E nana ana i na mea liilii

ʻO ka ʻulaʻula o ʻOkakopa
Māhele 4: Ke nānā aku nei i ka Pākīpika Nui, e nānā ana i nā kikoʻī liʻiliʻi

na Mark J. Spalding

Mai Block Island, hele au i ke komohana a puni ka ʻāina a hiki i Monterey, Kaleponi, a mai laila aku i ke kahua ʻaha kūkā ʻo Asilomar. He wahi hoʻonanea ʻo Asilomar me nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi o ka Pākīpika a me nā huakaʻi papa lōʻihi e loaʻa i nā puʻu i pale ʻia. ʻO ka inoa "Asilomar" kahi kuhikuhi i ka ʻōlelo Sepania asilo al mar, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hale noho ma ke kai, a ua hoʻolālā ʻia a kūkulu ʻia nā hale e ka mea kākau kaulana ʻo Julia Morgan i nā makahiki 1920 ma ke ʻano he hale no ka YWCA. Ua lilo ia i ʻāpana o ka ʻōnaehana paka ma ka mokuʻāina o Kaleponi i ka makahiki 1956.

Aia wau ma koʻu kūlana ma ke ʻano he hoa kiʻekiʻe ma ka Middlebury Institute for International Studies, Center for the Blue Economy, noho ʻia ma Monterey. Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia mākou no "The Oceans in National Income Accounts: Seeking Consensus on Definitions and Standards," he hui i hui pū ʻia he 30 mau ʻelele mai 10 mau ʻāina, * e kūkākūkā i ke ana ʻana i ka ʻoihana moana, a me ka ʻoihana uliuli (kūpono) i loko. ʻO nā huaʻōlelo koʻikoʻi loa: nā hoʻokaʻawale helu ʻāina no nā hana waiwai. ʻO ka lalo, ʻaʻohe o mākou wehewehe maʻamau no ka ʻoihana moana. No laila, ma laila mākou e pākaʻi ai a e hoʻolikelike i ka ʻĀkau ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (NAICS code), me nā ʻōnaehana pili mai nā lāhui a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe e hoʻonohonoho i kahi ʻōnaehana e hiki ai ke nānā ʻia ka huina o ka hoʻokele waiwai moana, a me nā hana waiwai maikaʻi o ka moana.

ʻO kā mākou pahuhopu i ka nānā ʻana i nā moʻohelu aupuni ʻo ia ke ana i ko mākou ʻoihana moana a me nā ʻāpana ʻulaʻula a hiki ke hōʻike i ka ʻikepili e pili ana i kēlā mau ʻoihana. ʻO ia mau ʻikepili e ʻae iā mākou e nānā i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka manawa a hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻonohonoho kulekele i mea nui i nā lawelawe kaiaola kai a me kahakai no ka pono o nā kānaka a me ka hoʻomau. Pono mākou i ka ʻikepili baseline e pili ana i kā mākou ʻoihana moana honua e ana i ka hana kaiaola a me nā kālepa mākeke i nā waiwai a me nā lawelawe, a pehea lākou e loli ai i ka manawa. Ke loaʻa iā mākou kēia, pono mākou e hoʻohana iā ia e hoʻoikaika i nā alakaʻi aupuni e hana. Pono mākou e hāʻawi i nā mea hana kulekele me nā hōʻike kūpono a me kahi hoʻolālā, a ʻo kā mākou moʻokāki aupuni ua nā kumu ʻike hilinaʻi. Ua ʻike mākou he nui nā mea ʻike ʻole e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka waiwai o nā kānaka i ke kai, no laila ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ana i nā mea āpau. Akā, pono mākou e ana e like me kā mākou hiki a hoʻokaʻawale i waena o ka mea hiki ke hoʻomau a me ka mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻomau (ma hope o ka ʻae ʻana i ke ʻano maoli o kēlā huaʻōlelo) no ka mea, e like me kā Peter Drucker i ʻōlelo ai "ʻo ka mea āu e ana ai ka mea āu e mālama ai."

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻōnaehana SIC mua e ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1930. ʻO ka maʻalahi, ʻo nā helu helu ʻoihana he mau helu helu ʻehā o nā ʻoihana nui a me nā ʻoihana. Hāʻawi ʻia nā code ma muli o nā ʻano maʻamau i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā huahana, nā lawelawe, ka hana a me ka ʻōnaehana lawe ʻana o kahi ʻoihana. A laila hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia nā code i loko o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka ʻoihana: hui ʻoihana, hui nui, a me ka mahele. No laila, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻoihana mai ka lawaiʻa a hiki i ka mining a hiki i nā hale kūʻai kūʻai ke helu helu helu, a i ʻole nā ​​code code, e hiki ai iā lākou ke hui pū ʻia e like me nā hana ākea a me nā hana sub. Ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o nā kūkākūkā e alakaʻi ana i ka North American Free Trade Agreement i nā makahiki 1990, ua ʻae ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Kanada, a me Mekiko e hana pū i kahi pani no ka ʻōnaehana SIC i kapa ʻia ʻo North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) e hāʻawi i nā kikoʻī hou aku. he mea hou i ka SIC me nā ʻoihana hou he nui.

Ua nīnau mākou i kēlā me kēia o nā ʻāina he 10 * he aha nā ʻoihana a lākou i hoʻokomo ai i kā lākou "hoʻokele moana" i kā lākou moʻolelo aupuni (ma ke ʻano he hana ākea); a pehea mākou e wehewehe ai i ka hoʻomau i ka moana i mea e hiki ai ke ana ʻana i kahi hana haʻahaʻa (a ʻāpana ʻāpana paha) o ka hoʻokele waiwai moana i kūpono i ke kai e kapa ʻia ʻo ka ʻoihana polū. No laila, no ke aha lākou e pili ai? Inā ho'āʻo kekahi e helu i ke koʻikoʻi o ke kuleana o kahi ʻoihana kikoʻī, a i ʻole kahi kumuwaiwai kikoʻī, makemake kekahi e ʻike i nā code ʻoihana e hōʻuluʻulu ai i mea e hōʻike pono ai i ka nui a i ʻole ka laulā o ia ʻoihana. A laila hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaka e hāʻawi i ka waiwai i nā mea waiwai ʻole e like me ke olakino waiwai, e like me ke ʻano o ka pāʻani ʻana o nā kumulāʻau a i ʻole nā ​​​​waiwai ʻē aʻe i loko o nā ʻoihana kikoʻī e like me ka pepa, a i ʻole nā ​​​​lāʻau a i ʻole ke kūkulu hale.

ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka wehewehe ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai moana, a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻoihana moana maikaʻi. Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopunipuni a ʻōlelo aku aia nā ʻāpana āpau o kā mākou moʻokāki aupuni i ke kai ma kekahi ʻano. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua lohe lōʻihi mākou (mahalo iā Dr. Sylvia Earle) ʻo nā ʻano hana hoʻoponopono ponoʻī āpau e mālama ai i kēia honua e pili ana i ka moana ma kekahi ʻano. No laila, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻololi i ke kaumaha o ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo a hoʻāʻo i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e ana i kēlā mau moʻolelo liʻiliʻi i hilinaʻi ʻole ʻia i ke kai mai kā mākou. Akā, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hoʻololi i nā lula o ka pāʻani pēlā.

No laila, ʻo ka nūhou maikaʻi, ʻo ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ʻo nā lāhui he ʻumi he nui ka like ʻana i kā lākou helu ʻana i kā lākou ʻoihana moana. Eia hou, hiki iā lākou a pau ke ʻae maʻalahi i kekahi mau ʻoihana ʻoihana ʻē aʻe i ʻāpana o ka hoʻokele waiwai moana ʻaʻole nā ​​​​kānaka a pau (a no laila ʻaʻole nā ​​​​mea āpau i papa inoa). Aia nō naʻe kekahi mau ʻāpana ʻoihana e pili ana, ʻaʻole pololei a i ʻole "ʻāpana i loko" o ka hoʻokele waiwai moana (ma kēlā me kēia ʻāina koho) [ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻikepili, hoihoi, etc.]. Aia kekahi mau ʻāpana e puka mai ana (e like me ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai) ʻaʻole i pau i ka pale radar.

ʻO ka pilikia pehea ka pili ʻana o ke ana ʻana i ka ʻoihana moana me ka hoʻomau? Ua ʻike mākou he mea koʻikoʻi nā pilikia olakino o ke kai i kā mākou kākoʻo ola. Me ka ʻole o ke kai maikaʻi ʻaʻohe ola kanaka. He oiaio no hoi ka olelo; inā mākou e hoʻokomo i nā ʻoihana moana hoʻomau (ka hoʻokele waiwai uliuli) e ʻike mākou i nā pōmaikaʻi no ke olakino kanaka a me ke ola. Pehea mākou e hana nei i kēia? Manaʻolana mākou no ka wehewehe ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai moana a me ka hoʻokele waiwai polū, a/a i ʻole ka ʻae ʻana i nā ʻoihana a mākou e hoʻokomo ai, e hoʻonui i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā mea a mākou e ana.

Ma kāna hōʻike ʻana, ua hāʻawi ʻo Maria Corazon Ebarvia (ka luna papahana no Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia), i kahi wehewehe maikaʻi o ka hoʻokele waiwai uliuli, ʻo ia ka maikaʻi e like me kā mākou i ʻike ai: ʻimi mākou i kahi hoʻokele kai hoʻomau. ʻano hoʻokele waiwai me nā ʻōnaehana maikaʻi o ke kaiapuni, ʻenehana a me nā hana. ʻO ka mea i ʻike i ka hoʻopuka ʻana o ke kai i nā waiwai waiwai ʻaʻole i helu ʻia (e like me ka pale kahakai a me ka hoʻopaʻa kalapona); a, e ana i na poho mai ka hooulu ole ana, a me ke ana ana i na hanana mawaho (ka ino). ʻO nā mea a pau e hiki ai iā mākou ke ʻike inā hoʻohana mau ʻia kā mākou kumu waiwai kūlohelohe i ko mākou ʻimi ʻana i ka ulu waiwai.

ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana o ka hana a mākou i hana ai penei:
ʻO ka hoʻokele waiwai polū, e pili ana i kahi kumu hoʻohālike hoʻokele waiwai e pili ana i ka moana a hoʻohana i nā ʻōnaehana, ʻenehana a me nā hana hoʻonaninani. kēlā kākoʻo hoʻomohala hoʻomau.

ʻAʻole mākou makemake i ka mea kahiko a me ka mea hou, makemake mākou i ka hoʻomau a me ka hiki ʻole. Aia nā po'e komo hou i loko o ka ho'okele waiwai moana i polū/mau, a aia nā 'oihana ku'una kahiko e ho'ololi a ho'omaika'i. Pēlā nō, aia nā mea komo hou, e like me ka ʻeli ʻana i ke kai, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomau.

ʻO kā mākou paʻakikī ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō maʻalahi me nā code hoʻonohonoho ʻenehana. No ka laʻana, hiki i ka lawaiʻa a me ka hana iʻa ke komo i nā mea hana liʻiliʻi, hoʻomau a me nā mea hoʻokele kālepa nui he mea hoʻopōʻino, hoʻopau ʻole, a maopopo ʻole ke kūpaʻa. Mai kahi hiʻohiʻona mālama, ʻike nui mākou e pili ana i nā mea keaka like ʻole, nā mīkini a me nā mea ʻē aʻe akā ʻaʻole i hoʻolālā maoli ʻia kā mākou ʻōnaehana moʻohelu aupuni e ʻike i kēia mau nuances.

Makemake mākou e ho'ōki i ka lawe wale ʻana i nā kaiaola moana a me nā kaiaola kahakai e hāʻawi mai iā mākou i nā kumuwaiwai a me nā manawa kālepa e pōmaikaʻi nui ai i ka pono o ke kanaka, palekana meaʻai a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hāʻawi pū ia iā mākou i kahi kahua kaʻa, me ka meaʻai, me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā lawelawe ʻē aʻe he nui ʻole i hiki ʻole ke helu ʻia me nā code helu ʻehā. Akā ʻo kēlā mau code a me nā hana ʻē aʻe e ʻike ai i kahi ʻoihana polū maikaʻi a me ko mākou hilinaʻi ʻana iā ia kahi wahi e helu ai i ka hana kanaka a me kona pilina me ke kai. A ʻoiai mākou i hoʻolilo i ka hapa nui o ko mākou manawa i loko o ka hale, e hoʻoikaika ana e hoʻomaopopo i nā ʻōnaehana like ʻole ma nā ʻōlelo like ʻole, aia ka Pākīpika ma laila e hoʻomanaʻo mai i ko mākou pilina like, a me ko mākou kuleana like.

I ka pau ʻana o ka pule, ua ʻae mākou e pono mākou i kahi hoʻoikaika lōʻihi 1) e kūkulu i nā ʻāpana maʻamau, e hoʻohana i ke ʻano hana maʻamau a me nā ʻāina i wehewehe maikaʻi ʻia e ana i ka ʻoihana mākeke o nā moana; a me 2) e ʻimi i nā ala e ana i ke kapikala maoli e hōʻike ai inā paʻa ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai no ka wā lōʻihi (a me ka waiwai o nā waiwai a me nā lawelawe kaiaola), a pēlā e ʻae ai i nā ʻano hana kūpono no kēlā me kēia pōʻaiapili. A, pono mākou e hoʻomaka i kēia manawa ma kahi helu kaulike no nā kumuwaiwai moana. 

E nīnau ʻia kēia hui ma kahi noiʻi e hāʻawi koke ʻia, e hōʻike i nā hui hana a lākou e makemake ai e komo i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana, ma ke ʻano he precursor i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka papahana no ka hui ʻo 2nd Annual Oceans in National Accounts ma Kina ma 2016 .

A, ua ʻae mākou e hoʻāʻo i ka hoʻokele i kēia ma ka hana pū ʻana ma ke kākau ʻana i kahi hōʻike maʻamau mua loa no nā ʻāina āpau. Haʻaheo ka Ocean Foundation e lilo i ʻāpana o kēia hoʻoikaika lehulehu e hoʻoponopono i ka diabolo i nā kikoʻī.

* Australia, Kanada, Kina, Palani, Indonesia, Ireland, Korea, Philippines, Sepania a me USA