Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. Ke Kuleana no ke Kuleana Kanaka a me ka Moana
3. Nā Kānāwai a me nā Kānāwai
4. IUU Fishing and Human Rights
5. Nā alakaʻi hoʻohana ʻai kai
6. Hoʻoneʻe a me ka wehe ʻana
7. Ke Aupuni Moana
8. ʻAha moku a me ka hana ʻino i nā pono kanaka
9. Nā Manaʻo i Manaʻo ʻia

1. Introduction

ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole ma ka ʻāina wale nō ka hana ʻino i nā pono kanaka akā ma ke kai kekahi. ʻO ke kālepa kanaka, ka palaho, ka hoʻohana ʻana, a me nā hana ʻino ʻē aʻe, i hui pū ʻia me ka nele o ka mākaʻi a me ka hoʻokō pono ʻana i nā kānāwai honua, ʻo ia ka mea pōʻino o ka nui o ka hana moana. ʻO kēia ulu mau ʻana o ka uhaki pono kanaka ma ke kai a me ka hana ʻino pololei a me ka ʻole o ka moana e hele pū ana. Inā ma ke ʻano o ka lawaiʻa hewa ʻole a i ʻole ka holo ʻauheʻe ʻana o nā lāhui ʻātoli haʻahaʻa mai ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻilikai, ua piha ka moana i ka hewa.

ʻO kā mākou hoʻohana hewa ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai o ka moana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ke kalapona i hoʻonui wale ʻia i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hana kai kū kānāwai. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke aniau na ke kanaka i pumehana ai, piʻi aʻe ka ʻilikai, a piʻi aʻe nā ʻino, e koi ana i nā kaiāulu kahakai e haʻalele i ko lākou mau home a ʻimi i ke ola ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe me ka liʻiliʻi o ke kālā a i ʻole ke kōkua honua. ʻO ka lawaiʻa nui ʻana, ma ke ʻano he pane i ka ulu nui ʻana o nā meaʻai kai makamae, ua koi ʻia ka poʻe lawaiʻa kūloko e huakaʻi lōʻihi aku e ʻimi i nā iʻa kūpono a i ʻole e kau i nā moku lawaiʻa hewa ʻole no ka uku liʻiliʻi.

ʻO ka nele o ka hoʻokō, hoʻoponopono, a me ka nānā ʻana i ke kai ʻaʻole ia he kumuhana hou. He paʻakikī mau ia i nā hui honua e paʻa ana i kekahi kuleana no ka nānā ʻana i ke kai. Eia kekahi, ke hoʻomau nei nā aupuni i ka haʻalele ʻana i ke kuleana e pale i nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana a hāʻawi i ke kākoʻo i kēia mau lāhui nalo.

ʻO ka hana mua i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hoʻonā i ka nui o nā hana hōʻino pono kanaka ma ke kai ʻo ia ka ʻike. Ma ʻaneʻi ua hōʻuluʻulu mākou i kekahi o nā kumuwaiwai maikaʻi loa e pili ana i ke kumuhana o ka pono kanaka a me ke kai.

ʻO kā mākou ʻōlelo e pili ana i ka hana koi ʻia a me ke kālepa kanaka ma ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa

No nā makahiki, ua mahuahua ka ʻike o ka poʻe lawaiʻa i ka hoʻomāinoino i nā pono kanaka ma luna o nā moku lawaiʻa. Hoʻoikaika ʻia nā limahana e hana i nā hana paʻakikī a i kekahi manawa no nā hola lōʻihi me ka uku haʻahaʻa loa, ma lalo o ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana o ka ikaika a i ʻole ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻaiʻē, e hopena i ka hōʻino kino a me ka noʻonoʻo a me ka make. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ka International Labor Organization, ʻo ka lawaiʻa hopu kekahi o nā helu kiʻekiʻe o ka make ma ka honua. 

E like me ka Kuʻina Hoʻopalekana Kalepa UN, ʻekolu mau mea e pili ana i ke kālepa kanaka:

• hoʻopunipuni a hoʻopunipuni paha;
• maʻalahi ka neʻe ʻana i kahi o ka hoʻohana ʻana; a
• hoʻohana ʻia ma kahi e hele ai.

Ma ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia nā kuleana kanaka a me ka hoʻoweliweli i ka hoʻomau o ke kai. Ma muli o ka pilina o nā mea ʻelua, pono kahi ala multifaceted a ʻaʻole lawa ka hoʻoikaika ʻana e kālele wale ana i ka traceability chain supply. ʻO ka hapa nui o mākou ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa paha e loaʻa paha i ka iʻa i hopu ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana hana hoʻoikaika. Hoʻokahi kānana ʻO ka lawe ʻia ʻana o nā iʻa iʻa i ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika e hōʻike ana i ka wā e hui pū ʻia ai nā iʻa i lawe ʻia mai a i hopu ʻia i loko o nā mākeke kūloko, piʻi ka pilikia o ke kūʻai ʻana i ka iʻa i haumia e ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kauā hou ma kahi o 8.5 mau manawa, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā iʻa i hopu ʻia ma ka home.

Kākoʻo ikaika ka Ocean Foundation i ka International Labor Organization "Palapala Hana Hana honua e kū'ē i ka hana koi a me ke kālepa ʻana i nā lawaiʻa ma ke kai" (GAPfish), e komo pū ana: 

• Ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hoʻonā hoʻomau no ka pale ʻana i nā pono kanaka a me nā hana hoʻomāinoino o ka poʻe lawaiʻa ma nā mokuʻāina hoʻolimalima a me ka transit;
• Hoʻonui i ka hiki i nā mokuʻāina hae e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kānāwai o ka honua a me ke aupuni ma luna o nā moku e lele ana i ko lākou hae e pale aku i ka hana koi;
• Hoʻonui ka mana o nā moku'āina awa e hoʻoponopono a pane aku i nā kūlana o ka hana hoʻoikaika i ka lawaiʻa; a 
• Ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kumu kūʻai ʻike ʻoi aʻe o ka hana koi i ka lawaiʻa.

I mea e hoʻomau ʻole ai i ka hana hoʻoikaika a me ke kālepa kanaka ma ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa, ʻaʻole e hui a hana pū ʻo The Ocean Foundation me (1) nā hui i loaʻa i kahi kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻokauwā hou i kā lākou hana, ma muli o ka ʻike mai ka Global Slavery Index. ma waena o nā kumu ʻē aʻe, a i ʻole me (2) mau hui i hōʻike ʻole i ka manaʻo o ka lehulehu i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka traceability a me ka ʻike ʻia i loko o ke kaulahao lako kai. 

Akā naʻe, paʻakikī ka hoʻokō kānāwai ma waena o ka moana. Eia naʻe, i kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻenehana hou e hahai i nā moku a me ka hakakā ʻana i ke kālepa kanaka ma nā ala hou. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hana ma ke kai kiʻekiʻe ma hope o ka makahiki 1982 Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa o ke Kai ʻo ia ka mea e wehewehe pono ai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kai a me ka moana no ka pono o kēlā me kēia kanaka, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i nā ʻāpana waiwai kūʻokoʻa, kuleana kūʻokoʻa o ka hoʻokele, a hoʻokumu i ka International Seabed Authority. I loko o nā makahiki ʻelima i hala iho nei, ua hoʻoikaika ʻia a ʻO Geneva Declaration on Human Rights at Sea. Mai ka lā 26 o Pepeluali^th, 2021 ke nānā ʻia nei kahi mana hope o ka Hōʻike a hōʻike ʻia i nā mahina e hiki mai ana.

2. Ke Kuleana no ke Kuleana Kanaka a me ka Moana

Vithani, P. (2020, December 1). He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i ka hana ʻino i nā pono kanaka i ke ola mau ma ke kai a ma ka ʻāina. Hui Pūʻulu Waiwai honua.  https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/12/how-tackling-human-rights-abuses-is-critical-to-sustainable-life-at-sea-and-on-land/

Nui ka moana i mea paʻakikī loa i nā mākaʻi. E like me ka holo ʻana o nā hana kolohe a me ke kānāwai ʻole a ke ʻike nei nā kaiāulu he nui i ka hopena i kā lākou ʻoihana kūloko a me ka nohona kuʻuna. Hāʻawi kēia kākau pōkole i kahi hoʻolauna kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe loa i ka pilikia o ka hōʻino ʻana i nā pono kanaka i ka lawaiʻa a hōʻike i nā hoʻoponopono e like me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka ʻenehana, hoʻonui i ka nānā ʻana, a me ka pono e hoʻoponopono i nā kumu kumu o ka lawaiʻa IUU.

ʻOihana Mokuʻāina. (2020). Hōʻike ʻana i ke kālepa kanaka. Ke Keʻena Moku'āina no ka nānā ʻana a me ka hakakā ʻana i ka trafficking in person. PDF. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-trafficking-in-persons-report/.

ʻO ka Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP) he hōʻike makahiki i paʻi ʻia e ke Keʻena Mokuʻāina o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e komo pū ana me ka nānā ʻana i ke kālepa kanaka ma kēlā me kēia ʻāina, nā hana hoʻohiki e kūʻē i ka trafficking, nā moʻolelo o ka mea i pepehi ʻia, a me nā ʻano o kēia manawa. Ua hōʻike ka TIP i Burma, Haiti, Thailand, Taiwan, Cambodia, Indonesia, South Korea, Kina ma ke ʻano he mau ʻāina e pili ana i ke kālepa a me ka hana hoʻoikaika i ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa. No ka ʻike ʻana i ka hōʻike TIP 2020 i helu ʻia ʻo Thailand ma ke ʻano he Tier 2, akā naʻe, ʻōlelo kekahi mau hui kākoʻo e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ʻo Thailand i ka Tier 2 Watch List no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou i hana i ka hakakā ʻana i ka trafficking o nā limahana hana.

Urbina, I. (2019, ʻAukake 20). The Outlaw Ocean: Nā huakaʻi ma ke alo o ka palena ʻole hope loa. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.

Nui loa ka moana i nā mākaʻi me nā wahi nui ʻaʻole maopopo ka mana honua. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau ʻāina nui i hoʻokipa ʻia i ka hana hewa nui mai ka poʻe kālepa a hiki i ka poʻe pōā, ka poʻe smugglers i ka poʻe mercenary, poachers i nā kauā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. ʻO ka mea kākau, ʻo Ian Urbina, ke hana nei e lawe i ka manaʻo i ka hakakā ma Asia Hikina Hema, ʻApelika, a ma waho. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka puke Outlaw Ocean ma ka hōʻike ʻana a Urbina no ka New York Times, hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻatikala i koho ʻia ma aneʻi:

1. "Ka poʻe hele wāwae a me nā hewa ma luna o kahi moku Scofflaw." The New York Times, 17 Iulai 2015.
   Ma ke ʻano he hiʻohiʻona o ka honua hewa ʻole o ke kai kiʻekiʻe, ua kālele kēia ʻatikala i ka moʻolelo o ʻelua mau kaʻa ma luna o ka moku ʻakaʻaka ʻo Dona Liberty.
2.  "Pepehi kanaka ma ke kai: hopu ʻia ma ke wikiō, akā hele manuahi nā mea pepehi." The New York Times, 20 Iulai 2015.
   ʻO nā kiʻi o ʻehā mau kānaka lima ʻole i pepehi ʻia i waenakonu o ka moana no nā kumu ʻike ʻole ʻia.
3. "'O nā Kauā o ke Kai:' ʻO ka pōʻino kanaka e hānai ana i nā holoholona a me nā holoholona." The New York Times, 27 Iulai 2015.
   Nīnauele o nā kāne i mahuka ma luna o nā waʻa lawaiʻa. Hōʻike lākou i kā lākou hahau ʻana a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā ʻupena no ka iʻa e lilo i meaʻai holoholona a me nā meaʻai holoholona.
4. "He mea lawaiʻa ʻo Renegade, Huli ʻia no 10,000 Miles e nā Vigilantes." The New York Times, 28 Iulai 2015.
   He moʻolelo o nā lā 110 i hele ai nā lālā o ka hui kaiapuni, Sea Shepherd, i kahi moku lawaiʻa kaulana no ka lawaiʻa hewa ʻole.
5.  “Hoʻopunipuni a ʻaiʻē ma ka ʻāina, hana ʻino ʻia a haʻalele ʻia paha ma ke kai. ” ʻO ka New York Times, 9 Nowemapa 2015.
   Hoʻopunipuni nā "ʻoihana hoʻokele" hewa i nā kamaʻāina ma Philippines me nā ʻōlelo hoʻohiki wahaheʻe o ka uku kiʻekiʻe a hoʻouna iā lākou i nā moku kaulana no ka palekana maikaʻi ʻole a me nā palapala hana.
6. "Maritime 'Repo Men': He hale hoʻomaha hope no nā moku ʻaihue." ʻO ka New York Times, 28 Dekemaba 2015.
   Ua ʻaihue ʻia nā kaukani waʻa i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia kekahi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waiʻona, nā wahine hoʻokamakama, nā kauka kilokilo a me nā ʻano hoʻopunipuni ʻē aʻe.
7. “Palau vs. the Poachers.” ʻO ka New York Times Magazine, 17 Pepeluali 2016.
   ʻO Paula, he ʻāina kaʻawale e like paha me ka nui o Philadelphia ke kuleana no ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻana i kahi ʻāpana o ka moana e like me ka nui o Farani, ma kahi ʻāina e piha ana me nā supertrawlers, nā ʻauwaʻa poacher i kākoʻo ʻia e ka mokuʻāina, nā ʻupena holo mile ka lōʻihi a me nā mea huki iʻa lana i kapa ʻia ʻo FADs. . ʻO kā lākou hana hoʻomāinoino paha e hoʻonoho i kahi kūlana no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ke kānāwai ma ke kai.

Tickler, D., Meeuwig, JJ, Bryant, K. ¶ AL. (2018). ʻO ke kauā o kēia wā a me ka Lahui i ka iʻa. Nature Hoʻokaʻa ' Vol. 9,4643 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07118-9

I loko o nā makahiki he nui i hala iho nei, ua ʻike ʻia ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana ma ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa. Ke hoʻohana nei i ka Global Slavery Index (GSI), hoʻopaʻapaʻa nā mea kākau e kaʻana like nā ʻāina me nā hana hoʻomāinoino i kākau ʻia i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka lawaiʻa wai mamao a me ka hōʻike ʻana i ka lawaiʻa maikaʻi ʻole. Ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana mai, aia nā hōʻike o nā hana hoʻomāinoino koʻikoʻi a me ka hoʻokauwā hou e hoʻohana i nā limahana e hōʻemi i nā kumukūʻai.

Associated Press (2015) Associated Press Investigation into Slaves at Sea in Southeast Asia, he ʻumi ʻāpana. [kiʻiʻoniʻoni]. https://www.ap.org/explore/seafood-from-slaves/

ʻO ka noiʻi ʻo Associated Press kekahi o nā noiʻi ikaika mua loa i ka ʻoihana kai kai, ma US a ma waho. I loko o nā mahina he ʻumikumamāwalu, ʻehā mau mea nūpepa me The Associated Press i hahai i nā moku, loaʻa nā kauā, a hoʻopaʻa i nā kaʻa pahu hau e hōʻike i nā hana ʻino o ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa ma Asia Hikina Hema. Ua alakaʻi ka hoʻokolokolo i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā kauā ʻoi aku ma mua o 2,000 a me ka pane koke ʻana o nā mea kūʻai aku nui a me ke aupuni Indonesia. Ua lanakila nā mea nūpepa ʻehā i ka makana ʻo George Polk no ka hōʻike ʻana i nā haole ma Pepeluali 2016 no kā lākou hana. 

Kuleana Kanaka ma ke Kai. (2014). Kuleana Kanaka ma ke Kai. Lākana, United Kingdom. https://www.humanrightsatsea.org/

Ua puka mai ʻo Human Rights At Sea (HRAS) ma ke ʻano he kahua alakaʻi kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa pono kanaka. Mai kona hoʻomaka ʻana i ka makahiki 2014, ua kākoʻo ikaika ʻo HRAS no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻokō a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā pono pono kanaka i waena o nā luina, nā lawaiʻa, a me nā mea ola ʻē aʻe ma ka moana a puni ka honua. 

Fishwise. (2014, Malaki). Trafficked II – He hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo hou o ka hana ʻino i nā pono kanaka ma ka ʻoihana kai kai. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Trafficked_II_FishWise_2014%20%281%29.compressed.pdf

Hāʻawi ʻo Trafficked II e FishWise i kahi ʻike o nā pilikia pono kanaka i ke kaulahao lako kai a me nā pilikia i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ʻoihana. Hiki i kēia hōʻike ke lilo i mea hana e hoʻohui i nā NGO mālama a me nā loea pono kanaka.

Treves, T. (2010). Kuleana Kanaka a me ke Kanawai o ke Kai. Berkeley Journal of International Law. Volume 28, Helu 1. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Human%20Rights%20and%20the%20Law%20of%20the%20Sea.pdf

Noʻonoʻo ka mea kākau ʻo Tillio Treves i ke Kānāwai o ke Kai mai ka manaʻo o ke kānāwai pono kanaka e hoʻoholo ana ua pili nā pono kanaka me ke Kānāwai o ke Kai. Hele ʻo Treves i nā hihia kānāwai e hāʻawi ana i nā hōʻike no ka pilina pili o ke kānāwai o ke kai a me nā pono kanaka. He ʻatikala koʻikoʻi ia no ka poʻe e ʻimi nei e hoʻomaopopo i ka mōʻaukala kānāwai ma hope o ka uhaki ʻana i nā pono kanaka i kēia manawa e like me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka pōʻaiapili i ke ʻano o ke kānāwai o ke Kai.

3. Nā Kānāwai a me nā Kānāwai

Komisina Kalepa Kalepa o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. (2021, Pepeluali). Loaʻa ʻia ka iʻa iʻa ma o ka lawaiʻa hewa ʻole, hōʻike ʻole ʻia, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻole ʻia: nā lawe ʻana mai o ʻAmelika a me ka hopena waiwai i nā lawaiʻa kalepa ʻo ʻAmelika. ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa Hoʻolaha Komisina Kālepa, Helu 5168, Helu Investigation 332-575. https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub5168.pdf

Ua ʻike ka US International Trade Commission ma kahi o $2.4 biliona kālā i lawe ʻia mai ka lawaiʻa IUU i ka makahiki 2019, ʻo ia hoʻi ka pāpaʻi ʻauʻau, ka ʻōpae i hopu ʻia, ka tuna yellowfin, a me ka hee. ʻO nā mea hoʻopuka nui o ka lawe ʻana i ka IUU hopu moana mai Kina, Russia, Mexico, Vietnam, a me Indonesia. Hāʻawi kēia hōʻike i ka nānā pono ʻana o ka lawaiʻa IUU me ka ʻike kikoʻī o ka hōʻino ʻana i nā pono kanaka ma nā ʻāina kumu o ka lawe ʻana mai i ka iʻa iʻa US. ʻIke ʻia, ua ʻike ʻia ka hōʻike he 99% o nā ʻauwaʻa DWF Kina ma ʻApelika i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka huahana o ka lawaiʻa IUU.

ʻO ka hoʻokele moana a me ka lewa aupuni. (2020). Hōʻike i ka Congress Human Trafficking in the Seafood Supply Chain, Māhele 3563 o ka National Defense Authorization Act no Fiscal Year 2020 (PL 116-92). Keena Kalepa. https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/2020-12/DOSNOAAReport_HumanTrafficking.pdf?null

Ma lalo o ke alakaʻi a ka ʻAhaʻōlelo, ua paʻi ʻo NOAA i kahi hōʻike e pili ana i ke kālepa kanaka ma ke kaulahao lako kai. Hōʻike ka hōʻike i nā ʻāina he 29 i pilikia loa i ke kālepa kanaka ma ka ʻāpana kai. ʻO nā ʻōlelo paipai no ka hakakā ʻana i ke kālepa kanaka ma ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa, ʻo ia ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā ʻāina i helu ʻia, ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā hana traceability honua a me nā hana honua e hoʻoponopono ai i ke kālepa kanaka, a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hui pū ʻana me ka ʻoihana e hoʻoponopono i ke kālepa kanaka ma ke kaulahao lako kai.

Uliuli malu. (2020). ʻOihana lawaiʻa: Pehea e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ai ka lawe ʻana ma ke kai i ka lawaiʻa hewa ʻole, hōʻike ʻole ʻia, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻole ʻia e hōʻino ai i ko kākou moana. Greenpeace International. PDF. https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-international-stateless/2020/02/be13d21a-fishy-business-greenpeace-transhipment-report-2020.pdf

Ua ʻike ʻo Greenpeace i nā moku reefer 416 "pilikia" e holo ana ma ke kai kiʻekiʻe a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka lawaiʻa IUU me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā kuleana o nā limahana ma luna o ka moku. Hoʻohana ʻo Greenpeace i ka ʻikepili mai ka Global Fishing Watch e hōʻike i ke ʻano o ke komo ʻana o nā ʻauwaʻa i ka transshipments a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hae no ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a me nā kūlana palekana. ʻO ka hoʻomau ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻokele aupuni e hiki ke hoʻomau i ka hana ʻino i nā wai honua. Ke kākoʻo nei ka hōʻike i kahi Kuikahi Moana Honua e hāʻawi i kahi ala holistic i ka hoʻokele moana.

Oceana. (2019, Iune). ʻO ka lawaiʻa hewa ʻole a me nā hana ʻino i nā pono kanaka ma ke kai: hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana e hōʻike i nā ʻano hoʻohuoi. 10.31230/osf.io/juh98. PDF.

He pilikia koʻikoʻi ka lawaiʻa Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) no ka mālama ʻana i nā lawaiʻa kalepa a me ka mālama kai. Ke piʻi aʻe nei ka lawaiʻa kalepa, ke emi nei ka nui o nā iʻa e like me ka lawaiʻa IUU. Aia i loko o ka hōʻike a Oceana he ʻekolu mau hihia, ʻo ka mua ma ka piholo ʻana o ka Oyang 70 ma waho o ke kapakai o New Zealand, ʻo ka lua ma ka Hung Yu he moku Taiwanese, a ʻo ke kolu he moku ukana ʻo Renown Reefer e holo ana ma kahakai o Somalia. Ke kākoʻo pū nei kēia mau haʻawina hihia i ka manaʻo ʻo nā hui me ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻokō ʻole, ke hui pū ʻia me ka nānā maikaʻi ʻole a me nā ʻōnaehana kānāwai o ke ao holoʻokoʻa, e hoʻopilikia i ka lawaiʻa kalepa i ka hana kolohe.

Nānā Kuleana Kanaka. (2018, Ianuali). ʻO nā kaulahao huna: nā hana hoʻomāinoino a me nā hana hoʻoikaika i loko o ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa o Thailand. PDF.

I kēia lā, ʻaʻole i hana ʻo Thailand i nā hana kūpono e hoʻoponopono ai i nā pilikia o ka hoʻomāinoino pono kanaka i ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa Thai. Hoʻopaʻa kēia hōʻike i ka hana koi ʻia, nā kūlana hana maikaʻi ʻole, nā kaʻina hana hoʻolimalima, a me nā ʻōlelo pilikia o ka hana e hoʻokumu i nā kūlana hoʻomāinoino. ʻOiai ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā hana hou aʻe mai ka paʻi ʻana o ka hōʻike ma 2018, pono ke aʻo ʻana i ka heluhelu ʻana no ka poʻe makemake e aʻo hou e pili ana i nā Kuleana Kanaka ma Thailand lawaiʻa.

International Organization for Migration (2017, Ianuali 24). Hōʻike e pili ana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke kanaka, ka hana koi a me ka hewa lawaiʻa i loko o ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa ʻo Indonesia. Misiona IOM ma Indonesia. https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/country/docs/indonesia/Human-Trafficking-Forced-Labour-and-Fisheries-Crime-in-the-Indonesian-Fishing-Industry-IOM.pdf

ʻO kahi kauoha aupuni hou e pili ana i ka noiʻi ʻana o ka IOM e pili ana i ke kālepa kanaka ma nā lawaiʻa Indonesia e hoʻoponopono i nā hana ʻino kanaka. He hōʻike hui kēia e ke Keʻena ʻOihana Moana a me nā lawaiʻa o Indonesia (KKP), ʻo Indonesia Presidential Task Force to Combat Illegal Fishing, ka International Organization for Migration (IOM) Indonesia, a me Coventry University. Manaʻo ka hōʻike i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā Flags of Convenience by Fishing and Fisheries Support Vessels, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻopaʻa inoa honua a me nā ʻōnaehana ʻike moku, hoʻomaikaʻi i nā kūlana hana ma Indonesia a me Thailand, a hoʻonui i ka hoʻokele ʻana o nā hui lawaiʻa e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā pono kanaka, hoʻonui ʻia ka traceability. a me ka nānā 'ana, ka ho'opa'a inoa kūpono no ka po'e malihini, a me ka ho'oikaika 'ana ma waena o nā 'oihana like 'ole.

Braestrup, A., Neumann, J., a me ke gula, M., Spalding, M. (ed), Middleburg, M. (ed). (2016, ʻApelila 6). Kuleana Kanaka & Ka Moana: Kauā a me ka ʻOpae ma kāu Pā. Pepa Keʻokeʻo. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/SlaveryandtheShrimponYourPlate1.pdf

Kākoʻo ʻia e ka Ocean Leadership Fund o The Ocean Foundation, ua hana ʻia kēia pepa ma ke ʻano he moʻolelo e nānā ana i ka pilina ma waena o nā pono kanaka a me ke kai olakino. Ma ke ʻano ʻelua o ka moʻo, ua ʻimi kēia pepa keʻokeʻo i ka hoʻomāinoino ʻia o ke kapena kanaka a me ke kapikala maoli e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i ka poʻe ma US a me UK hiki ke ʻai i ʻehā manawa e like me kā lākou hana ʻana i ʻelima mau makahiki i hala, a ma ka hapalua o ke kumukūʻai.

Alifano, A. (2016). Nā Mea Hana Hou no nā ʻoihana iʻa iʻa no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā pōʻino o ke kanaka a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pilikanaka. Fishwise. Seafood Expo ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. PDF.

Ke piʻi nui nei nā hui ma lalo o ka nānā ʻana o ka lehulehu no ka hana ʻino ʻana i ka hana, no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia, Fishwise i hōʻike ʻia ma ka 2016 Seafood Expo North America. Aia ka hōʻike i ka ʻike mai Fishwise, Humanity United, Verite, a me Seafish. Aia ko lākou manaʻo i ka hopu hihiu ma ka moana a hāpai i nā lula hoʻoholo akaka a hoʻohana i ka ʻikepili i loaʻa i ka lehulehu mai nā kumu i hōʻoia ʻia.

Fishwise. (2016, Iune 7). HOʻOPIʻI: ʻO ka ʻōlelo pōkole e pili ana i ke kālepa kanaka a me ka hoʻomāinoino ʻana i ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā ʻōpae o Thailand. Fishwise. Santa Cruise, Kaleponi. PDF.

E hoʻomaka ana i ka makahiki 2010s ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ʻo Thailand e pili ana i nā hihia he nui i kākau ʻia o ka nānā ʻana a me nā hana ʻino. ʻO ka mea kikoʻī, aia nā palapala o ka poʻe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e koi ʻia ana ma luna o nā waʻa ma kahi mamao loa mai kahakai e kiʻi i ka iʻa no ka hānai iʻa, nā kūlana e like me ke kauā ma nā kikowaena hana iʻa, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā limahana ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻaiʻē ʻana a me ka ʻae ʻana o nā limahana i nā palapala. Ma muli o ke koʻikoʻi o ka hōʻino ʻana i nā pono kanaka, ua hoʻomaka nā mea kuleana like ʻole e hana i ka pale ʻana i nā hana ʻino i nā kaulahao lako kai, akā naʻe, pono e hana hou ʻia.

Ka lawaiʻa hewa ʻole: ʻO wai nā ʻano iʻa i pilikia loa mai ka lawaiʻa hewa ʻole a hōʻike ʻole ʻia? (2015, ʻOkakopa). Waihona Ola Ola. PDF. https://c402277.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/publications/834/files/original/Fish_Species_at_Highest_Risk_ from_IUU_Fishing_WWF_FINAL.pdf?1446130921

Ua ʻike ka World Wildlife Fund ma luna o 85% o nā waihona iʻa e hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia he pilikia nui o ka lawaiʻa ʻole, hōʻike ʻole ʻia, a ʻaʻole i hoʻoponopono ʻia (IUU). Loaʻa ka lawaiʻa IUU ma nā ʻano a me nā ʻāpana.

Couper, A., Smith, H., Ciceri, B. (2015). ʻO nā lawaiʻa a me ka poʻe hao wale: ʻaihue, hoʻoluhi a me nā lawaiʻa ma ke kai. Pluto Press.

Kuhi ʻia kēia puke i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā iʻa a me nā lawaiʻa like ʻole i loko o kahi ʻoihana honua e hāʻawi iki i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka mālama ʻana a i ʻole nā ​​​​pono kanaka. Ua kākau pū ʻo Alastair Couper i ka puke 1999, Voyages of Abuse: Seafarers, Human Rights, and International Shipping.

Hoʻokumu Hoʻoponopono Kaiapuni. (2014). ʻO ka hoʻoluhi ma ke kai: ʻO ka pilikia mau o nā poʻe malihini i kālepa ʻia ma ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa o Thailand. ʻO London. https://ejfoundation.org/reports/slavery-at-sea-the-continued-plight-of-trafficked-migrants-in-thailands-fishing-industry

He hōʻike a ka Environmental Justice Foundation e nānā hohonu i ka ʻoihana iʻa kai o Thailand a me kona hilinaʻi ʻana i ke kālepa kanaka no ka hana. ʻO kēia ka lua o ka hōʻike a ka EJF e pili ana i kēia kumuhana, i paʻi ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻana o Thailand i ka Tier 3 Watchlist o ka hōʻike ʻo Trafficking in Persons a ka US Department of State's Trafficking in Persons. ʻO ia kekahi o nā hōʻike maikaʻi loa no ka poʻe e hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o ka lilo ʻana o ke kālepa kanaka i mea nui o ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa a me ke kumu i hoʻokō ʻole ʻia ai ka hoʻopau ʻana.

Field, M. (2014). ʻO ka hopu: Pehea i hana hou ai nā ʻoihana lawaiʻa i ke kauā a me ka hao ʻana i nā moana. AWA Press, Wellington, NZ, 2015. PDF.

Ua hoʻomaka ka mea kākau moʻolelo lōʻihi ʻo Michael Field e wehe i ke kālepa kanaka ma nā lawaiʻa quota o New Zealand, e hōʻike ana i ka hana a nā lāhui waiwai i hiki ke hoʻokō i ke kuleana o ke kauā i ka lawaiʻa nui.

Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa. (2011). ʻO ke kalaima Transnational Organized i ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa. Keena o na Aupuni Hui no ka Laau Laau a me ka Karaima. Vienna. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/TOC_in_the_Fishing%20Industry.pdf

Ke nānā nei kēia noiʻi UN i ka pilina ma waena o nā kalaima transnational organized a me ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa. Hōʻike ʻo ia i nā kumu he nui i pilikia ai ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa i ka hewa i hoʻonohonoho ʻia a me nā ala hiki ke pale aku i kēlā nāwaliwali. Ua manaʻo ʻia no ka lehulehu o nā alakaʻi o ka honua a me nā hui e hiki ke hui pū me ka UN e kūʻē i ka uhaki pono kanaka i hana ʻia e ka hewa i hoʻonohonoho ʻia.

Agnew, D., Pearce, J., Pramod, G., Peatman, T. Watson, R., Beddington, J., a me Pitcher T. (2009, Iulai 1). Manaʻo ʻana i ka nui o ka lawaiʻa hewa ʻole. PLOS ʻEkahi.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004570

ʻO kahi hapakolu o ka iʻa iʻa iʻa honua ka hopena o nā hana lawaiʻa IUU e like ana me 56 biliona paona iʻa iʻa i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO ia ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ka lawaiʻa IUU, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kū nei ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka honua i nā poho ma waena o $10 a me $23 biliona kālā i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO nā ʻāina hoʻomohala ʻoi loa ka pilikia. He pilikia honua ka IUU i hoʻopilikia i ka hapa nui o nā meaʻai iʻa a pau i ʻai ʻia a hoʻopilikia i nā hana hoʻomau a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻokele hewa ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai kai.

Conathan, M. and Siciliano, A. (2008) The Future of Seafood Security – The Fight Against Illegal Fishing and Seafood Fraud. Kikowaena no ka Holomua o Amerika. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/IllegalFishing-brief.pdf

He kūleʻa nui ka Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act o 2006, no laila ua pau pono ka lawaiʻa ʻana i nā kai o ʻAmelika. Eia nō naʻe, ke ʻai mau nei nā ʻAmelika i nā miliona o ka iʻa i hopu ʻole ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki - mai nā ʻāina ʻē.

4. IUU Fishing and Human Rights

ʻO ka Pūnaehana Hana no ke Kālepa kanaka i ka lawaiʻa ʻana ma nā wai o ka honua. (2021, Ianuali). ʻO ka Pūnaehana Hana no ke Kālepa kanaka i ka lawaiʻa ʻana ma nā wai o ka honua. Hoike i ka Ahaolelo. PDF.

No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pilikia e ulu nei o ke kālepa kanaka ma ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa, ua kauoha ka ʻaha kūkā o ʻAmelika i kahi hoʻokolokolo. ʻO ka hopena, he pūʻulu hana interagency nāna i ʻimi i ka uhai ʻana i nā pono kanaka ma ka ʻāpana lawaiʻa mai ʻOkakopa 2018 a hiki i ʻAukake 2020. Aia i loko o ka hōʻike he 27 mau kānāwai kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo hana me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono no ka hana koi, ʻae i nā hoʻopaʻi hou i nā poʻe hana i loaʻa iā lākou. hana i nā hana hoʻomāinoino, pāpā i nā uku hoʻolimalima i uku ʻia e nā limahana ma nā moku lawaiʻa US, hoʻokomo i nā hana hoʻomaʻamaʻa pono, nā mea i manaʻo ʻia e pili ana i ke kālepa kanaka ma o nā hoʻopaʻi, hoʻomohala a hoʻopaʻa i kahi hāmeʻa kānana kanaka trafficking a me ke alakaʻi kuhikuhi, hoʻoikaika i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻikepili, fuse, a me ka nānā ʻana. , a hoʻomohala i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana no nā mea nānā moku, nā mea nānā, a me nā hoa haole.

Oihana Hookolokolo. (2021). Papa o na Mana Aupuni o Amerika e pili ana i ke kalepa kanaka ma ka lawaia ana ma na wai o ka honua. https://www.justice.gov/crt/page/file/1360371/download

Hōʻike ka papa o nā mana aupuni o ʻAmelika e pili ana i ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ke kanaka ma nā wai o ka honua i nā hana i alakaʻi ʻia e ke aupuni o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā manaʻo pono kanaka ma ke kaulahao lako kai. Māhele ʻia ka hōʻike e ka 'Oihana a hāʻawi i ke alakaʻi i ka mana o kēlā me kēia keʻena. Aia ma ka papa ʻaina ke Keʻena ʻOihana Hoʻokolokolo, Keʻena Hana Hana, Keʻena o ka Homeland Security, Department of Commerce, Department of State, Office of the United States Trade Representative, Department of the Treasury, and Internal Revenue Service. Aia pū i ka papa ʻike ka ʻike e pili ana i ke keʻena federal, ka mana hoʻoponopono, ke ʻano o ka mana, wehewehe, a me ke ʻano o ka mana.

Kuleana Kanaka ma ke Kai. (2020, Malaki 1). Nā Kuleana Kanaka ma ke Kai: ʻO nā kumu alakaʻi alakaʻi 2011 UN e hana pono a hoʻohana ikaika ʻia i ka ʻoihana Maritime.https://www.humanrightsatsea.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/HRAS_UN_Guiding_Principles_Briefing_Note_1_March_2020_SP_LOCKED.pdf

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka 2011 UN Guiding Principles ma luna o ka hana hui a me ka mokuʻāina a me ka manaʻo he kuleana ko nā hui e mahalo i nā pono kanaka. Ke nānā nei kēia hōʻike i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala a hāʻawi i kahi loiloi pōkole o nā kūleʻa a me nā wahi e pono e hoʻoponopono hou ʻia i mea e loaʻa ai ka palekana a me ka mahalo i nā pono kanaka. Hōʻike ka hōʻike i ka nele o ka lokahi hui a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kulekele i ʻae ʻia a paʻakikī a ʻoi aku ka pono o ka hoʻoponopono a me ka hoʻokō. ʻIke hou aku e pili ana i ka 2011 UN Guiding Principles hiki ke loaʻa maanei.

Teh LCL, Caddell R., Allison EH, Finkbeiner, EM, Kittinger JN, Nakamura K., et al. (2019). ʻO ke kuleana o nā pono kanaka i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā meaʻai kai e pili ana i ka nohona. PLoS ONE 14(1): e0210241. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210241

Pono e hoʻokumu ʻia nā loina iʻa iʻa e pili ana i ka pilikanaka i nā kuleana pili kānāwai a kākoʻo ʻia e ka mana kūpono a me ka makemake politika. Ua ʻike nā mea kākau e pili ana nā kānāwai pono kanaka i nā kuleana kīwila a me ka politika, akā he ala lōʻihi e hele ai i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pono waiwai, pilikanaka, a me ka moʻomeheu. Ma ke kahakiʻi ʻana i nā mea hana honua hiki i nā aupuni ke hāʻawi i nā kulekele aupuni e hoʻopau i ka lawaiʻa IUU.

Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa. (1948). Olelo Hoolaha o na Pono Kanaka. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights

Hoʻokumu ka United Nations' Declaration of Human Rights i kahi kūlana no ka pale ʻana i nā pono kanaka kumu a me kā lākou palekana honua. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka palapala ʻewalu ʻaoʻao, ua hānau ʻia nā kānaka a pau me ke kūʻokoʻa a me ke kaulike o ka hanohano a me nā pono, me ka hoʻokae ʻole ʻia, ʻaʻole hoʻi e hoʻokauwā ʻia, ʻaʻole hoʻi e hoʻokauwā ʻia, ʻaʻole hoʻi e hoʻomāinoino ʻia, a me nā pono ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻoulu ʻia ka ʻōlelo hoʻolaha i nā kuikahi pono kanaka he kanahiku, ua unuhi ʻia i loko o nā ʻōlelo he 500 a ke hoʻomau nei i ke alakaʻi ʻana i nā kulekele a me nā hana i kēia mau lā.

5. Nā alakaʻi hoʻohana ʻai kai

Nakamura, K., Bishop, L., Ward, T., Pramod, G., Thomson, D., Tungpuchayakul, P., a me Srakaew, S. (2018, Iulai 25). ʻIke ʻana i ka hoʻoluhi ʻana i nā kaulahao lako kai. Nā Kūlana ʻepekema, E1701833. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/7/e1701833

Māhele nui ʻia ke kaulahao hoʻolako kai iʻa me ka hapa nui o nā limahana i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he subcontractors a i ʻole ma o nā brokers e paʻakikī ke hoʻoholo i nā kumu o ka iʻa. No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia, ua hana nā mea noiʻi i kahi hoʻolālā a hoʻomohala i kahi ʻano hana no ka loiloi ʻana i ka pilikia o ka hana hoʻoikaika i nā kaulahao lako kai. ʻO ka papa hana ʻelima, i kapa ʻia ʻo Labor Safe Screen, ua ʻike i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā kūlana hana i hiki i nā hui meaʻai ke hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia.

Polokalamu Nereus (2016). Pepa ʻIke: ʻO nā lawaiʻa kauā a me ka ʻai kai iʻa Iapana. ʻO ka Nippon Foundation - Ke Kulanui o British Columbia. PDF.

ʻO ka hana hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me ka hoʻoluhi ʻana i kēia mau lā he pilikia nui i ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa honua i kēia mau lā. No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku, ua hoʻokumu ka Nippon Foundation i kahi alakaʻi e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano hana i hōʻike ʻia ma ka lawaiʻa e pili ana i ka ʻāina kumu. Hōʻike kēia alakaʻi pōkole i nā ʻāina e hoʻokuʻu aku i nā iʻa ʻo ia ka huahana o ka hana koi i kekahi manawa o kā lākou kaulahao hoʻolako. ʻOiai ke kuhikuhi ʻia nei ke alakaʻi i ka poʻe heluhelu Kepani, ua paʻi ʻia ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania a hāʻawi i ka ʻike maikaʻi no ka poʻe makemake e lilo i mea kūʻai ʻike. ʻO nā mea hewa ʻoi loa, ma ke alakaʻi, ʻo Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, a me Myanmar.

Warne, K. (2011) E ʻai lākou i ka ʻōpae: The Tragic Disappearance of the Rainforests of the Sea. Mokupuni, 2011.

Ua hoʻopōʻino nui ʻia ka hana iʻa iʻa o ke ao holoʻokoʻa i nā mangroves kahakai o nā ʻāpana ʻāina a me nā ʻāpana subtropical o ka honua-a he hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke ola kahakai a me ka nui o nā holoholona moana.

6. Hoʻoneʻe a me ka wehe ʻana

Ke keʻena o ke Komisina Kiʻekiʻe o Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa no nā Pono Kanaka (2021, Mei). ʻO Lethal Disregard: Huli a hoʻopakele a me ka pale ʻana i nā malihini ma ke Kaiwaenahonua Waena. Nā Kuleana Kanaka Hui Pū ʻIa. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Migration/OHCHR-thematic-report-SAR-protection-at-sea.pdf

Mai Ianuali 2019 a hiki i Dekemaba 2020 ua nīnauele ke Keʻena Kuleana Kuleana o Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa i ka poʻe malihini, ka poʻe akamai, a me nā mea kuleana e ʻike i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole o kekahi mau kānāwai, nā kulekele, a me nā hana i ka pale ʻana i nā pono kanaka o nā malihini. Hoʻopili ka hōʻike i nā hana ʻimi a hoʻopakele i ka neʻe ʻana o nā malihini ma Libya a me ke Kaiwaenahonua waena. Ua hōʻoia ka hōʻike i ka nele o ka mālama pono kanaka i hiki ke alakaʻi i nā haneli o nā make hiki ke pale ʻia ma ke kai ma muli o kahi ʻōnaehana holo ʻole o ka neʻe ʻana. Pono nā ʻāina ʻo Mediterranean e hoʻopau i nā kulekele i hoʻomaʻamaʻa a i ʻole e hoʻokō i nā pono kīwila kanaka a pono e hoʻokō i nā hana e pale aku ai i ka make ʻana o nā malihini ma ke kai.

Vinke, K., Blocher, J., Becker, M., Ebay, J., Fong, T., a me Kambon, A. (2020, Kepakemapa). Nā ʻĀina Home: ʻO ka Mokupuni a me nā Mokupuni Paeʻāina 'Ke hana kulekele no ka neʻe ʻana o ke kanaka ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau. Huihui Kelemania. https://disasterdisplacement.org/portfolio-item/home-lands-island-and-archipelagic-states-policymaking-for-human-mobility-in-the-context-of-climate-change

Ke kū nei nā mokupuni a me nā kahakai i nā loli nui ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau e like me: ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻāina mahiʻai, ka mamao, ka nalowale ʻana o ka ʻāina, a me nā pilikia o ke kōkua ʻana i ka wā o nā pōʻino. Ke koi nei kēia mau pilikia i ka poʻe e neʻe mai ko lākou ʻāina hānau. Aia ka hōʻike i nā noiʻi hihia ma The Eastern Caribbean (Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, Dominica, a me St. Lucia), The Pacific (Fiji, Kiribati, Tuvalu, a me Vanuatu), a me The Philippines. No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia, pono nā mea hana ʻāina a kūloko e ʻae i nā kulekele e mālama i ka neʻe ʻana, e hoʻolālā i ka neʻe ʻana, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana e hōʻemi i nā pilikia o ka neʻe ʻana o ke kanaka.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2018, ʻAukake). Ka Hoʻolālā ʻana i ka Mobility kanaka (Migration, Displacement and Planned Relocation) and Climate Change in International Processes, Policies and Legal Frameworks. International Organization for Migration (IOM). PDF.

I ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau e koi ai i nā kānaka he nui e haʻalele i ko lākou mau home, ua puka mai nā ʻano hana a me nā hana kānāwai. Hāʻawi ka hōʻike i ka pōʻaiapili a me ka nānā ʻana i nā papahana kulekele pili honua a me nā ʻōnaehana kānāwai e pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana, ka neʻe ʻana, a me ka neʻe ʻana i hoʻolālā ʻia. ʻO ka hōʻike he puka ia o ka United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Task Force on Displacement.

Greenshack Dotinfo. (2013). ʻO ka poʻe heʻe i ke aniau: ʻo Alaska ma Edge e like me ka heihei o nā kamaʻāina o Newtok e hoʻōki i ka hāʻule ʻana o ke kauhale i loko o ke kai. [Kiʻiʻoniʻoni].

Hōʻike kēia wikiō i kekahi mau kāne mai Newtok, Alaska e wehewehe ana i nā loli i ko lākou ʻāina ʻōiwi: piʻi ʻana o ka ʻilikai, nā ʻino ikaika, a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻano manu lele. Kūkākūkā lākou i ko lākou pono e hoʻoneʻe ʻia i kahi ʻāina palekana a i uka. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka pilikia me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lako a me ke kōkua, ua kali lākou no nā makahiki e neʻe.

Puthucherril, T. (2013, ʻApelila 22). Hoʻololi, Piʻi ʻana o ka ʻilikai a me ka pale ʻana i nā kaiāulu kahakai i hoʻoneʻe ʻia: nā mea e hiki ai. Global Journal of Comparative Law. Vol. 1. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/sea%20level%20rise.pdf

He hopena koʻikoʻi ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau i ke ola o nā miliona. Hōʻike kēia pepa i ʻelua mau hiʻohiʻona hoʻoneʻe ʻia ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻilikai a wehewehe ʻo ia ʻaʻohe kūlana kū kānāwai o ke ao holoʻokoʻa. Ua kākau ʻia ma ke ʻano he loiloi kānāwai, wehewehe maopopo kēia pepa i ke kumu e hāʻawi ʻole ʻia ai ka poʻe i haʻalele ʻia e ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau i kā lākou mau pono kanaka.

Hoʻokumu Hoʻoponopono Kaiapuni. (2012). He Lahui ma lalo o ka hoʻoweliweli: nā hopena o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau i nā pono kanaka a me ka neʻe ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana ma Bangladesh. ʻO London. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/A_Nation_Under_Threat.compressed.pdf

Pilikia loa ʻo Bangladesh i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau ma muli o kona kiʻekiʻe o ka heluna kanaka a me nā kumuwaiwai liʻiliʻi, ma waena o nā kumu ʻē aʻe. Kuhi ʻia kēia hōʻike Environmental Justice Foundation no ka poʻe e paʻa ana i nā kūlana ma nā hui mālama kūloko a me nā pono kanaka, a me nā hui honua. Ua wehewehe ʻo ia i ka nele o ke kōkua a me ka ʻae ʻia ʻana i ke kānāwai no nā 'mea mahuka i ke aniau' a me nā kākoʻo no ke kōkua koke a me nā mea hana paʻa kānāwai hou no ka ʻike.

Hoʻokumu Hoʻoponopono Kaiapuni. (2012). ʻAʻohe wahi e like me ka home - mālama i ka ʻike, palekana a me ke kōkua no ka poʻe mahuka. ʻO London.  https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/NPLH_briefing.pdf

Ke kū nei ka poʻe mahuka i nā pilikia o ka ʻike ʻia, ka palekana, a me ka nele o ke kōkua. Ke kūkākūkā nei kēia ʻōlelo pōkole a ka Environmental Justice Foundation i nā pilikia e kū nei i ka poʻe ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi i nā kūlana kūlohelohe. Kuhi ʻia kēia hōʻike no ka lehulehu e ʻimi ana e hoʻomaopopo i ka uhaki ʻana i nā pono kanaka, e like me ka lilo ʻana o ka ʻāina, ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau.

Bronen, R. (2009). ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o nā kaiāulu ʻōiwi o Alaska ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau: hana ʻana i kahi pane pono kanaka. Ke Kulanui o Alaska, Ka Papahana Hoʻoikaika a Hoʻololi. PDF. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/forced%20migration%20alaskan%20community.pdf

ʻO ka neʻe ʻana ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau e pili ana i kekahi o nā kaiāulu pilikia loa o Alaska. Hōʻike ka mea kākau ʻo Robin Bronen i ka pane ʻana o ke aupuni mokuʻāina o Alaska i ka neʻe ʻana. Hāʻawi ka pepa i nā hiʻohiʻona kumuhana no ka poʻe e ʻimi nei e aʻo e pili ana i ka uhaki ʻana i nā pono kīwila ma Alaska a me ka wehewehe ʻana i kahi papa hana e pane ai i ka neʻe ʻana o ke kanaka i hoʻokomo ʻia i ke ea.

ʻO Claus, CA a me Mascia, MB (2008, Mei 14). He Pono Pono Waiwai no ka hoomaopopo ana i ka nee ana o ke kanaka mai na wahi i hoomaluia: ka hihia o na wahi i hoomaluia moana. Conservation Biology, World Wildlife Fund. PDF. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/A%20Property%20Rights%20Approach%20to% 20Understanding%20Human%20Displacement%20from%20Protected%20Areas.pdf

ʻO nā wahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka moana (MPA) ke kikowaena o nā hoʻolālā mālama olaola like ʻole me kahi kaʻa no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka nohona hoʻomau a me kahi kumu o ke kumukūʻai pilikanaka ma waho o nā hoʻolālā mālama olaola. ʻOkoʻa nā hopena o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā kuleana i nā kumuwaiwai MPA i loko a i waena o nā hui kaiaulu, e hoʻoulu ai i nā loli i ke kaiāulu, i ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana waiwai, a me ke kaiapuni. Ke hoʻohana nei kēia ʻatikala i nā wahi i hoʻomalu ʻia i ke kai ma ke ʻano he kumu e nānā ai i ka hopena o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā kuleana e hoʻoneʻe ai i nā kānaka kūloko. E wehewehe ana i ka paʻakikī a me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i nā kuleana waiwai e pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana.

Alisopp, M., Johnston, P., a me Santillo, D. (2008, Ianuali). ʻO ka hoʻokūkū ʻana i ka ʻoihana iʻa i ka hoʻomau. Hoʻomaopopo ʻenehana Greenpeace Laboratories. PDF. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Aquaculture_Report_Technical.pdf

ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ka iʻa iʻa a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā ʻano hana i alakaʻi i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke kaiapuni a me ke kaiāulu. Kuhi ʻia kēia hōʻike no ka poʻe makemake e hoʻomaopopo i ka paʻakikī o ka ʻoihana iʻa a hāʻawi i nā laʻana o nā pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i kahi hoʻoponopono kānāwai.

Lonergan, S. (1998). ʻO ke kuleana o ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni i ka neʻe ʻana o ka lehulehu. Hōʻike Papahana Hoʻololi Kaiapuni a me Palekana, Puka 4: 5-15.  https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/The%20Role%20of%20Environmental%20Degradation% 20in%20Population%20Displacement.pdf

ʻO ka nui o ka poʻe i hoʻoneʻe ʻia e ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni he nui. No ka wehewehe ʻana i nā kumu paʻakikī e alakaʻi ana i ia ʻōlelo, hāʻawi kēia hōʻike i nā nīnau a me nā pane e pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana a me ke kuleana o ke kaiapuni. Hoʻopau ka pepa me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo kulekele me ka manaʻo nui i ke koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻomohala hoʻomau i mea e palekana ai ke kanaka.

7. Ke Aupuni Moana

Gutierrez, M. a me Jobbins, G. (2020, Iune 2). ʻO ka ʻauwaʻa lawaiʻa mamao ʻo Kina: ʻAha, Impact, a me ke Aupuni. ʻOihana Hoʻomohala Overseas. https://odi.org/en/publications/chinas-distant-water-fishing-fleet-scale-impact-and-governance/

ʻO ka pau ʻana o nā iʻa iʻa ʻāina ke kumu e huakaʻi hou aku ai kekahi mau ʻāina no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka piʻi ʻana o ka noi iʻa. ʻO ka nui loa o kēia mau ʻauwaʻa mamao loa (DWF) ʻo ia ka ʻauwaʻa o Kina, nona ka DWF kokoke i 17,000 mau moku, Ua ʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike hou he 5 a 8 mau manawa ka nui o kēia mau ʻauwaʻa ma mua o ka mea i hōʻike mua ʻia a ma kahi o 183 mau moku i manaʻo ʻia ua komo i loko. i ka lawaia IUU. ʻO nā moku lawaiʻa ka moku maʻamau, a ma kahi o 1,000 mau moku Kina i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe ma Kina. Pono ka ʻike a me ka hoʻomalu ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono koʻikoʻi a me ka hoʻokō. 

Kuleana Kanaka ma ke Kai. (2020, Iulai 1). ʻO ka make ʻana o ka mea nānā lawaiʻa ma ke kai, nā pono kanaka a me ke kuleana a me nā kuleana o nā hui lawaiʻa.. PDF. https://www.humanrightsatsea.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/HRAS_Abuse_of_Fisheries_Observers_REPORT_JULY-2020_SP_LOCKED-1.pdf

ʻAʻole wale nā ​​manaʻo pili kanaka o nā limahana i loko o ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa aia nā hopohopo no nā Fisheries Observers e hana nei e hoʻoponopono i nā hana ʻino kanaka ma ke kai. Kāhea ka hōʻike i ka palekana maikaʻi o nā poʻe lawaiʻa a me nā Fisheries Observers. Hōʻike ka hōʻike i nā noiʻi hoʻomau no ka make ʻana o nā Fishery Observers a me nā ala e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka palekana no nā mea nānā a pau. ʻO kēia hōʻike ka mea mua i loko o kahi moʻolelo i hana ʻia e Human Rights at Sea ka lua o ka hōʻike o ka moʻo, i paʻi ʻia ma Nowemapa 2020, e kālele ana i nā ʻōlelo paipai.

Kuleana Kanaka ma ke Kai. (2020, Nowemapa 11). Ka Hoʻomohala ʻana i nā Manaʻo a me nā Kulekele no ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka palekana, palekana a me ka maikaʻi o nā mea nānā lawaiʻa. PDF.

Ua hoʻopuka ʻo Human Rights at Sea i mau moʻolelo no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā manaʻo o ka poʻe nānā lawaiʻa i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻonui i ka ʻike lehulehu. Kuhi ʻia kēia hōʻike i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia i hōʻike ʻia i loko o ka moʻo. Aia nā ʻōlelo paipai: nā ʻōnaehana nānā moku (VMS) i loaʻa i ka lehulehu, ka pale ʻana i nā mea nānā lawaiʻa a me ka ʻinikua ʻoihana, ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā lako palekana paʻa, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nānā ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana, ka noi ʻana i nā pono kanaka pāʻoihana, ka hōʻike lehulehu, ka hoʻonui ʻia a me ka maopopo o nā noiʻi, a hope loa e hoʻoponopono i ka ka ʻike o ka hoʻopaʻi ʻole ʻia mai ka hoʻopono ma ka pae mokuʻāina. He mea hahai kēia hōʻike i ke Kuleana Kanaka ma ke Kai, ʻO ka make ʻana o ka mea nānā lawaiʻa ma ke kai, nā pono kanaka a me ke kuleana a me nā kuleana o nā hui lawaiʻa. paʻi ʻia ma Iulai 2020.

ʻOihana Mokuʻāina o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. (2016, Kepakemapa). Ka Huli ʻana o ke Kai: Hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hou a me nā hui ʻana no ka hakakā ʻana i ke kālepa kanaka ma ka ʻāpana kai. Keʻena no ka nānā ʻana a me ka hakakā ʻana i ka trafficking i nā kanaka. PDF.

ʻO ka 'Oihana Moku'āina, i kā lākou 2016 Trafficking in Persons hōʻike i ʻoi aku ma mua o 50 mau ʻāina i ʻike i nā hopohopo o ka hana koi ʻia i ka lawaiʻa, ka hana ʻana i ka iʻa iʻa, a i ʻole ka iʻa e pili ana i nā kāne, nā wahine, a me nā keiki ma kēlā me kēia wahi a puni ka honua. No ka hakakā ʻana i kēia nui o nā hui honua a me nā NGO ma Asia Hikina Hema e hana nei e hāʻawi i ke kōkua pololei, hoʻolako i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa kaiāulu, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hiki o nā ʻōnaehana kaulike like ʻole (me Thailand a me Indonesia), hoʻonui i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻikepili manawa maoli, a hoʻolaha i nā kaulahao hoʻolako kuleana.

8. ʻAha moku a me ka hana ʻino i nā pono kanaka

Daems, E. a me Goris, G. (2019). ʻO ka hoʻokamani o nā kahakai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi: ʻO ka haki ʻana i nā moku ma India, nā mea nona nā moku ma Switzerland, e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ana ma Belgium. ʻO ka papahana hoʻokuʻu moku NGO. MO NUI. PDF.

I ka pau ʻana o ke ola o ka moku, ua hoʻouna ʻia nā moku he nui i nā ʻāina e ulu ana, i kahakai, a wāwahi ʻia, piha i nā mea ʻawaʻawa, a wehe ʻia ma nā kahakai o Bangladesh, India, a me Pakistan. Hoʻohana pinepine ka poʻe hana e wāwahi i nā moku i ko lākou mau lima ʻole i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi a me nā mea ʻawaʻawa e hoʻopilikia ai i ka pilikanaka a me ke kaiapuni a me nā pōʻino make. ʻO ka mākeke no nā moku kahiko he opaque a ʻo nā hui moku, he nui nā mea i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Switzerland a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ʻEulopa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā moku i nā ʻāina ulu me ka pōʻino. Ua manaʻo ʻia ka hōʻike e hoʻopuka i ka manaʻo i ka pilikia o ka moku moku a paipai i nā hoʻololi kulekele e hoʻoponopono i nā pono kīwila kanaka ma nā kahakai haki moku. He hoʻolauna maikaʻi loa ka hoʻohui a me ka papa kuhikuhi no ka poʻe makemake e aʻo hou i nā huaʻōlelo a me nā kānāwai e pili ana i ka moku moku.

Heidegger, P., Jenssen, I., Reuter, D., Mulinaris, N. and Carlsson, F. (2015). He aha ka ʻokoʻa o ka Hae: No ke aha ke kuleana o ka poʻe nona nā moku e hōʻoia i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou ʻana o nā moku e pono ai e hele ma waho o ka mana aupuni o ka mokuʻāina. ʻO ka papahana hoʻokuʻu moku NGO. PDF. https://shipbreakingplatform.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/FoCBriefing_NGO-Shipbreaking-Platform_-April-2015.pdf

I kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻoi aku ma mua o 1,000 mau moku nui, me nā pahu pahu, nā moku ukana, nā moku kaʻa, a me nā rigs aila, e kūʻai ʻia no ka wehe ʻana i ka 70% o ia mau mea e hoʻopau i nā pā kahakai ma India, Bangladesh, a me Pakistan. ʻO ka European Union ka mākeke nui loa no ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā moku hope o ke ola i ka moku lepo a me ka pōʻino. ʻOiai ua manaʻo ka European Union i nā mea hoʻoponopono i nā ʻoihana he nui e kāʻei i kēia mau kānāwai ma ke kau inoa ʻana i ka moku ma kahi ʻāina ʻē aʻe me nā kānāwai ʻoi aʻe. Pono e hoʻololi ʻia kēia hana o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hae moku a pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hana kānāwai a me ke kālā e hoʻopaʻi ai i nā ʻoihana moku i mea e hoʻopau ai i nā pono kanaka a me nā hana ʻino o ke kaiapuni o nā kahakai haki moku.

Heidegger, P., Jenssen, I., Reuter, D., Mulinaris, N., and Carlsson, F. (2015). He ʻokoʻa ka Hae. ʻO ka papahana hoʻokuʻu moku NGO. Brussels, Pelekiuma. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/FoCBriefing_NGO-Shipbreaking-Platform_-April-2015.pdf

Kūkākūkā ʻo Shipbreaking Platform i nā kānāwai hou e pili ana i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hana hou ʻana o ka moku, i hoʻohālike ʻia e like me nā lula EU. Ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei lākou ʻo ke kānāwai e pili ana i nā hae o ka ʻoluʻolu (FOC) e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hiki ke hoʻoponopono i ka moku moku ma muli o nā loopholes i loko o ka ʻōnaehana FOC.

Lipman, Z. (2011). Kālepa i nā ʻōpala pōʻino: Ka Pono Kaiapuni Versus Economic Growth. Ka Hoʻoponopono Kaiapuni a me ke Kaʻina Kānāwai, Macquarie University, Australia. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Trade%20in%20Hazardous%20Waste.pdf

ʻO ka Basel Convention, ka mea e ʻimi nei e hoʻōki i ka lawe ʻana i nā ʻōpala pōʻino mai nā ʻāina i kūkulu ʻia i nā ʻāina ulu e hoʻomaʻamaʻa nei i nā kūlana hana palekana a me ka uku nui ʻana i kā lākou poʻe limahana, ʻo ia ke kumu o kēia pepa. E wehewehe ana i nā ʻano kānāwai e pili ana i ka hoʻōki ʻana i ka moku moku a me nā pilikia o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e ʻae ʻia ka Convention e nā ʻāina lawa.

Dann, B., Gold, M., Aldalur, M. a me Braestrup, A. (hoʻoponopono moʻolelo), Elder, L. (ed), Neumann, J. (ed). (2015, Nowemapa 4). Nā Kuleana Kanaka & Ka Moana: Waʻi Moku a me nā ʻawaʻawa.  Pepa Keʻokeʻo. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/TOF%20Shipbreaking%20White%20Paper% 204Nov15%20version.compressed%20%281%29.pdf

Kākoʻo ʻia e ka Ocean Leadership Fund o The Ocean Foundation, ua hana ʻia kēia pepa ma ke ʻano he moʻolelo e nānā ana i ka pilina ma waena o nā pono kanaka a me ke kai olakino. Ma ke ʻano hoʻokahi o ka moʻo, ʻimi kēia pepa keʻokeʻo i ka pōʻino o ka moku moku a me ka nele o ka ʻike honua a me nā kulekele e hoʻoponopono i kahi ʻoihana nui.

International Federation for Human Rights. (2008). ʻO nā pā ʻāhiʻi keiki: hana keiki ma ka ʻoihana hana hou ʻana o ka moku ma Bangladesh. ʻO ka papahana hoʻokuʻu moku NGO. PDF. https://shipbreakingplatform.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Report-FIDH_Childbreaking_Yards_2008.pdf

Ua ʻike ka poʻe noiʻi e ʻimi ana i nā hōʻike e pili ana i ka hōʻeha a me ka make o ka limahana i ka makahiki 2000, ʻike pinepine ka poʻe nānā i nā keiki ma waena o nā limahana a komo pū i nā hana moku moku. ʻO ka hōʻike - nāna i hana i ka noiʻi e hoʻomaka ana i ka makahiki 2000 a hoʻomau i ka makahiki 2008 - i kālele ʻia i ka pā moku moku ma Chittagong, Bangladesh. Ua ʻike lākou ʻo nā keiki a me nā ʻōpio ma lalo o 18 ka 25% o nā limahana āpau a me nā kānāwai kūloko e nānā ana i nā hola hana, uku haʻahaʻa, uku, hoʻomaʻamaʻa, a me nā makahiki hana liʻiliʻi i mālama ʻole ʻia. I nā makahiki e hiki mai ana ka hoʻololi ʻana ma o nā hihia hoʻokolokolo, akā pono e hana hou ʻia no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā mākaʻi e pale ai i nā keiki e hoʻohana ʻia nei.

ʻO Greenpeace a me ka International Federation for Human Rights. (2005, Kekemapa).Nā Moku Hoʻopau Ola - ʻO ke kumukūʻai o ke kanaka no ka haki ʻana i nā moku.https://wayback.archive-it.org/9650/20200516051321/http://p3-raw.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/planet-2/report/2006/4/end-of-life-the-human-cost-of.pdf

ʻO ka hōʻike hui a Greenpeace a me FIDH e wehewehe i ka ʻoihana moku moku ma o nā moʻolelo pilikino mai nā limahana haki moku ma India a me Bangladesh. Manaʻo ʻia kēia hōʻike ma ke ʻano he kāhea no ka poʻe i komo i ka ʻoihana moku e hahai i nā lula a me nā kulekele hou e pili ana i nā hana o ka ʻoihana.

HOI I KA NOIMI