Nā hoʻolālā hoʻololi i ke aniau no ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻilikai

ʻO ka piʻi ʻana mai o ka ʻilikai he mea weliweli ia i nā kaiāulu haʻahaʻa kahakai. Ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ma mua o 20 miliona mau kānaka e noho ana ma nā wahi haʻahaʻa i hiki ke hōʻike a wānana i ka piʻi ʻana o ke kai (Nicholls, 2010). Eia kekahi, aia ka 200 miliona mau kānaka ma nā wahi i pilikia i ke kahe ʻana mai nā hanana ʻino (Nicholls, 2010). Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, hiki i ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻilikai ke hoʻoweliweli i ka 9% o ka ʻāina i loko o 180 mau kūlanakauhale kahakai o US ma 2100 (University of Arizona, 2011). Wahi a ka 2014 IPCC Synthesis Report, ua wānana ʻia ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻilikai ma kekahi degere he "ʻoi loa" ma mua o 95% o nā wahi moana (IPCC, 2014). Ma nā kuhi hewa ʻino loa, ʻo ka awelika o ka piʻi ʻana o ke kai ma kahi o 61cm-1.1m e 2100 (IPCC, 2014). ʻOiai inā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka hihia ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, hiki i ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻilikai ma kahi liʻiliʻi ma kahi o 10 knm hiki ke loaʻa i nā hopena pōʻino i nā kaiāulu kahakai, ʻoi aku ma nā wahi haʻahaʻa loaʻa kālā a me nā kaiāulu BIPOC. Pilikia nā ʻāina kahakai i ke kahe ʻana o ke kai, nā hanana ʻino loa, ka nui o ka haumia o ka wai, ka nalowale ʻana o ka noho ʻana, ka hili ʻana o kahakai, ka piʻi ʻana o ka paʻakai o ka lepo, a me ka nalo ʻana o ke kahakai. E koi ʻia ka poʻe kahakai e neʻe aku mai nā kahakai e emi ana, e haʻalele i ko lākou noho ʻana, inā ʻaʻole i kau ʻia nā hana e mālama ʻia.

Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a puni ka honua, ke kūkulu nei nā kaiāulu kahakai a me nā mea hana kulekele i nā hoʻolālā hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau e hoʻēmi i ka piʻi ʻana o ke kai. Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia nā hoʻolālā hoʻololi i kahi ʻano o nā hoʻololi i hoʻokō ʻia e hāʻule ma lalo o nā ʻāpana o ka ʻenehana "hina" a i ʻole "'ōmaʻomaʻo". ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka ʻōnaehana "Gray", nā hale kai i hana ʻia e ke kanaka me nā pā wai, nā puka wai, nā paipu, nā pā, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hiki i nā kūlanakauhale kahakai hiki ke hoʻohana i nā ʻōnaehana hina, nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a i ʻole ka hui pū ʻana o nā ala ʻelua.

Hiki i nā ʻōnaehana ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā kahakai ola ke hoʻohana pono i nā lawelawe kaiaola kūlohelohe no ka pale ʻana i nā kaiāulu kahakai, nā hale, a me nā ʻoihana mai ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻilikai i hoʻoulu ʻia i ke kahe ʻana, ʻoiai e koi ana i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka mālama a mālama ʻana. Hiki i ka 2 a 5 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā ʻāina wai kahakai ma mua o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pale wai kūlohelohe (Cook, 2020). Ma waho aʻe o ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa o ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana, hiki i ke kaiāulu kahakai ke ʻohi i nā lawelawe kaiaola hou e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka noho kai a me ka terrestrial, ka kānana wai, ka lawe kalapona, a me ka leʻaleʻa kaiāulu. ʻOiai ke hāʻawi nei nā hoʻonā kūlohelohe i nā pōmaikaʻi maopopo, ʻaʻole makemake ʻia lākou no nā mea hana kulekele. Ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ʻo 167 mau haʻawina i hoʻoholo ʻia ma lalo o ka ʻaelike Paris, ʻo 70 wale nō i hoʻokomo i nā hoʻonā kūlohelohe a ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau mea ma nā ʻāina haʻahaʻa. Loaʻa ka ʻike ʻole i ka waiwai o nā hoʻonā kūlohelohe i waena o nā kaiāulu a me nā aupuni kūloko. Pono e hō'ike 'ia nā kumu ho'ohālike i ho'okomo 'ia ma ke 'ano he mau la'ana e a'o ai a e ho'ohana 'ia no ka ho'onui 'ana i ka ho'ona'auao 'ana i ka 'ōma'oma'o. 

ʻOiai ʻaʻole e noʻonoʻo ka nui o nā hoʻolālā hoʻololi i nā hoʻonā kūlohelohe, ʻike kekahi mau kaiāulu kahakai i nā pōmaikaʻi a hiki ke lilo i kumu hoʻohālike. Ma Iava ʻĀkau, Indonesia, 30 miliona mau kānaka i pilikia i ke kai kahe a me ka ʻino. Ua hoʻonui ʻia nā manawa o ke kahe ʻana ma muli o ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā ululāʻau mangrove kūloko. Ke hana pū nei kekahi hui like ʻole ma Demak, Java ma kahi papahana i kapa ʻia ʻo "Building with Nature" e hoʻihoʻi i 12 mau mile o nā ululāʻau mangrove kahakai e pale i nā kaiāulu kahakai mai ke kahe ʻana.Ke kūkulu ʻana me ka Nature ma Indonesia, 2020). Ma o ka papahana hoʻihoʻi mangrove, ke hoʻoikaika maikaʻi nei lākou i ko lākou mau kaiaola kahakai ʻoiai e pale ana i ko lākou mau kaiāulu mai ke kahe ʻana.  

Hāʻawi ka mangroves i ke kumu waiwai maoli no nā kaiaola kai a me nā kaiāulu kūloko. ʻO ke kumukūʻai ma waena o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka mangrove ma kahi o $0.01 USD no kēlā me kēia kapuaʻi square, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā ʻōnaehana hana (Cook, 2020). Ua ʻike ka Global Commission on Adaptation i nā pono ʻupena o ka pale ʻana i nā ululāʻau mangrove, ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, he $1 trillion USD e 2030 (Global Commission on Adaptation, 2019). Hoʻonui nā ululāʻau mangrove i nā mea ola o ka moana, a no laila ke hoʻonui nei i nā wahi lawaiʻa ma waho o ka ʻāina mai ka awelika o 40 paona a 271 paona i kēlā me kēia hola (Hussain, 2010). Hoʻohui like, mālama nā mangroves ma ke kahakai he 14% o ka lawe kalapona mai ka moana honua (Alongi, 2012). Hiki i nā mangroves nā kahakai ola ke hoʻoponopono i nā mea ʻoi aku ma mua o nā puka wai, nā pā wai, a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hana hana ʻē aʻe.

E like me nā mangrove, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano kahakai ola ʻē aʻe no ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka erosion. Aia nā kahakai kūlohelohe i nā mea kanu maoli e like me nā mauʻu marsh, nā mauʻu kai, nā puʻu, a me nā ʻōnaehana kai. ʻO ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā kahakai kūlohelohe e kōkua i ke kaiaola kaiaola kahakai e hoʻopaʻa a mālama i nā hana olaola me ka pale ʻana i nā hanana ʻino a me ke kahe ʻana. Hoʻohui ʻia kekahi mau kahakai ola i ka hui ʻana o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka hina hina e hoʻopili ai i nā mea kanu kūlohelohe me kekahi mau ʻoihana ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī e like me nā papa pōhaku, nā lāʻau heleuma, nā ʻanuʻu a i ʻole ke kila. Hiki i nā hoʻolālā hybrid hou ke hoʻonui i nā ʻano maikaʻi loa o ke kūkulu ʻia a me nā ʻōnaehana kūlohelohe e hana ai i kahi ʻōnaehana pale kahakai e pono ai. No ka laʻana, i ka makahiki 2013, ua hoʻokō ka Nature Conservancy i ka nānā ʻana i ka pōmaikaʻi kumu kūʻai ma 5.6km o ka ʻōnaehana oyster reefs hybrid i hoʻokomo ʻia ma ke kahawai ʻo Mexico. Ua loaʻa i ka Nature Conservancy nā ʻano pono o ka kaiaola i kā lākou kāʻili ʻana i ka uku-pōmaikaʻi: hoʻemi i ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka ikehu o nā nalu nui loa, ʻoi aku ma mua o 6,900 paona o ka hopu hou ʻana i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ka lawe ʻia ʻana o 1,888 kilokani nitrogen i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a ua manaʻo ʻia. ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ke kumukūʻai o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana me $4.28 miliona i ka makahiki 34 o ka papahana (The Nature Conservancy, 2013). Hiki i nā ʻenehana Hybrid ke ʻae i nā kaiāulu e hoʻohana pono i nā pono kaiaola kūlohelohe ʻoiai ke komo ʻana i nā pae hilinaʻi nui aʻe ma mua o nā ala kūlohelohe wale nō. 

ʻOiai e loiloi ana i nā hoʻolālā hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau, he mea nui ia e ʻike a hōʻike i ka ʻāpana ʻāpana ma waena o ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻilikai a me ka hoʻopono lāhui. Hoʻopilikia like ʻole ʻia nā kaiāulu o BIPOC e ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau e like me ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻilikai, ka waikahe a me nā hanana ʻino kahakai. ʻOiai ua hoʻopilikia ʻia ka heluna kanaka a pau e ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā BIPOC a me nā kaiāulu haʻahaʻa nā kumu waiwai e mālama ai a pale aku i nā pilikia o ke kaiapuni. I loko o kahi hōʻike 2019 e ka National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, ua paʻi ʻia e pili ana ke kahe ʻana o ke kūlanakauhale i ka nui o nā demographics, akā ʻoi aku ka pōʻino i nā poʻe liʻiliʻi a me nā poʻe haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no ka mea ʻoi aku ka nui o ka noho ʻana ma nā wahi. i lalo i ka nui o ka waikahe i ka manawa i hāʻawi ʻia i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka pale o ka wai (National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine, 2019). ʻO Hurricane Katrina kahi laʻana nui o ka pono ʻole o ke kaiapuni. ʻO ka Hurricane Louisiana i ka makahiki 2005 i hoʻopilikia i nā kaiāulu ʻeleʻele. ʻO nā hualoaʻa mai kahi koho balota i alakaʻi ʻia e ka American Red Cross i hōʻike ʻia he ʻoi aku ka nui o ka Race i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hopena luku ʻino ma mua o nā pae kālā (Moore, 2005). Inā hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōnaehana hina a ʻōmaʻomaʻo paha, pono e hoʻokumu ʻia nā kaiāulu BIPOC kahakai i ka hana ʻana i nā hoʻolālā hoʻololi i ke aniau.

Ke hoʻomau nei ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻilikai, e kū ana nā aupuni a me nā mea hana kulekele i nā hoʻoholo paʻakikī e pale aku i nā kahakai a me nā kaiāulu pilikia. Pono kēlā me kēia māhele e hana i nā koho e pili ana i ko lākou kūlana a me nā kūlana kūʻokoʻa. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻenehana ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma kahi kaʻawale, akā ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hui hilinaʻi i ke kūlana o nā ʻano hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa kūlohelohe a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa maoli ʻana, me ka hoʻonohonoho mua ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana ʻōmaʻomaʻo, hiki ke hoʻokele maikaʻi ʻia ka piʻi ʻana o ke kai.

hana i oleloia

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