MMPA: 45 mau makahiki o ka pale ʻana i nā ʻīlio hihiu

I ʻOkakopa, ua hoʻolauleʻa mākou i nā makahiki he 45 o ka pale ʻana i nā koholā, nā iʻa, nā popoise, nā sila, nā liona kai, nā manatees, nā dugongs, nā walruses, nā otters moana, a me nā bea polar, i ukali ʻia ma hope o ke kau inoa ʻana o Pelekikena Nixon i ke Kānāwai Hoʻomalu Moʻo Moana i kānāwai. Ke nānā nei mākou i hope, ʻike mākou i ka lōʻihi o ko mākou hele ʻana.

"ʻO ʻAmelika ka mua, a ʻo ke alakaʻi, a ʻo ia ke alakaʻi i kēia lā i ka mālama ʻana i nā mammals moana"
- Patrick Ramage, International Fund for Animal Welfare

I ka hopena o nā makahiki 1960, ua maopopo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka heluna kanaka mammal ma nā kai a pau o ʻAmelika. Ua ʻike nui ka lehulehu i ka hana ʻino ʻia ʻana o nā mammals moana, ʻimi nui ʻia, a ua nui ka pōʻino o ka luku ʻia. Ua puka mai ka noiʻi hou e hōʻike ana i ka naʻauao a me ka noʻonoʻo o nā mammals moana, e hoʻāla ana i ka huhū i kā lākou hana ʻino ʻana mai nā mea hana kaiapuni a me nā hui ola holoholona. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia ka sila mōneka Karipiano ma nā wai o Florida ma mua o hoʻokahi ʻumi makahiki. ʻO nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe kekahi i pilikia e nalowale loa. Akaka he mea pono e hana.

Ua kau ʻia ka US Marine Mammal Protection Act, a i ʻole MMPA, i ka makahiki 1972 no ka pane ʻana i ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka o kekahi mau ʻano mammalian moana ma muli o ka hana kanaka. Ua ʻike maikaʻi ʻia ke kānāwai no kāna hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻololi i ka manaʻo o ka mālama ʻana mai nā ʻano ʻano i nā kaiaola, a mai ka reactive a i ka mālama. Ua hoʻokumu ke Kānāwai i kahi kulekele e manaʻo ana e pale i ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka nui o nā mea momona o ka moana a hiki i kahi ʻano a i ʻole ka heluna kanaka ke lilo i mea koʻikoʻi o ka kaiaola. No laila, mālama ka MMPA i nā ʻano mammal moana a pau i loko o nā kai o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO ka hana ʻino, hānai, hahai holoholona, ​​hopu, hōʻiliʻili, a pepehi ʻana i nā mammals moana ua pāpā loa ʻia ma lalo o ke kānāwai. Ma ka makahiki 2022, e koi aku ka Marine Mammal Protection Act i ka US e pāpā i ka lawe ʻana mai i ka iʻa iʻa e pepehi i nā mammals moana ma kahi pae ma luna o ka mea i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma US no ka ʻae ʻia.

ʻO nā ʻokoʻa i kēia mau hana i pāpā ʻia, ʻo ia ka noiʻi ʻepekema ʻae ʻia a me ka hōʻike lehulehu ma nā keʻena laikini (e like me nā aquariums a i ʻole nā ​​kikowaena ʻepekema). Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole pili ka moratorium hopu i nā kamaʻāina ʻo Alaska kahakai, ka poʻe i ʻae ʻia e hopu a lawe i nā koholā, nā sila, a me nā walruses no ke ola ʻana a me ka hana a kūʻai aku i nā mea hana lima. ʻO nā hana e kākoʻo ana i ka palekana o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, e like me nā mea i alakaʻi ʻia e ka US Navy, hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai nā pāpā ma lalo o ke kānāwai.

ʻO nā keʻena like ʻole i loko o ke aupuni federal ke kuleana no ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole i pale ʻia ma lalo o ka MMPA.

Na ka National Marine Fisheries Service (i loko o ka 'Oihana Kālepa) ke kuleana no ka mālama ʻana i nā koholā, nā iʻa, nā popoise, nā sila, a me nā liona kai. ʻO ka US Fish and Wildlife Service, i loko o ke Keʻena Kalaiaina, ke kuleana no ka mālama ʻana i nā walruses, manatees, dugongs, otters, a me polar bears. Na ka Fish & Wildlife Service ke kuleana no ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka pāpā ʻana i ka lawe ʻana a i ʻole ke kūʻai ʻana aku i nā mammals moana a i ʻole nā ​​​​huahana i hana ʻole ʻia mai ia mau mea. ʻO ka Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, i loko o ka 'Oihana Mahiai, ke kuleana o nā lula e pili ana i ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā hale i loaʻa nā mammals moana i ke pio.

Pono pū ka MMPA i ka National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) e hana i nā loiloi waiwai makahiki no nā ʻano mammals moana. Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia noiʻi heluna kanaka, pono nā luna e hōʻoia i kā lākou mau hoʻolālā hoʻokele e kākoʻo i ka pahuhopu o ke kōkua ʻana i nā ʻano āpau kūpono loa i nā heluna kanaka hoʻomau (OSP).

No laila no ke aha mākou e mālama ai i ka MMPA? Ke hana maoli nei?

Ua lanakila maoli ka MMPA ma nā pae he nui. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūlana o kēia manawa o nā heluna mammalian moana ma mua o ka makahiki 1972. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea momona o ka moana i loko o nā wai o ʻAmelika i kēia manawa i nā ʻano pilikia a ʻoi aku ka nui ma nā ʻāpana o ka "manaʻo liʻiliʻi." No ka laʻana, ua hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia nā sila awa a me nā sila hina ma New England a me nā liona kai Kaleponi, nā sila ʻelepani, a me nā sila awa ma ka Pākīpika. He ʻoihana piliona kālā ke kiaʻi koholā ma ʻAmelika no ka mea ua kōkua ka MMPA (a me ka International Moratorium ma hope o ke koholā ʻana) i ke koholā polū Pākīpika, a me ka hoʻōla hou ʻana o nā humpbacks Atlantic a me ka Pākīpika.

ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona o ka holomua o ka MMPA aia ma Florida kahi i loaʻa i kekahi mau mammals moana kaulana i ka bottlenose dolphin, ka Florida manatee, a me ka North Atlantic right whale. Ke hilinaʻi nui nei kēia mau mammals ma nā kahakai sub-tropical o Florida, e hele ana i nā wai o Florida no ka hānau keiki, no ka meaʻai, a ma ke ʻano he home i nā mahina hoʻoilo. ʻO nā hana Ecotourism e pili ana i ka hoʻopiʻi o ka nani o kēia mau mammals moana a me ka ʻike ʻana iā lākou i ka nahele. Hiki i nā poʻe luʻu leʻaleʻa, nā waʻa, a me nā malihini ʻē aʻe ke hilinaʻi i ka ʻike ʻana i nā mammals moana e hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou ʻike waho. No Florida kūikawā, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka heluna manatee ma kahi o 6300 mai 1991, i ka wā i manaʻo ʻia ma kahi o 1,267 mau kānaka. I ka makahiki 2016, ua alakaʻi kēia kūleʻa i ka US Fish and Wildlife Service e hōʻike i ko lākou kūlana weliweli e hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia i ka hoʻoweliweli.

ʻOiai hiki i ka nui o nā mea noiʻi a me nā ʻepekema ke helu i nā kūleʻa ma lalo o ka MMPA, ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo ʻaʻohe hemahema o ka MMPA. Aia nō nā pilikia no kekahi mau ʻano. No ka laʻana, ua ʻike nā kohola ʻākau ʻākau o ka Pākīpika ʻĀkau a me ka ʻAkelanika i ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana a noho i ka pilikia nui o ka make mai ka hana kanaka. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua piʻi ka heluna kanaka kohola ʻākau ʻo Atlantika i ka makahiki 2010, a ʻaʻole i lawa ka heluna wahine no ka mālama ʻana i nā helu hānau. Wahi a ka Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, he 30% o ka make ʻana o nā koholā ʻākau o Atlantika ma muli o ka hui ʻana o ka moku a me ka ʻupena. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻalo ʻia nā mea lawaiʻa kalepa a me nā hana hoʻouna e nā koholā pololei, ʻoiai ke hāʻawi nei ka MMPA i kekahi mau mea hoʻoikaika no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hoʻolālā a me nā ʻenehana e hōʻemi i nā pilina.

A paʻakikī ke hoʻokō ʻia kekahi mau mea hoʻoweliweli ma muli o ke ʻano neʻe o nā holoholona moana a me nā pilikia o ka hoʻokō ʻana ma ke kai ma ke ʻano nui. Na ke aupuni pekelala e ae ana ma lalo o ka MMPA e hiki ai ke ae i kekahi mau pae o ka "incidental take" i na hana e like me ka hoao seismic no ka aila a me ke kinoea—akā, ua oi aku ka nui o na hopena maoli o ka hoao seismic ma mua o ka manao o ka oihana. Ke manaʻo nei ka 'Oihana Kalaiaina e pili ana i nā noiʻi seismic e nānā ʻia nei e ʻoi aku ma mua o 31 miliona mau manawa o ka pōʻino i nā mammals moana ma ke Kaiwa a me 13.5 miliona mau pilina ʻino me nā mammals moana ma ka ʻAkelanika, hiki ke pepehi a hōʻeha paha i 138,000 dolphins a me nā kohola. ʻeiwa mau koholā ʻākau ʻo ʻAkelanika ʻĀkau i hoʻopōʻino ʻia, nona nā kahua hānau keiki ma kahakai o Florida.

Pēlā nō, ua manaʻo ʻia ke kahawai ʻo Mekiko i wahi wela o nā hewa e kūʻē i nā iʻa bottlenose ʻoiai ua pāpā ʻo MMPA i ka hana hoʻomāinoino a i ʻole ka pōʻino i nā mammals moana. ʻO nā ʻeha mai nā pōkā, nā pua, a me nā pōkā paipu, ʻo ia kekahi o nā pōʻino i loaʻa i nā kupapaʻu kahakai, akā ua hala loa nā lawehala. Ua loaʻa i nā mea noiʻi nā hōʻike ua ʻoki ʻia nā mammals moana a waiho ʻia no ka hānai ʻana i nā manō a me nā mea ʻaihue ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka hōʻike ʻia ʻana he hopu ʻole ʻia e like me ka koi ʻana o ka MMPA-he paʻakikī ke hopu i kēlā me kēia hewa.

Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i hana maikaʻi ke kānāwai i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā hopena kūwaho (ka leo anthropogenic, ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā mea pio, ka aila a me nā mea ʻawaʻawa ʻē aʻe, a me nā maʻi, e inoa i kekahi mau mea). ʻAʻole hiki i nā hana mālama i kēia manawa ke pale i ka pōʻino mai kahi ʻaila ʻaila a i ʻole nā ​​pōʻino haumia ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole hiki i nā hana mālama kai i kēia manawa ke lanakila i nā loli o ka iʻa pio a me nā heluna kumu meaʻai ʻē aʻe a me nā wahi i loaʻa mai nā kumu ʻē aʻe ma waho o ka lawaiʻa ʻana. A ʻaʻole hiki i nā hana mālama kai o kēia manawa ke pale aku i ka make mai nā mea ʻawaʻawa e loaʻa mai ana mai nā kumu wai maʻemaʻe e like me ka cyanobacteria nāna i pepehi i nā otters kai e nā haneli o ko kākou Pākīpika. Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohana i ka MMPA ma ke ʻano he kahua e hoʻoponopono ai i kēia mau hoʻoweliweli.

ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo i ka Marine Mammal Protection Act e pale i kēlā me kēia holoholona. ʻOi aku ka nui o kāna hana. Hāʻawi ia i kēlā me kēia mammal moana i ke kūlana palekana o ka hiki ke neʻe, hānai, a hānau hou me ke keakea ʻole mai ke kanaka. A ma kahi e pōʻino ai nā hana a ke kanaka, hāʻawi ia i mea hoʻoikaika e hana i nā hoʻonā a hoʻopaʻi i ka poʻe lawehala no ka hana ʻino ʻana. Hiki iā mākou ke kaupalena i ka holo ʻana o ka haumia, hoʻemi i ka nui o ka walaʻau mai nā hana kanaka, hoʻonui i ka nui o nā iʻa pio, a pale aku i nā pilikia i ʻike ʻia e like me ka ʻimi ʻana i ka aila a me ke kinoea pono ʻole i loko o ko mākou kai moana. He kuleana ko ka nui o nā mea momona o ka moana i ke koena o ke ola o ko kākou moana, a me ka hiki o ke kai ke mālama i ke kalapona. Hiki iā kākou a pau ke pāʻani i ko lākou ola.

Sources:

http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/what-we-do/rescue/marine-mammal-protection-act.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/

http://www.joeroman.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/The-Marine-Mammal-Protection-Act-at-40-status-recovery-and-future-of-U.S.-marine-mammals.pdf      (pepa maikaʻi e nānā ana i nā kūleʻa / hāʻule o ke kānāwai ma luna o 40 mau makahiki).

"Nā Māmā Aquatic," Komisina Hoʻomalu iʻa a me nā holoholona hihiu o Florida, http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/mammals/aquatic/

Hōʻike Hale Helu 92-707, "1972 MMPA Legislative History," Animal Legal and Historical Center, https://www.animallaw.info/statute/us-mmpa-legislative-history-1972

"Ke Kānāwai Hoʻomalu Māmā Moana o 1972, Hoʻololi ʻia 1994," The Marine Mammal Center, http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/what-we-do/rescue/marine-mammal-protection-act.html

"Ua hoʻonui hou ʻia ka heluna kanaka Manatee i 500 pakeneka, ʻaʻohe pilikia hou,"

ʻO ka Pūnaewele Nūhou maikaʻi, i paʻi ʻia 10 Jan 2016, http://www.goodnewsnetwork.org/manatee-population-has-rebounded-500-percent/

"North Atlantic Right Whale," Komisina Hoʻomalu iʻa a me nā holoholona hihiu o Florida, http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/mammals/aquatic/

“Ke alo nei ʻo North Atlantic Right Whale i ka pau ʻana, na Elizabeth Pennissi, ʻepekema. ”http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/11/north-atlantic-right-whale-faces-extinction

"Nā Manaʻo o ka Piʻi ʻana o ka Hoʻopilikia ʻana i ka Bottlenose Harassment ma ke Kai Kūʻono a me nā hopena hiki ke loaʻa" na Courtney Vail, Whale & Dolphin Conservation, Plymouth MA. 28 Iune 2016  https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2016.00110/full

“Hoʻohuʻi ʻaila ʻo Deepwater Horizon: Nā hopena no ka wā lōʻihi ma luna o nā honu kai, nā momi kai,” 20 ʻApelila 2017 National Ocean Service  https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/news/apr17/dwh-protected-species.html