka ʻili ʻana i nā kumu waiwai mineral moana a me nā mākaʻikaʻi āpau. Ke hilinaʻi nei kēia mau ʻāpana āpau i nā kaiaolaola kai olakino a me nā kahakai i hiki wale ma o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a me ka mālama pono ʻana i nā lawelawe kaiapuni. Hoʻopaʻapaʻa nā mea kākau e koi ana nā manawa Blue Growth i ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā kālepa ma waena o nā palena waiwai, pilikanaka, a me ke kaiapuni, ʻoiai e pōmaikaʻi ka hoʻomohala ʻana mai nā kānāwai hoʻokele hou.

Virdin, J. a me Patil, P. (eds.). (2016). Toward a Blue Economy: He olelo hoopomaikai no ka ulu mau ma ka Caribbean. ʻO Bank Bank. Ua kiʻiʻia mai: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/ 10986/25061/Demystifying0t0the0Caribbean0Region.pdf

Hoʻolālā ʻia no ka poʻe hana kulekele i loko o ka ʻāina Karipiano, e lawelawe ana kēia kuʻikahi ma ke ʻano he ʻike piha o ka manaʻo o ka Blue Economy. ʻO nā mokuʻāina a me nā panalāʻau Caribbean e pili pono ana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe o ke Kai Caribbean a ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana a me ke ana ʻana i nā hopena hoʻokele waiwai he mea nui ia no ka ulu hoʻomau a kaulike. ʻO ka hōʻike ka hana mua i ka loiloi ʻana i ka hiki maoli o ke kai ma ke ʻano he wahi hoʻokele waiwai a me ka ʻenekini no ka ulu ʻana, ʻoiai ke paipai nei i nā kulekele e hoʻokele maikaʻi i ka hoʻohana mau ʻana o ke kai a me ke kai.

Waihona Ola Ola. (2015, ʻApelila 22). Ho'ola hou i ka ho'okele waiwai moana. WWF International Production. Lawe ʻia mai: https://www.worldwildlife.org/publications/reviving-the-oceans-economy-the-case-for-action-2015

He mea kōkua nui ka moana i ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka honua a pono e hana ʻia e hoʻonui i ka mālama pono ʻana i nā wahi noho kai a me nā kai ma nā ʻāina āpau. Hōʻike ka hōʻike i ʻewalu mau hana kikoʻī, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka pono e apo i ka United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals, ʻoki i nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ʻakika moana, mālama pono ma kahi o 10 pakeneka o nā wahi kai o kēlā me kēia ʻāina, hoʻomaopopo i ka mālama ʻana i ka nohona a me ka hoʻokele lawaiʻa, nā ʻano hana honua kūpono. ke kūkākūkā a me ka laulima ʻana, e hoʻomohala i nā hui aupuni a me nā pilikino e noʻonoʻo ana i ka pono o ke kaiāulu, e hoʻomohala i ka moʻohelu moʻokalaleo a me ka lehulehu o nā pōmaikaʻi o ka moana, a hope loa e hana i kahi kahua honua e kākoʻo a kaʻana like i ka ʻike moana ma muli o ka ʻikepili. Hiki i kēia mau hana ke ho'ōla hou i ka ʻoihana moana a alakaʻi i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ke kai.

PAKAI i TOP

8. Ke Aupuni Lahui a me ka Hana Hoʻohui Aupuni

ʻApelika Blue Economy Forum. (Iune 2019). ʻApelika Blue Economy Forum Concept Note. Blue Jay Communication Ltd., Lādana. PDF

ʻO ka lua o ka African Blue Economy Form i kālele ʻia i nā luʻi a me nā manawa kūpono i ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai moana o ʻApelika, ka pilina ma waena o nā ʻoihana kuʻuna a me nā ʻoihana e kū mai ana, a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hoʻomau ma o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai. ʻO kahi mea nui i kamaʻilio ʻia ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pollution moana. Ua hoʻomaka ka nui o nā mea hoʻomaka hou e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia o ka haumia o ka moana, akā nele kēia mau kālā i nā ʻoihana hoʻonui.

ʻO ka Commonwealth Blue Charter. (2019). Waiwai Polū. Ua kiʻiʻia mai: https://thecommonwealth.org/blue-economy.

Aia ka pilina pili ma waena o ke kai, ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau, a me ka pono o ka poʻe o ke aupuni hui e ʻike ʻia ai he pono ke hana ʻia. Manaʻo ke kumu hoʻohālike Blue Economy no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ke kanaka a me ke kaulike o ka nohona, ʻoiai e hōʻemi nui ana i nā pōʻino o ke kaiapuni a me nā hemahema kaiaola. Hōʻike kēia ʻaoʻao pūnaewele i ka huakaʻi a ka Blue Charter e kōkua i nā ʻāina e hoʻomohala i kahi ala hoʻohui i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka ʻoihana polū.

Kōmike ʻOihana Kūʻai Kūʻai Kūlohelohe Kūʻai. (2018, Kekemapa). Hōʻike hope loa o ka ʻaha hoʻokele waiwai ʻulaʻula. Nairobi, Kenya 26-28 Nowemapa 2018. PDF

ʻO ka Global Sustainable Blue Economy Conference, i mālama ʻia ma Nairobi, Kenya, i kālele ʻia i ka hoʻomohala hoʻomau e pili ana i ka moana, nā kai, nā loko, a me nā muliwai no ka 2030 United Nations Agenda. ʻO nā poʻe i komo mai nā poʻo o nā mokuʻāina a me nā ʻelele o nā hui honua i ka ʻoihana ʻoihana a me nā alakaʻi kaiāulu, hōʻike ʻia ma ka noiʻi a hele i nā ʻaha kūkā. ʻO ka hopena o ka ʻaha kūkā ʻo ia ka hana ʻana o ka Nairobi Statement of Intent on Advancing a Sustainable Blue Economy.

ʻO ka World Bank. (2018, ʻOkakopa 29). Hoʻopuka ʻia ʻo Sovereign Blue Bond: Nā nīnau i nīnau pinepine ʻia. ʻO ka Bank Bank Bank. Lawe ʻia mai:  https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2018/10/29/ sovereign-blue-bond-issuance-frequently-asked-questions

ʻO ka Blue Bond kahi ʻaiʻē i hoʻopuka ʻia e nā aupuni a me nā panakō hoʻomohala e hoʻonui i ke kālā mai nā mea hoʻopukapuka e hoʻopukapuka kālā ai i nā papahana kai a me ka moana e loaʻa ana nā pōmaikaʻi maikaʻi o ke kaiapuni, hoʻokele waiwai, a me ke aniau. ʻO ka Repubalika o Seychelles ka mea mua i hoʻopuka i kahi Blue Bond, ua hoʻokumu lākou i $ 3 miliona Blue Grants Fund a me kahi $ 12 miliona Blue Investment Fund no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā lawaiʻa hoʻomau.

ʻApelika Blue Economy Forum. (2018). ʻApelika Blue Economy Forum 2018 Hōʻike hope loa. Blue Jay Communication Ltd., ʻO London. PDF

Ua hui pū ka ʻaha kūkā ma Lākana i nā loea o ka honua a me nā luna aupuni e hoʻokō i nā hoʻolālā Blue Economy o nā ʻāina o ʻApelika i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka Agenda 2063 o ka Hui ʻApelika a me ka United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). ʻO nā kumuhana o ke kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka lawaiʻa kānāwai ʻole a hoʻoponopono ʻole ʻia, palekana moana, hoʻokele kai, ikehu, kālepa, mākaʻikaʻi, a me nā mea hou. Ua hoʻopau ka ʻaha kūkā me ke kāhea ʻana i ka hana e hoʻokō i nā hana hoʻomau.

Komisina ʻEulopa (2018). ʻO ka 2018 Annual Economic Report on EU Blue Economy. ʻEulopa Hui Pū ʻIa Maritime a me nā lawaiʻa. Ua kiʻiʻia mai: https://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/sites/maritimeaffairs/files/ 2018-annual-economic-report-on-blue-economy_en.pdf

Hāʻawi ka hōʻike makahiki i ka wehewehe kikoʻī o ka nui a me ka laulā o ka ʻoihana polū e pili ana i ka European Union. ʻO ka pahuhopu o ka hōʻike, ʻo ia ka ʻike a hoʻohana i ka hiki o nā kai, kahakai a me ka moana o ʻEulopa no ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai. Aia ka hōʻike i nā kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka hopena socio-economic pololei, nā ʻāpana hou a me nā mea e puka mai nei, nā noiʻi hihia mai nā mokuʻāina o EU e pili ana i ka hana waiwai polū.

Vreÿ, Francois. (2017 Mei 28). Pehea e hiki ai i nā ʻāina ʻApelika ke hoʻohana i ka mana nui o ko lākou moana. Ke kamaʻilio ʻana. Ua kiʻiʻia mai: http://theconversation.com/how-african-countries-can-harness-the-huge-potential-of-their-oceans-77889.

Pono nā pilikia hoʻomalu a me ka palekana no nā kūkākūkā o ka Blue Economy e nā lāhui ʻApelika e loaʻa ai nā pono waiwai ikaika. ʻO ka hewa e like me ka lawaiʻa hewa ʻole, ka pōā o ke kai, a me ka ʻaihue i nā mea kaua, ka hoʻopio ʻana, a me ka neʻe ʻana i ke kānāwai he mea hiki ʻole i nā ʻāina ke ʻike i ka hiki o ko lākou kai, kahakai a me ka moana. Ma ka pane ʻana, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā hana he nui me ka hui pū ʻana ma nā palena ʻāina a me ka hōʻoia ʻana e hoʻokō ʻia nā kānāwai aupuni a kūlike me ke kuʻikahi o United Nation no ka palekana moana.

Pūʻulu Bank Bank a me ka UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2017). Ka Manawa o ka Waiwai Polū: Hoʻonui i nā Pōmaikaʻi no ka wā lōʻihi o ka hoʻohana mau ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai moana no nā mokuʻāina ulu liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻāina hoʻomohala liʻiliʻi loa. ʻO ka International Bank for The Construction and Development, The World Bank. Ua kiʻiʻia mai:  https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/ 10986/26843/115545.pdf

Nui nā ala e hele ai i ka hoʻokele waiwai polū e hilinaʻi ana ia mau mea a pau i nā mea nui o ka ʻāina a me ka lāhui. Ua ʻimi ʻia kēia mau mea ma o ka ʻike ʻana o ka World Bank i nā mea hoʻokele waiwai o ka Blue Economy i kā lākou kuʻikahi ma nā ʻāina liʻiliʻi loa i kūkulu ʻia a me nā mokuʻāina e ulu nei.

Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa. (2016). ʻApelika's Blue Economy: A Policy Handbook. Komisina waiwai no Aferika. Lawe ʻia mai: https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/blue-eco-policy-handbook_eng_1nov.pdf

He kanakolukumamāwalu o kanalimakūmāhā mau ʻāina ʻApelika he mokuʻāina kahakai a mokupuni paha a ʻoi aku ma mua o 90 ka nui o nā mea lawe mai a hoʻopuka ʻia mai ʻApelika e alakaʻi ʻia e ke kai e hilinaʻi nui ai ka ʻāina i ka moana. Lawe ʻia kēia puke kulekele i kahi ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokele hoʻomau a me ka mālama ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai wai a me ke kai e noʻonoʻo ana i nā mea hoʻoweliweli e like me ka nāwaliwali o ke aniau, ka maluhia ʻole o ka moana, a me ka loaʻa ʻole o nā kumuwaiwai kaʻana like. Hōʻike ka pepa i nā haʻawina hihia e hōʻike ana i nā hana o kēia manawa i hana ʻia e nā ʻāina ʻApelika e hāpai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai polū. Aia pū i loko o ka puke lima he alakaʻi i kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi kulekele Blue Economy, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka papa kuhikuhi, ka hoʻohui ʻana, ke kūkulu ʻana i ka ʻāina, ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka ʻāpana, ka hoʻolālā kulekele, ka hoʻokō kulekele, a me ka nānā ʻana a me ka loiloi.

Neumann, C. a me T. Bryan. (2015). Pehea e kākoʻo ai nā lawelawe kaiaola kai i nā pahuhopu hoʻomohala mau? In The Ocean and Us - Pehea ke kākoʻo ʻana o nā kaiaola kai olakino i ka hoʻokō ʻana o nā UN Sustainable Development Goals. Hoʻoponopono ʻia e Christian Neumann, Linwood Pendleton, Anne Kaup a me Jane Glavan. Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa. Na aoao 14-27. PDF

Kākoʻo nā lawelawe kaiaola kai i ka nui o nā United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) mai nā ʻoihana a me nā noho ʻana a hiki i ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka ʻilihune a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka like ʻole. Ma o ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi kiʻi i hui pū ʻia me nā kiʻi kiʻi i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia e nā mea kākau he mea koʻikoʻi ke kai i ka hoʻolako ʻana i ke kanaka a pono e lilo i mea nui i ka wā e hana ai i ka UN's Sustainable Development Goals. Ua lilo nā manaʻo nui o nā ʻāina i ka SDG i mea ikaika i ka Blue Economy a me ka hoʻomohala hoʻomau a puni ka honua.

Cicin-Sain, B. (2015 ʻApelila). Pahuhopu 14—E mālama a hoʻohana mau i nā moana, nā kai a me nā kumuwaiwai kai no ka hoʻomohala mau. UN Chronicle, Vol. LI (No.4). Lawe ʻia mai: http://unchronicle.un.org/article/goal-14-conserve-and-sustainably-useoceans-seas-and-marine-resources-sustainable/

Hōʻike ka Pahuhopu 14 o ka United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) i ka pono o ka mālama ʻana i ke kai a me ka hoʻohana mau ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kai. ʻO ke kākoʻo ikaika loa no ka hoʻokele moana mai nā mokuʻāina e ulu nei a me nā ʻāina liʻiliʻi loa i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka mālama ʻana i ka moana. ʻO nā papahana e pili ana i ka Goal 14 e lawelawe pū ana e hālāwai me ʻehiku mau pahuhopu UN SDG e pili ana i ka ʻilihune, ka palekana o ka meaʻai, ka ikehu, ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai, nā ʻōnaehana, ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka like ʻole, nā kūlanakauhale a me nā noho kanaka, ka hoʻohana mau ʻana a me ka hana ʻana, ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau, biodiversity, a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻokō. a me nā hui.

Ka Moana Foundation. (2014). ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo mai ka kūkākūkā papaʻaina ma Blue Growth (he blog ma ka papa ʻaina ma ka Hale o Suedena). Ka Moana Foundation. ^ E Ha yM. ʻIkia Iulai 22, 2016. https://oceanfdn.org/summary-from-the-roundtable-discussion-on-blue-growth/

ʻO ke kaulike ʻana i ka pono o ke kanaka a me ka ʻoihana no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka ulu hoʻihoʻi a me ka ʻikepili koʻikoʻi he mea nui ia e neʻe i mua me Blue Growth. ʻO kēia pepa ka hōʻuluʻulu o nā hālāwai a me nā ʻaha kūkā e pili ana i ka mokuʻāina o ka moana o ka honua i mālama ʻia e ke aupuni Suedena me ka hui pū ʻana me The Ocean Foundation.

PAKAI i TOP