ʻAʻole Pōmaikaʻi ka naʻaupō: ʻO ka noiʻi hou ʻana i ke kūlana o nā waiwai iʻa i ʻike ʻole ʻia e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻoweliweli honua i hana ʻia e ka lawaiʻa ʻana.

na Kenneth Stump, ʻO Ocean Policy Fellow ma The Ocean Foundation

ʻO ka lawaiʻa nui ʻana (a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea lawaiʻa luku) ʻike pinepine ʻia kekahi o nā mea hoʻoweliweli nui ʻelua i nā holoholona o ke kai. Hana ʻia ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ka wā e hoʻoneʻe ai ka lawaiʻa i ka iʻa mai ka heluna kanaka ma mua o ka hiki i ka heluna kanaka ke hoʻopiha iā ia iho - ma kahi huaʻōlelo, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lawaiʻa. Inā ʻaʻole e hoʻomalu koke ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ka pau ʻana o kahi waihona iʻa a me ka hāʻule ʻana o ka lawaiʻa. Ke ho'āʻo nei nā kānaka ʻepekema a me nā luna lawaiʻa e ʻike i ka nui o ka heluna kanaka o kēlā me kēia ʻano i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻaʻole i hoʻonui ʻia.

No nā lāʻau i aʻo maikaʻi ʻia i loiloi ʻia e ka ʻepekema, hiki ke loiloi i ke kūlana o ke kumukūʻai e pili ana i nā koina lawaiʻa nui i hoʻokumu ʻia ma muli o ka hiki o kahi waiwai i hāʻawi ʻia e hoʻohua i ka hua mau loa (MSY). Ke hoʻohana nei i kēia mau ana maʻamau o ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka lawaiʻa, ʻo Kauka Boris Worm et al. (2009) ʻike ʻia he 63% o nā waiwai iʻa i loiloi ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa he nui ka nui o nā mea kanu ("biomass," i kapa ʻia ʻo "B") ma lalo o ke kiʻekiʻe i manaʻo ʻia e hana i ka MSY (B/Bmsy <1), ʻoiai kahi noiʻi ʻokoʻa a Ua hoʻoholo ka FAO (2010) he 32% o nā kumukūʻai i loiloi ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i ka lawaiʻa nui ʻia (B/Bmsy <0.5).

I ka pōkole, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā waihona iʻa i loiloi ʻia i ka honua holoʻokoʻa a i ʻole ka hoʻohana nui ʻia. Akā ʻo ~ 20% wale nō o ka iʻa iʻa iʻa honua (hōʻike ʻia i ka pae ʻana) mai nā ʻano iʻike ʻia. Pehea e pili ana i ke kūlana o nā kaukani ʻikepili-ʻilihune, ʻike ʻole ʻia nā iʻa iʻa no 80% a ʻoi aku paha o ka iʻa iʻa iʻa honua i kēlā me kēia makahiki?

Ua paʻi wale ʻo Christopher Costello a me nā hoa hana o UC Santa Barbara i kahi noiʻi hou o ke kūlana o nā waihona waiwai ʻilihune o ka honua ma kahi paʻi pūnaewele o Science (September 27, 2012). Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā moʻolelo pae ʻāina i loaʻa a me nā ʻano loiloi loiloi ʻole, ua manaʻo nā mea kākau o ka noiʻi hou e pau ana ka hapa nui o kēia mau iʻa iʻa a i ka emi nui ʻana:

ʻO 64% o nā mea lawaiʻa i loiloi ʻole ʻia he biomass waiwai ma lalo o Bmsy (B/Bmsy <1), ʻo ia ka mea like me ka helu hoʻemi ma ke kauoha o 60-70% no ka hapa nui o nā waihona.
Ua hiolo ka 18% o nā waihona i nānā ʻole ʻia (B/Bmsy <0.2) - he pae o ka emi ʻana o ka iʻa a he hapa liʻiliʻi wale nō paha ka nui o nā iʻa.

ʻO ke kūlana pau o ka nui o nā kānaka iʻa (haʻahaʻa B/Bmsy) he mau hopena no ka mālama ʻana i ka meaʻai: ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hua iʻa ma lalo o ko lākou hiki ke ʻae ʻia nā kumulāʻau e hoʻihoʻi hou i ke kiʻekiʻe e hoʻohua ai i ka MSY. Ma muli o ka nui o kēia mau lawaiʻa ʻaʻole i loiloi ʻia ma nā ʻāina ʻilihune a me nā ʻāina e ulu ana, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻokele ʻana i ke kūkulu hou ʻana i nā lāʻau i hilinaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻokele ikaika a me ka nānā ʻana. Akā ʻo Costello a me nā hoa hana ke manaʻolana nei e hiki i nā hoʻolālā hou e hui pū ana i nā kuleana mea hoʻohana territorial (TURFs), nā hui lawaiʻa, a me nā wahi palekana kai ʻole e hoʻihoʻi i kēia mau heluna i nā pae olakino a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi - inā e hana wikiwiki ʻia e hoʻohuli i ka emi ʻana. .

I ka US, ua ho'emi ka ho'ololi 'ana i ke kānāwai lawai'a aupuni i ka makahiki 1996 a me 2006 i ka nui o ka lawai'a 'ana ma nā lā'au i helu 'ia ma kahi o ka hapalua mai ka ho'omaka 'ana o ka National Marine Fisheries Service i ka ho'opuka 'ana i nā hō'ike kūlana makahiki i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1990, e like me ka hō'ike 'ia ma ka Fig. 1. Ma 2011, US ʻO nā lawaiʻa kālepa i hoʻopaʻa i ka iʻa kiʻekiʻe loa i nā makahiki 17, e hōʻike ana e hoʻomaka ana nā hoʻoikaika ʻana e pale i ka lawaiʻa ʻana a me ke kūkulu hou ʻana i nā lāʻau iʻa nui ʻia ma nā wahi he nui (akā ʻaʻole nā ​​​​mea āpau) o ka ʻāina.

Akā ʻaʻole i loiloi ʻia ma kahi o ka hapalua o nā waiwai mālama ʻia ma nā wai US a ʻo ke aʻo ʻana a Costello et al. ʻike ʻia ʻo kekahi o kēia mau waiwai ʻilihune ʻikepili paha e like me ke ʻano o nā ʻāina ulu. No ka laʻana, nui nā iʻa ʻāʻī e like me ka hui pū ʻana ma ka ʻAkelanika Hema a me ke Kaiwa o Mekiko, nā ʻano manō he nui, nā halibut i New England, a i ʻole kekahi mau inoa, ua ʻike ʻia ua pau ka mōʻaukala ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou i loiloi ʻia.

ʻAʻole i kaupalena ʻia ka hopena o ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ka emi ʻana o kēlā me kēia ʻano iʻa. ʻO ka pau ʻana o nā ʻano mea waiwai kūʻai i ka holomua wikiwiki hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā cascades trophic e hoʻololi i ke ʻano o ka pūnaewele meaʻai i ka manawa, e hana ana i nā hopena i manaʻo ʻole ʻia. ʻAʻole noʻonoʻo nui ʻia nā hopena kaiaola o ka lawaiʻa nui ʻana ma ka helu maʻamau o ka lawaiʻa nui ʻana, akā hoʻokahi loiloi hou a ka NOAA's Northeast Fisheries Science Center i hoʻoholo ai ua ʻike ka ʻāina ʻo New England i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka kaiaola ma muli o ka laha ʻana o ka lawaiʻa nui ʻana a me nā ʻano hōʻiliʻili i koho ʻia. ua hoʻololi i ka haku ʻana o ke kaiāulu iʻa mai kahi ʻōnaehana i hoʻomalu ʻia e nā ʻano e like me ke cod i kahi i hoʻonui nui ʻia e nā iʻa pelagic liʻiliʻi haʻahaʻa e like me ka herring a me nā ʻano elasmobranch (nā manō liʻiliʻi a me nā skates). Ua ʻike ʻia nā hopena like ma nā kaiaola kai iʻa nui ʻia, e like me ke Kai ʻĀkau o ʻEulopa a i ʻole nā ​​ʻākoʻa o ka Caribbean.

E like me ka noiʻi hou a Costello et al. Hōʻike ʻia, he mau kaukani mau ʻano i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka lawaiʻa ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa a ʻike ʻia ka hapa nui o ka emi ʻana. ʻAʻole i ʻike piha ʻia nā hopena i manaʻo ʻole ʻia o nā hopena ākea i nā kaiaola kai, akā ʻaʻole hauʻoli ka naʻaupō. Hoʻoweliweli ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ka palekana o ka meaʻai a me nā ʻoihana lawaiʻa kūloko, akā e hāʻule ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻomau i ka hana ʻana i ka iʻa hihiu i meaʻai no ke kanaka inā e haʻalele mākou i nā kuleana hana a kēia mau ʻano a pau i loko o ka kaiaola. . Ke ʻimi nei ka poʻe ʻepekema lawaiʻa a me nā luna i nā ala e hoʻopau ai i ka pōʻino o ka lawaiʻa nui ʻana, pono lākou e hoʻopili i kēia mau noʻonoʻo kaiaola i kā lākou helu ʻana i ka nui o ka lawaiʻa. He ʻuʻuku paha ka iʻa, akā ʻaʻole loaʻa ka iʻa.

Sources:

ʻO Christopher Costello, Daniel Ovando, Ray Hilborn, Steven D. Gaines, Olivier Deschenes, a me Sarah E. Lester (2012), Ke kūlana a me nā hoʻonā no nā lawaiʻa ʻole o ka honua, Science Online, September 27, 2012.

NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center (2009), Hōʻike Kūlana Kaiaola no ka NE Continental Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem.

ʻO Boris Worm et al. (2009), kūkulu hou i nā lawaiʻa honua, ʻepekema 325: 578-585.