ʻO ka Aquaculture hoʻomau

Laulā

ʻO ka iʻa iʻa hoʻomau ke kī i ka hānai ʻana i ko mākou heluna ulu. I kēia manawa, he 42% o ka iʻa iʻa a mākou e ʻai nei i mahiʻai ʻia, akā ʻaʻohe kānāwai e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka iʻa iʻa "maikaʻi".

Hāʻawi nui ka Aquaculture i kā mākou lako meaʻai, no laila pono e hana ʻia ma ke ʻano hoʻomau. ʻO ke ʻano kikoʻī, ke nānā nei ka OF i nā ʻenehana ʻōnaehana pani ʻia, me nā pahu kaapuni hou, nā ala heihei, nā ʻōnaehana kahe, a me nā loko iʻa. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau ʻōnaehana no nā ʻano iʻa he nui, nā iʻa a me nā mea kanu wai. ʻOiai ua ʻike ʻia nā pōmaikaʻi maopopo (ke olakino a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) o nā ʻōnaehana iʻa iʻa pani ʻia, kākoʻo pū mākou i nā hana e pale aku i nā hemahema o ke kaiapuni a me ka palekana i ka meaʻai o ka lawaiʻa peni hāmama. Manaʻo mākou e hana i nā hana honua a me nā hana kūloko e hiki ke hoʻololi i ka loli maikaʻi.

Ua hōʻuluʻulu ka Ocean Foundation i kēia mau kumu waho i loko o kahi puke moʻolelo i kākau ʻia no ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i ka Sustainable Aquaculture no nā poʻe a pau.

1. Introduction to Aquaculture
2. Nā Kuleana o ka Aquaculture
3. Hoʻohaumia a me nā mea hoʻoweliweli i ke kaiapuni
4. Nā Hoʻomohala ʻĀnō a me nā ʻano Hou o ka Aquaculture
5. Aquaculture and Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Justice
6. Nā kānāwai a me nā kānāwai e pili ana i ka iʻa
7. Nā Punawai Hou a me nā Pepa Keʻokeʻo i hana ʻia e The Ocean Foundation

1. Introduction

ʻO ka Aquaculture ka mahi ʻana a i ʻole ka mahiʻai ʻana i ka iʻa, ka iʻa, a me nā mea kanu wai. ʻO ke kumu o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kumu o nā meaʻai a me nā huahana kūʻai aku ma ke ʻano e hoʻonui ai i ka loaʻa ʻoiai e hōʻemi ana i ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni a me ka pale ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano wai like ʻole. Nui nā ʻano iʻa iʻa i loaʻa i kēlā me kēia me nā pae like ʻole o ka hoʻomau.

ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka o ka honua a me ka loaʻa kālā e hoʻonui i ka noi no ka iʻa. A me nā pae iʻa ʻāhiu he palahalaha, ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka iʻa a me ka hana iʻa iʻa i loaʻa mai i ka iʻa. ʻOiai ke kū nei ka iʻa iʻa i nā luʻi e like me ka lice a me ka haumia, nui nā mea pāʻani o ka ʻoihana e hana ikaika nei e hoʻoponopono i kona mau pilikia.

ʻAiʻa—ʻEhā Kūlana

ʻEhā mau ala nui i ka ʻiʻa i ʻike ʻia i kēia mau lā: nā peni hāmama kokoke i kahakai, nā peni hāmama hoʻokolohua ma waho, nā ʻōnaehana "pani" ma ka ʻāina, a me nā ʻōnaehana wehe "kahiko".

1. Na Peni hamama kokoke i kahakai.

Ua hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā ʻōnaehana iʻa kai kokoke i kahakai no ka hānai ʻana i ka iʻa iʻa, iʻa salmon a me nā iʻa ʻiʻo ʻē aʻe, a koe naʻe ka lawaiʻa ʻiʻo iʻa, ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka mea liʻiliʻi loa a ʻoi aku ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni. ʻO ka hoʻolālā "wehe i ka kaiaola" o kēia mau ʻōnaehana he mea paʻakikī loa ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia o ka ʻōpala fecal, ka launa pū ʻana me nā mea ʻaihue, ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano ʻokoʻa / exotic, nā mea hoʻokomo nui (ʻai, nā lāʻau antibiotic), ka luku ʻana i ka nohona, a me nā maʻi. hoʻoili. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole hiki i nā wai kahakai ke hoʻomau i ka hana o kēia manawa o ka neʻe ʻana i ke kahakai ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā maʻi maʻi i loko o nā peni. [NB: Inā ulu mākou i nā mollusks ma kahi kokoke i kahakai, a i ʻole e hoʻopaʻa nui i nā peni hāmama kokoke i kahakai i ka nui a nānā i ka hānai ʻana i nā herbivores, aia kekahi hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana iʻa. I ko mākou manaʻo he mea pono ke ʻimi i kēia mau mea ʻokoʻa.]

2. Na Peni Wehe Ma waho o kahakai.

ʻO nā ʻōnaehana hoʻāʻo hou aʻe i waho o ke kai e hoʻoneʻe i kēia mau hopena maikaʻi ʻole mai ka ʻike ʻana a hoʻohui pū kekahi i nā hopena ʻē aʻe i ke kaiapuni, e komo pū ana me nā kapuaʻi kalapona nui aʻe e hoʻokele i nā ʻoihana ma waho.

3. Nā Pūnaehana "Paʻa" ma ka ʻāina.

ʻO nā ʻōnaehana "pani" ma ka ʻāina, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), ke loaʻa nei ka manaʻo nui aʻe ma ke ʻano he hopena hoʻomau mau no ka wā lōʻihi i ka iʻa iʻa, ma ka honua hoʻomohala a me ka honua ulu. Ke hoʻohālike ʻia nei nā ʻōnaehana pani liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻāina e ulu ana aʻo nā koho ʻoi aku ka nui, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻoihana, a me ka pipiʻi e hana ʻia ana ma nā ʻāina i kūkulu ʻia. ʻO kēia mau ʻōnaehana ponoʻī a ʻae pinepine i nā ala polyculture maikaʻi e hānai pū ai i nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu. Manaʻo nui ʻia lākou he kūpaʻa i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ai lākou e ka ikehu hou, hōʻoia lākou ma kahi o 100% reclamation o kā lākou wai, a ua kālele lākou i ka hānai ʻana i nā omnivores a me nā herbivores.

4. "Kahiko" Open Systems.

ʻAʻole mea hou ka mahiʻai iʻa; ua hana ʻia no nā kenekulia ma nā moʻomeheu he nui. Ua hānai nā lāhui Kina kahiko i nā feces silika a me nā nymphs i kaʻa i hānai ʻia i loko o nā loko i nā mahi ʻai silika, mahiʻai ʻo ʻAigupita i ka tilapia ma ke ʻano o kā lākou ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe wai nui, a ua hiki i nā Hawaiʻi ke mahiʻai i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole e like me ka waiū, mullet, prawns, a me ka pāpaʻi (Costa). -Pierce, 1987). Ua loaʻa pū i ka poʻe kālaihonua nā hōʻike no ka mahiʻai iʻa ma ka hui Mayan a ma nā kuʻuna o kekahi mau kaiāulu ʻAmelika ʻAmelika. (www.enaca.org).

Nā'Ōlelo Aʻe

E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna, aia kekahi mau ʻano o ka Aquaculture i kēlā me kēia me ko lākou kapuaʻi kaiapuni e ʻokoʻa mai ka hoʻomau a hiki i ka pilikia nui. ʻIke ʻia ka ʻiʻa kai waho (i kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo ka moana ākea a i ʻole ka wai hāmama) ma ke ʻano he kumu hou o ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai, akā ʻaʻole ia e nānā i ke ʻano o nā pilikia kaiapuni a me nā pono o kekahi mau ʻoihana e hoʻomalu ana i nā kumu waiwai nui ma o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana. Hiki i ka ʻiʻa kai waho ke alakaʻi i ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi, hoʻoikaika i nā hana hānai iʻa hiki ʻole ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia, hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā mea olaola, hoʻopili i nā holoholona hihiu, a alakaʻi i ka pakele ʻana o nā iʻa. ʻO ka pakele ʻana o ka iʻa i ka wā e pakele ai nā iʻa mahiʻai i loko o ke kaiapuni, kahi e pōʻino nui ai i ka heluna iʻa hihiu a me ke kaiaola holoʻokoʻa. Ma ka mōʻaukala ʻaʻole ia he nīnau if he mau pakele, aka i ka wa e hiki mai ana. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi hou ʻana he 92% o nā iʻa e pakele ai mai ke kai mai nā mahiʻai iʻa (Føre & Thorvaldsen, 2021). ʻO ka ʻiʻa iʻa ma waho o ke kai ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kālā a ʻaʻole kūpono i ke kālā e like me ia i kēia manawa.

Aia kekahi mau pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka ʻōpala a me ka wai ʻino i ka iʻa kai kokoke i kahakai. I kekahi laʻana, ua ʻike ʻia nā hale hana kokoke i kahakai e hoʻokuʻu i 66 miliona mau galani wai ʻino - me nā haneli mau paona o nā nitrates - i loko o nā estuaries kūloko i kēlā me kēia lā.

No ke aha e paipai ʻia ai ka Aquaculture?

Ke hilinaʻi nei nā miliona o nā kānaka a puni ka honua i ka iʻa no kā lākou meaʻai a me kā lākou ola. Ma kahi o ka hapakolu o nā iʻa o ka honua holoʻokoʻa i lawaiʻa ʻia me ka hoʻomau ʻole ʻia, ʻoiai ʻelua hapakolu o nā iʻa o ke kai e lawaiʻa mau ʻia i kēia manawa. Hāʻawi nui ka Aquaculture i kā mākou lako meaʻai, no laila pono e hana ʻia ma ke ʻano hoʻomau. ʻO ke ʻano kikoʻī, ke nānā nei ʻo TOF i nā ʻenehana ʻōnaehana pani ʻia, e like me ka recirculating tank, raceways, flow-through system, a me nā loko iʻa. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau ʻōnaehana no nā ʻano iʻa he nui, nā iʻa a me nā mea kanu wai. ʻOiai ua ʻike ʻia nā pōmaikaʻi maopopo (ke olakino a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) o nā ʻōnaehana iʻa iʻa pani ʻia, kākoʻo pū mākou i nā hana e pale aku i nā hemahema o ke kaiapuni a me ka palekana i ka meaʻai o ka lawaiʻa peni hāmama. Manaʻo mākou e hana i nā hana honua a me nā hana kūloko e hiki ke hoʻololi i ka loli maikaʻi.

ʻOiai nā luʻi o ka Aquaculture, kākoʻo ka Ocean Foundation i ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā hui iʻa - ma waena o nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ke olakino moana - ʻoiai e ʻike ana ka honua i ka piʻi ʻana o ka noi no ka iʻa. Ma kekahi laʻana, hana pū ʻo The Ocean Foundation me Rockefeller a me Credit Suisse e kamaʻilio pū me nā ʻoihana iʻa e pili ana i kā lākou hoʻoikaika ʻana e hoʻoponopono i nā makika moana, ka pollution, a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka hānai iʻa.

Ke hana pū nei ka Ocean Foundation me nā hoa hana ma ka Environment Law Institute (ELI) a me ka ʻO Emmett Environmental Law and Policy Clinic ʻo Harvard Law School e wehewehe a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻia ʻana o ka iʻa i loko o nā wai kai federala o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.

E ʻimi i kēia mau kumuwaiwai ma lalo a ma luna ka punaewele o ELI:

2. Ke Kumu o ka Aquaculture

ʻO ka Hui Meaʻai a me ka Mahiʻai o ka United Nations. (2022). Ka lawaiʻa a me ka iʻa iʻa. Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻia. https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/aquaculture

ʻO ka Aquaculture kahi hana millennia kahiko i hoʻolako ʻia i kēia lā ma mua o ka hapalua o nā iʻa a puni ka honua. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻololi ka iʻa i nā hoʻololi kaiapuni i makemake ʻole ʻia e like me: nā paio kaiapuni ma waena o nā mea hoʻohana i ka ʻāina a me nā kumuwaiwai wai, ka luku ʻana i nā lawelawe kaiaola koʻikoʻi, ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka noho ʻana, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kemika pōʻino a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau holoholona, ka hana pono ʻole o ka ʻai iʻa a me ka aila iʻa, a me ka pilikanaka a nā hopena moʻomeheu i nā limahana a me nā kaiāulu. ʻO kēia hiʻohiʻona piha o ka Aquaculture no ka poʻe kamaʻāina a me ka poʻe loea e uhi i ka wehewehe ʻana o ka iʻa, nā haʻawina i koho ʻia, nā pepa ʻoiaʻiʻo, nā hōʻailona hana, nā loiloi kūloko, a me kahi code of conduct no ka lawaiʻa.

Jones, R., Dewey, B., a me Seaver, B. (2022, Ianuali 28). Aquaculture: No ke aha e makemake ai ka honua i kahi nalu hou o ka hana ʻai. Hui Pūʻulu Waiwai honua.

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/01/aquaculture-agriculture-food-systems/

Hiki i ka poʻe mahiʻai kai ke lilo i mea nānā nui i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kaiaola. Hāʻawi ka lawaiʻa kai i nā pono he nui mai ke kōkua ʻana i ka honua e hoʻokaʻawale i kāna ʻōnaehana meaʻai koʻikoʻi, i nā hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke aniau e like me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke kalapona a me nā haʻawina i nā ʻoihana e hana ana i nā huahana eco-friendly. Aia ka poʻe mahiʻai iʻa i kahi kūlana kūikawā e hana ma ke ʻano he mea nānā kaiaolaola a hōʻike i nā loli kaiapuni. Hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe kākau ʻaʻole pale ʻia ka iʻa i nā pilikia a me ka haumia, akā ke hana ʻia ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā hana, he ʻoihana koʻikoʻi ka iʻa no ka hoʻomohala hoʻomau lōʻihi.

ʻO Alice R Jones, Heidi K Alleway, Dominic McAfee, Patrick Reis-Santos, Seth J Theuerkauf, Robert C Jones, Climate-Friendly Seafood: The Potential for Emissions Reduction and Carbon Capture in Marine Aquaculture, BioScience, Volume 72, Issue 2, February 2022, ʻaoʻao 123–143, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biab126

Hoʻopuka ka Aquaculture i ka 52% o nā huahana holoholona aquatic i hoʻopau ʻia me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka 37.5% o kēia hana a me 97% o ka ʻohi limu o ka honua. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ke kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo haʻahaʻa (GHG) e hilinaʻi ʻia i nā kulekele i noʻonoʻo pono ʻia i ka wā e hoʻomau ʻia ana ka nui o ka lawaiʻa limu. Ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā huahana kai i nā manawa hoʻemi GHG, ʻōlelo nā mea kākau e hiki i ka ʻoihana iʻa ke holomua i nā hana pili i ke aniau e hoʻohua ai i nā hopena kūlohelohe, pilikanaka, a me ka hoʻokele waiwai no ka wā lōʻihi.

FAO. 2021. ʻAi a me ka mahiʻai o ka honua – Buke Makahiki Helu 2021. Roma. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4477en

I kēlā me kēia makahiki, hoʻopuka ka Food and Agriculture Organization i kahi puke makahiki helu me ka ʻike e pili ana i ka ʻai honua a me ka ʻāina mahiʻai a me ka ʻike waiwai waiwai. Aia i loko o ka hōʻike kekahi mau māhele e kūkākūkā ana i ka ʻikepili e pili ana i ka lawaiʻa a me ka iʻa iʻa, ka ululāʻau, nā kumukūʻai kūʻai honua, a me ka wai. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia kēia kumuwaiwai e like me nā kumu ʻē aʻe i hōʻike ʻia ma ʻaneʻi, ʻaʻole hiki ke nānā ʻia kāna kuleana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka iʻa.

FAO. 2019. Ka hana a FAO ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau – Fisheries & aquaculture. Roma. https://www.fao.org/3/ca7166en/ca7166en.pdf

Ua pili ka Food and Agriculture Organization i kahi hōʻike kūikawā e hui pū me ka 2019 Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere. Ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei lākou e alakaʻi ana ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā loli nui i ka loaʻa a me ke kālepa ʻana o nā iʻa a me nā huahana kai me nā hopena geopolitical a me ka hoʻokele waiwai. E paʻakikī loa kēia i nā ʻāina e hilinaʻi nei i ke kai a me ka iʻa iʻa ma ke ʻano he kumu protein (nā kānaka pili i ka lawaiʻa).

Bindoff, NL, WWL Cheung, JG Kairo, J. Arístegui, VA Guinder, R. Hallberg, N. Hilmi, N. Jiao, MS Karim, L. Levin, S. O'Donoghue, SR Purca Cuicapusa, B. Rinkevich, T. Suga, A. Tagliabue, a me P. Williamson, 2019: Changeing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Change Climate [H.-O. Pörtner, DC Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, NM Weyer ( eds.)]. Ma ka paʻi. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/09_SROCC_Ch05_FINAL.pdf

Ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia nā ʻoihana hoʻoheheʻe ma ka moana no ka wā lōʻihi me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hana hoʻomau. Hōʻike ka 2019 Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere i ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa a me ka ʻiʻa iʻa e pilikia loa i nā mea hoʻokele aniau. ʻO ka mokuna ʻelima o ka hōʻike e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ana no ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i ka iʻa a me ka hōʻike ʻana i kekahi mau wahi o ka noiʻi e pono ai e hāpai i ka hoʻomau lōʻihi. I ka pōkole, ʻaʻole hiki ke nānā ʻole ʻia ka pono o nā hana iʻa hoʻomau.

Heidi K Alleway, Chris L Gillies, Melanie J Bishop, Rebecca R Gentry, Seth J Theuerkauf, Robert Jones, The Ecosystem Services of Marine Aquaculture: Valuing Benefits to People and Nature, BioScience, Volume 69, Issue 1, January 2019, Pages 59 –68, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biy137

Ke hoʻomau nei ka ulu ʻana o ka heluna kanaka o ka honua, e lilo ka Aquaculture i mea koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka iʻa e hiki mai ana. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i nā pilikia e pili ana i nā ʻano maikaʻi ʻole o ka iʻa iʻa ke keʻakeʻa i ka hoʻonui ʻana. E hoʻēmi wale ʻia nā pōʻino o ke kaiapuni ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike, ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana, a me ka helu ʻana i ka lawelawe kaiaola e ka lawaiʻa ma o nā kulekele hou, kālā, a me nā papahana hōʻoia e hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā pono. No laila, ʻaʻole pono e nānā ʻia ka ʻiʻa i ka ʻokoʻa mai ke kaiapuni akā he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka kaiaola, ʻoiai ke kau ʻia nā hana hoʻokele kūpono.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2017). NoAA Aquaculture Research – Palapala Moʻolelo. Keena Kalepa. https://noaa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Shortlist/index.html?appid=7b4af1ef0efb425ba35d6f2c8595600f

Ua hana ka National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration i ka palapala ʻāina moʻolelo e hōʻike ana i kā lākou mau papahana noiʻi kūloko e pili ana i ka iʻa. Aia i loko o kēia mau papahana ka nānā ʻana i ka moʻomeheu o nā ʻano ʻano kikoʻī, ka nānā ʻana i ka pōʻaiapuni o ke ola, nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe, ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa moana, a me nā pōmaikaʻi a me nā hopena. Hōʻike ka palapala ʻāina moʻolelo i nā papahana NOAA mai 2011 a hiki i 2016 a he mea pono loa ia no nā haumāna, nā mea noiʻi hoihoi i nā papahana NOAA i hala, a me ka lehulehu lehulehu.

Engle, C., McNevin, A., Racine, P., Boyd, C., Paungkaew, D., Viriyatum, R., Quoc Tinh, H., a me Ngo Minh, H. (2017, April 3). Hoʻokele waiwai o ka hoʻoikaika mau ʻana o ka Aquaculture: Hōʻike mai nā mahiʻai ma Vietnam a me Thailand. Nūpepa o ka World Aquaculture Society, Vol. 48, Helu 2, p. 227-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12423.

Pono ka ulu ʻana o ka iʻa e hoʻolako i ka meaʻai no ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā pae honua. Ua nānā kēia haʻawina i 40 mau mahiʻai iʻa ma Thailand a me 43 ma Vietnam e hoʻoholo ai i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o ka iʻa i kēia mau wahi. Ua ʻike ʻia ma ka haʻawina he waiwai koʻikoʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka poʻe mahi ʻōpae i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe a me nā mea hoʻokomo ʻē aʻe ma ke ʻano kūpono a hiki ke hoʻomau ʻia ka ʻiʻa iʻa ma kahakai. Pono e noiʻi hou ʻia no ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke alakaʻi mau e pili ana i nā hana hoʻokele hoʻomau no ka ʻiʻa.

3. Hoʻohaumia a hoʻoweliweli i ke Kaiapuni

Føre, H. a me Thorvaldsen, T. (2021, Pepeluali 15). ʻIke ʻia ke kumu o ka pakele ʻana o ka Salmon ʻAkelanika a me ke Anuenue Trout mai Norewan Fish Farms i ka makahiki 2010 – 2018. Aquaculture, Vol. 532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736002

Ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi hou o nā mahiʻai iʻa Norewai he 92% o nā iʻa holo ʻana mai ke kai iʻa, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o 7% mai nā hale hana ʻāina a ʻo 1% mai ka halihali. Ua nānā ka haʻawina i ʻeiwa makahiki (2019-2018) a ua helu ʻia ma mua o 305 i hōʻike ʻia i nā hanana i pakele me ka aneane 2 miliona mau iʻa i pakele, he mea koʻikoʻi kēia helu no ka mea ua kaupalena ʻia ke aʻo ʻana iā Salmon a me Rainbow Trout i mahi ʻia ma Norewai. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau pakele i hoʻokumu pololei ʻia e nā lua o ka ʻupena, ʻoiai ʻo nā kumu ʻenehana ʻē aʻe e like me nā mea hana pohō a me ka wā ʻino. Hōʻike kēia haʻawina i ka pilikia koʻikoʻi o ka ʻiʻo wai hāmama ma ke ʻano he hana hoʻomau ʻole.

Racine, P., Marley, A., Froehlich, H., Gaines, S., Ladner, I., MacAdam-Somer, I., and Bradley, D. (2021). He hihia no ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o ka iʻa limu i loko o ka mālama ʻana i ka pollution nutrient US, Marine Policy, Vol. 129, 2021, 104506, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104506.

Hiki i ka limu ke hō'emi i ka pollution o ke kai, kaohi i ka ulu 'ana o ka eutrophication (me ka hypoxia), a me ka ho'onui 'ana i ka ho'ohaumia 'ana i ka 'āina ma o ka lawe 'ana i ka nui o ka nitrogen a me ka phosphorus mai nā kaiaola kai. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia ka limu liʻiliʻi i kēia manawa. Ke hoʻomau nei ka ʻeha o ka honua i nā hopena o ka holo ʻana o ka meaʻai, hāʻawi ka limu i kahi hopena pili i ka kaiapuni i kūpono i ka hoʻopukapuka pōkole no nā uku lōʻihi.

Flegel, T. a me Alday-Sanz, V. (2007, Iulai) Ka Pilikia o ka Aquaculture Shrimp Asia: Ke kūlana o kēia manawa a me nā pono e hiki mai ana. Journal of Applied Ichthyology. Hale Waihona Puke o Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1998.tb00654.x

Ma ka waena o ka makahiki 2000, ua ʻike ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻōpae i mahi mau ʻia ma ʻAsia i loaʻa i ka maʻi White-spot ma muli o ka nalowale ʻana o kekahi mau piliona kālā. ʻOiai e kamaʻilio ʻia ana kēia maʻi, hōʻike kēia hihia i ka hoʻoweliweli o ka maʻi i loko o ka ʻoihana iʻa. Pono ka neʻe ʻana i mua o ka hana noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, inā e lilo ka ʻoihana ʻoʻo i mea hoʻomau, e like me: ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻana i ka pale ʻoʻoʻa i ka maʻi; noiʻi hou i ka meaʻai; a me ka hoopau ana i na poino kaiapuni.

4. Nā Hana Hou o kēia wā a me nā ʻano hou o ka Iʻa

Boyd, C., D'Abramo, L., Glencross,B., David C. Huyben, D., Juarez, L., Lockwood, G., McNevin, A., Tacon, A., Teletchea, F., Tomasso Jr, J., Tucker, C., Valenti, W. (2020, Iune 24). Loaʻa i ka Aquaculture Hoʻomau: Nā hiʻohiʻona mōʻaukala a me kēia manawa a me nā pono a me nā pilikia e hiki mai ana. Nūpepa o ka World Aquaculture Society. Hale Waihona Puke o Wileyhttps://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12714

I loko o nā makahiki ʻelima i hala iho nei, ua hōʻemi ka ʻoihana Aquaculture i kona kapuaʻi kalapona ma o ka assimilation mālie o nā ʻōnaehana hana hou i hōʻemi i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ke kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo, hoʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai maʻemaʻe o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i hana ʻia, hoʻomaikaʻi i nā hana hoʻokele hānai, a lawe i nā hana mahiʻai hou. Hōʻike kēia haʻawina ʻoiai ke ʻike mau nei ka ʻiʻa i kekahi pōʻino kaiapuni, ke neʻe nei ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa i kahi ʻoihana hoʻomau.

Turchini, G., Jesse T. Trushenski, J., a me Glencross, B. (2018, September 15). Nā Manaʻo no ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka Aquaculture Nutrition: Realigning Perspectives to Reflect Contemporary Issues Related to Judicious Use of Marine Resources in Aquafeeds. ʻAhahui lawaiʻa ʻAmelika. https://doi.org/10.1002/naaq.10067 https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/naaq.10067

I loko o nā makahiki he nui i hala iho nei, ua holomua nui ka poʻe noiʻi i ka noiʻi ʻai meaʻai a me nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kai e hoʻomau mau ʻia e hōʻemi i ka hoʻomau. Pono ka hoʻolālā noiʻi holoʻokoʻa—e pili ana i nā pono o ka ʻoihana a me ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā meaʻai a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui—no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka holomua o ka wā e hiki mai ana i ka meaʻai iʻa.

Buck, B., Troell, M., Krause, G., Angel, D., Grote, B., a me Chopin, T. (2018, Mei 15). Mokuʻāina o ka Noʻeau a me nā Luʻi no Offshore Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA). Nā palena i ka ʻepekema moana. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00165

Ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei ka poʻe kākau o kēia pepa ʻo ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i nā ʻoihana iʻa i ke kai ākea a mamao aku i nā kaiaola kokoke i kahakai e kōkua i ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka hana ʻai kai. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia haʻawina i kāna hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā ʻenehana iʻa iʻa i kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka iʻa iʻa multi-trophic i hoʻohui ʻia kahi i mahi ʻia ai kekahi mau ʻano (e like me ka finfish, oysters, sea cucumbers, a me kelp) e hana i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻohuihui. Eia nō naʻe, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka iʻa i waho o ke kai hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ke kaiapuni a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokele waiwai.

Duarte, C., Wu, J., Xiao, X., Bruhn, A., Krause-Jensen, D. (2017). Hiki i ka mahiʻai limu ke hana i kahi kuleana i ka hoʻololi a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau? Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol. 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00100

ʻAʻole ʻo ka ʻiʻa kai limu ka mea ulu wikiwiki loa o ka hana meaʻai honua akā he ʻoihana hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ke aniau a me nā ana hoʻololi. Hiki i ka ʻiʻa kai limu ke hana ma ke ʻano he kalapona no ka hana ʻana i ka biofuel, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka lepo ma o ka hana ʻana ma ke ʻano he pani i nā mea hoʻohuihui hoʻohaumia hou aʻe, a hoʻomāmā i ka ikehu nalu e pale aku i nā kahakai. Eia nō naʻe, ua kaupalena ʻia ka ʻoihana iʻa limu i kēia manawa ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā wahi kūpono a me ka hoʻokūkū no nā wahi kūpono me nā mea hoʻohana ʻē aʻe, nā ʻōnaehana ʻenekinia hiki ke hoʻokō i nā kūlana paʻakikī ma waho, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka noi ma ka mākeke no nā huahana limu, a me nā kumu ʻē aʻe.

5. Ka Aquaculture and Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Justice

FAO. 2018. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 – Hoʻokō i nā pahuhopu hoʻomohala hoʻomau. Roma. Laikini: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. http://www.fao.org/3/i9540en/i9540en.pdf

ʻO ka United Nations '2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals e ʻae i ka nānā ʻana i nā lawaiʻa a me ka iʻa iʻa e kālele ana i ka palekana meaʻai, ka meaʻai, ka hoʻohana mau ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe, a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā ʻoihana waiwai, pilikanaka, a me ke kaiapuni. ʻOiai ʻaneʻane ʻelima mau makahiki o ka hōʻike, ʻo kona manaʻo nui i ka hoʻokele waiwai e pili ana i nā kuleana no ka hoʻomohala kaulike a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana e pili nui ana i kēia mau lā.

6. Nā kānāwai a me nā kānāwai e pili ana i ka iʻa

ʻO ka hoʻokele moana a me ka lewa aupuni. (2022). Alakaʻi no ka ʻae ʻana i ka Aquaculture Marine ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. 'Oihana Kalepa, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/2022-02/Guide-Permitting-Marine-Aquaculture-United-States-2022.pdf

Ua hoʻomohala ka National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration i alakaʻi no ka poʻe hoihoi i nā kulekele aʻoaʻo a me ka ʻae ʻana o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Hoʻolālā ʻia kēia alakaʻi no nā poʻe makemake e noi i nā ʻae iʻa a me ka poʻe makemake e aʻo hou e pili ana i ke kaʻina ʻae me nā mea noi nui. ʻOiai ʻaʻole piha ka palapala, loaʻa iā ia kahi papa inoa o nā kulekele ʻae ʻia e ka mokuʻāina a me ka mokuʻāina no ka pūpū, ka iʻa, a me ka limu.

Keena Hooko o ka Peresidena. (2020, Mei 7). Kauoha Hooko o US 13921, Hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hoʻokūkū ʻai kai ʻAmelika a me ka ulu waiwai.

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2020, ua kau inoa ʻo Pelekikena Biden iā EO 13921 o Mei 7, 2020, e hoʻolaʻa hou i ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa US. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ka pauku 6 e wehewehe i ʻekolu mau kumu no ka ʻae ʻana i ka iʻa:

aia i loko o ka EEZ a ma waho o nā wai o kekahi Moku'āina a Teritori paha,
koi i ka loiloi kaiapuni a i ʻole ka ʻae ʻia e ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha (federal), a
ua hoʻoholo ke keʻena e lilo i keʻena alakaʻi e hoʻomākaukau i kahi ʻōlelo hoʻopono kūlohelohe (EIS).

Ua manaʻo ʻia kēia mau pae hoʻohālikelike e hāpai i kahi ʻoihana iʻa iʻa hoʻokūkū ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma loko o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, kau i ka meaʻai palekana a olakino ma nā papa ʻAmelika, a kōkua i ka hoʻokele waiwai o ʻAmelika. Hoʻoponopono pū kēia kauoha hoʻokō i nā pilikia me ka lawaiʻa hewa ʻole, hōʻike ʻole ʻia, a hoʻoponopono ʻole ʻia, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻike.

FAO. 2017. Puke Punawai Mahiai Naauao Climate-Smart Fisheries and Aquaculture. Roma.http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/production-resources/module-b4-fisheries/b4-overview/en/

Ua hoʻokumu ka Food and Agriculture Organization i puke kumu no ka "hoʻopuka hou aku i ka manaʻo o ka mahiʻai akamai i ka aniau" me kona hiki a me nā palena no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā hopena o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau. He mea maikaʻi loa kēia kumu no ka poʻe hana kulekele ma nā pae ʻāina a me nā pae ʻāina.

KANAWAI AQUACULTURE NATIONAL OF 1980 Act of September 26, 1980, Public Law 96-362, 94 Stat. 1198, 16 USC 2801, a pela aku. https://www.agriculture.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/National%20Aquaculture%20Act%20Of%201980.pdf

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā kulekele ʻAmelika e pili ana i ka Aquaculture i ka National Aquaculture Act o 1980. Ua koi kēia kānāwai i ka 'Oihana Mahiai, Keʻena Kalepa, ke Keʻena Kalaiaina, a me nā ʻAha Hoʻokele lawaiʻa kūloko e hoʻokumu i kahi National Aquaculture Development. Hoʻolālā. Ua koi ke kānāwai i ka hoʻolālā e ʻike i nā ʻano wai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku, hoʻonohonoho i nā hana i manaʻo ʻia e hana ʻia e nā mea hana pilikino a me ka lehulehu e hāpai i ka ʻiʻa a me ka noiʻi ʻana i nā hopena o ka iʻa iʻa ma ka estuarine a me ke kaiaola kai. Ua hoʻokumu pū ʻo ia i ka Interagency Working Group on Aquaculture ma ke ʻano he hoʻonohonoho ʻoihana e ʻae ai i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana ma waena o nā keʻena federal US ma nā hana pili i ka iʻa. ʻO ka mana hou o ka papahana, ka ʻO ka hoʻolālā hoʻolālā aupuni no ka noiʻi ʻana i ka iʻa federal (2014-2019), ua hana ʻia e ka National Science and Technology Council Committee on Science Interagency Working Group on Aquaculture.

7. Nā kumuwaiwai hou aku

Ua hana ka National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration i kekahi mau pepa ʻoiaʻiʻo e pili ana i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka Aquaculture ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Aia nā pepa ʻoiaʻiʻo e pili ana i kēia ʻaoʻao noiʻi: Ka I'a a me ke Kaiapuni, Hāʻawi ka Aquaculture i nā lawelawe kaiaola pono, Kūleʻa Kūleʻa a me ka Aquaculture, Kokua Poino no ka lawaia, Aquaculture moana ma US, Hiki i nā pilikia o ka pakele ʻana i ka iʻa, Hooponopono o ka Aquaculture Marine, a Nā meaʻai iʻa a me nā meaʻai iʻa.

Nā Pepa Keʻokeʻo na The Ocean Foundation:

HOI I KA NOIHANA

kokoke

Hoʻohana mākou i nā kuki i mea e hāʻawi aku ai iā ʻoe i ka ʻike kūpono maikaʻi loa ma kā mākou pūnaewele. Ma ka hoʻomau ʻana e hoʻohana i kēia pūnaewele, ʻae ʻoe i kā mākou hoʻohana ʻana i nā kuki.

ʻae

Heluhelu…

ʻO ka Aquaculture hoʻomau

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