Deep Seabed Mining
Rov qab mus rau kev tshawb fawb
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Qhov twg Yuav Pib Kawm Txog Deep Seabed Mining (DSM)
3. Dej Hiav Txwv Mining qhov hem rau ib puag ncig
4. International Seabed Authority Kev txiav txim siab
5. Kev Sib Tw Hauv Dej Hiav Txwv thiab Kev Sib Tw, Kev Ncaj Ncees, Kev Sib Koom, thiab Kev Ncaj Ncees
6. Kev xav txog kev lag luam thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob
7. Kev them nyiaj, ESG kev txiav txim siab, thiab Kev txhawj xeeb ntawm Greenwashing
8. Kev txiav txim siab txog kev lav phib xaub thiab kev them nyiaj
9. Dej hiav txwv tob mining thiab underwater kab lis kev cai cuab yeej cuab tam
10. Daim ntawv tso cai Social (Moratorium Calls, Governmental Prohibition, and Indigenous Commentary)
Tsis ntev los no Posts about DSM
Puas tseem nrov? Kev tawm tsam, Cov Suab Hauv Hauv Paus, thiab Kev Lag Luam Case rau DSM ntawm Lub Peb Hlis 2024 ISA Cov Rooj Sib Tham
Pab Pawg Dej Hiav Txwv Foundation's Deep Seabed Mining (DSM) pab pawg zoo siab tau koom nrog cov rooj sib tham ntawm International Seabed Authority (ISA) hauv Kingston, Jamaica. Kev sib tham txuas ntxiv mus, thiab txawm hais tias kev koom tes tsis tu ncua, cov kev cai tseem nyob deb ntawm kev ua tiav, nrog cov kev xav sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thaiv kev pom zoo ntawm cov teeb meem tseem ceeb.
Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Tshiab: Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam rau Kev Ua Lag Luam Hauv Dej Hiav Txwv - Nyuaj heev thiab tsis muaj pov thawj - Tsis ntxiv
Daim ntawv tshaj tawm pom tias extracting nodules lodged nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv pem teb yog rife nrog kev cov nyom thiab overlooks sawv ntawm nrhav tshiab uas yuav tshem tawm kev xav tau rau kev sib sib zog nqus-seabed mining; ceeb toom cov tub ua lag luam xav tias…
Tsis muaj Mining Kaum Ib Hlis: Ocean Foundation's ISA Council Check-In
Lub International Seabed Authority lub rooj sib tham thib peb uas muaj nyob rau hauv Kingston, Jamaica tau kaw lub lim tiam dhau los nrog cov kiv cua me me thiab kev txiav txim siab tsawg dua. Lub Koom Haum Dej Hiav Txwv tau koom nrog cov rooj sib tham thib peb rau xyoo no, txuas ntxiv hais lus nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm peb lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb.
1. Introduction
Deep Seabed Mining yog dab tsi?
Deep seabed mining (DSM) yog kev lag luam muaj peev xwm ua lag luam uas tab tom sim mine mineral deposits los ntawm seafloor, nyob rau hauv kev cia siab ntawm extracting lag luam tseem ceeb minerals xws li manganese, tooj liab, cobalt, zinc, thiab tsawg ntiaj teb hlau. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev khawb no tau tsim los rhuav tshem kev vam meej thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ecosystem uas muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm biodiversity: dej hiav txwv tob.
Cov pob zeb hauv av ntawm cov paj tau pom nyob rau hauv peb qhov chaw nyob ntawm ntug hiav txwv: qhov tob tob, seamounts, thiab hydrothermal vents. Abyssal plains yog qhov dav dav ntawm cov dej hiav txwv tob hauv pem teb uas npog hauv cov xuab zeb thiab cov pob zeb hauv av, tseem hu ua polymetallic nodules. Cov no yog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm DSM tam sim no, nrog rau kev tsom mus rau Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ): thaj tsam ntawm abyssal plains dav li ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, nyob hauv dej thoob ntiaj teb thiab hla ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv sab hnub poob ntawm Mexico mus rau nruab nrab ntawm Dej hiav txwv Pacific, sab qab teb ntawm Hawaii Islands.
Yuav Ua Li Cas Dej Hiav Txwv Mining Ua Haujlwm?
Kev lag luam DSM tsis tau pib, tab sis ntau lub tuam txhab sim ua kom nws muaj tseeb. Tam sim no cov txheej txheem ntawm nodule mining suav nrog kev xa tawm ntawm ib lub tsheb mining, feem ntau yog lub tshuab loj heev zoo li lub tsheb laij teb siab peb-zaj, mus rau hauv hiav txwv. Ib zaug nyob rau hauv lub seabed, lub tsheb yuav nqus cov saum toj kawg nkaus plaub ntiv tes ntawm seabed, xa cov sediment, pob zeb, crushed tsiaj, thiab nodules mus rau lub nkoj tos nyob rau saum npoo. Nyob rau hauv lub nkoj, cov zaub mov raug txheeb xyuas thiab cov dej khib nyiab seem ntawm cov pob zeb, dej, thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm raug xa rov qab mus rau dej hiav txwv los ntawm kev tso dej tawm.
DSM tau cia siab tias yuav cuam tshuam rau txhua theem ntawm dej hiav txwv, los ntawm cov khib nyiab pov tseg rau hauv nruab nrab kem mus rau lub cev mining thiab churning ntawm dej hiav txwv pem teb. Kuj tseem muaj kev pheej hmoo los ntawm cov khoom muaj kuab lom (slurry = kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom ntom ntom) cov dej pov tseg rau saum dej hiav txwv.
Yuav ua li cas Deep Seabed Mining muaj kev hem thawj rau ib puag ncig?
Me ntsis paub txog qhov chaw nyob thiab ecosystem ntawm lub hiav txwv tob. Yog li, ua ntej qhov kev ntsuam xyuas qhov cuam tshuam zoo tuaj yeem ua tiav, thawj zaug yuav tsum tau sau cov ntaub ntawv hauv paus nrog rau kev soj ntsuam thiab daim ntawv qhia. Txawm tias tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv no, cov cuab yeej yuav koom nrog kev khawb hauv qab hiav txwv, ua rau cov av qeeg hauv cov kab dej thiab tom qab ntawd rov mus rau thaj chaw ib puag ncig. Kev tshem tawm hauv av dej hiav txwv kom tshem tawm cov nodules yuav rhuav tshem cov chaw nyob hauv hiav txwv tob ntawm cov tsiaj nyob hauv hiav txwv thiab cov cuab yeej cuab tam hauv cheeb tsam. Peb paub tias cov dej hiav txwv sib sib zog nqus muaj lub neej hauv hiav txwv uas tej zaum yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb. Qee yam ntawm cov tsiaj no tshwj xeeb yog yoog rau qhov tsis muaj hnub ci thiab qhov kub siab ntawm cov dej sib sib zog nqus yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim cov tshuaj, cov iav tiv thaiv, thiab lwm yam kev siv tseem ceeb. Muaj tsuas yog tsis txaus paub txog cov tsiaj no, lawv qhov chaw nyob, thiab cov ecosystems uas muaj feem xyuam los tsim kom muaj lub hauv paus tsim nyog los ntawm qhov uas yuav muaj kev ntsuam xyuas ib puag ncig kom zoo, tsawg dua tsim kev ntsuas los tiv thaiv lawv thiab saib xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev tsuas.
Lub seabed tsis yog thaj tsam ntawm dej hiav txwv nkaus xwb uas yuav hnov qhov cuam tshuam ntawm DSM. Sediment plumes (tseem hu ua plua plav plua plav hauv qab dej), nrog rau lub suab nrov thiab lub teeb paug, yuav cuam tshuam ntau ntawm cov dej. Sediment plumes, ob qho tib si los ntawm cov neeg sau thiab cov dej khib nyiab tom qab rho tawm, tuaj yeem kis tau 1,400 kilometers nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Cov dej khib nyiab uas muaj cov hlau thiab cov co toxins tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau midwater ecosystems suav nrog kev nuv ntses thiab nqaij nruab deg. Raws li tau hais los saum no, cov txheej txheem mining yuav xa rov qab cov slurry ntawm sediment, ua cov neeg ua haujlwm, thiab dej mus rau dej hiav txwv. Tsis tshua muaj kev paub txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov slurry ntawm ib puag ncig, suav nrog: cov hlau thiab cov khoom ua haujlwm dab tsi yuav raug muab sib xyaw rau hauv slurry yog tias cov slurry yuav muaj tshuaj lom, thiab dab tsi yuav tshwm sim rau ntau yam ntawm cov tsiaj hauv hiav txwv uas tuaj yeem raug rau lub slurry. plums.
Kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yog xav tau kom nkag siab txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov slurry no nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig hiav txwv sib sib zog nqus. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov teebmeem ntawm lub tsheb collector tsis paub. Kev simulation ntawm seabed mining tau ua tawm ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Peru hauv xyoo 1980s thiab thaum lub xaib tau rov mus xyuas xyoo 2020, lub xaib tsis pom muaj pov thawj ntawm kev rov qab los. Yog li txhua qhov kev cuam tshuam zoo li yuav muaj qhov tshwm sim ntev ib puag ncig.
Tseem muaj Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) muaj kev pheej hmoo. Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no qhia tau hais tias muaj ntau yam cuab yeej cuab tam underwater nyob rau hauv Dej Hiav Txwv Pacific thiab nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam mining, suav nrog cov khoom qub thiab ib puag ncig ntuj cuam tshuam txog cov cuab yeej cuab tam hauv paus txawm, Manila Galleon kev lag luam, thiab Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II. Kev tsim kho tshiab rau seabed mining suav nrog kev qhia txog kev txawj ntse uas siv los txheeb xyuas cov zaub mov. AI tseem tsis tau kawm kom paub meej qhov chaw ntawm keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai tseem ceeb uas tuaj yeem ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH). Qhov no yog qhov teeb meem tshwj xeeb yog xav txog qhov kev lees paub ntawm UCH thiab Middle Passage thiab qhov ua tau tias UCH cov chaw yuav raug puas tsuaj ua ntej lawv raug tshawb pom. Txhua qhov chaw keeb kwm lossis kab lis kev cai tau ntes tau nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm cov tshuab mining no yuav zoo ib yam li raug rhuav tshem.
Cov neeg muab tswv yim
Ntau lub koom haum loj hlob tam sim no ua haujlwm los tawm tswv yim rau kev tiv thaiv dej hiav txwv tob.Cov Dej Hiav Txwv Conservation Coalition (ntawm cov dej hiav txwv Foundation yog ib tug tswv cuab) txais yuav ib tug tag nrho stance ntawm kev cog lus rau lub Precautionary Principple thiab hais lus nyob rau hauv modulated tones. Lub Hiav Txwv Foundation yog ib lub tswv yim nyiaj txiag ntawm lub Dej Hiav Txwv Mining Campaign (DSMC), ib qhov project uas tsom mus rau qhov yuav cuam tshuam ntawm DSM rau marine thiab ntug hiav txwv ecosystems thiab cov zej zog. Kev sib tham ntxiv ntawm cov players tseem ceeb tuaj yeem pom ntawm no.
Rov qab mus rau sab saum toj
2. Qhov twg Yuav Pib Kawm Txog Deep Seabed Mining (DSM)
Environmental Justice Foundation. Mus rau qhov abyss: Yuav ua li cas maj mus rau qhov tob hauv hiav txwv mining hem tib neeg thiab peb ntiaj chaw. (2023). Tau txais los ntawm Lub Ob Hlis 14, 2023 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpJL_1EzAts
Environmental Justice Foundation. (2023, Lub Peb Hlis 7). Mus rau qhov abyss: Yuav ua li cas maj mus rau qhov tob hauv hiav txwv mining hem tib neeg thiab peb ntiaj chaw. Environmental Justice Foundation. Tau txais los ntawm Lub Ob Hlis 14, 2023 https://ejfoundation.org/reports/towards-the-abyss-deep-sea-mining
Daim ntawv tshaj tawm kev tshaj tawm los ntawm Environmental Justice Foundation, nrog rau cov yeeb yaj kiab saum toj no, qhia txog qhov kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv tau ua rau puas tsuaj rau cov dej hiav txwv tshwj xeeb.
IUCN (2022). Cov teeb meem luv luv: Kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv mining. Lub koom haum International for Conservation of Nature. https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/deep-sea-mining
Daim ntawv tshaj tawm luv luv ntawm DSM, cov txheej txheem tam sim no tau npaj tseg, thaj tsam ntawm kev siv nyiaj txaus siab nrog rau cov lus piav qhia ntawm peb qhov kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig, suav nrog kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntug hiav txwv dej, cov av qeeg, thiab cov pa phem. Cov lus luv luv ntxiv suav nrog cov lus pom zoo los tiv thaiv thaj av no, suav nrog kev ncua sij hawm raws li txoj cai ceev faj.
Imbler, S., & Corum, J. (2022, Lub Yim Hli 29). Deep-sea riches: Mining ib thaj chaw deb. Cov New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/08/
29/world/deep-sea-riches-mining-nodules.html
Qhov kev sib tham sib tshooj no qhia txog kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv biodiversity thiab kev xav tau los ntawm kev ua dej hiav txwv tob. Nws yog ib qho khoom siv zoo heev los pab kom nkag siab ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov dej hiav txwv ib puag ncig yuav cuam tshuam los ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv rau cov neeg tshiab rau qhov kev kawm.
Amon, DJ, Levin, LA, Metaxas, A., Mudd, GM, Smith, CR (2022, Lub Peb Hlis 18) Taug kev mus rau qhov tob kawg yam tsis paub ua luam dej: Peb puas xav tau kev lag luam hauv dej tob? Ib Lub Ntiaj Teb. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.02.013
Cov lus tawm tswv yim los ntawm ib pawg kws tshawb fawb txog lwm txoj hauv kev los daws qhov kev hloov pauv huab cua yam tsis tau siv rau DSM. Daim ntawv tsis lees paub qhov kev sib cav tias DSM yog qhov xav tau rau kev hloov pauv hluav taws xob txuas ntxiv thiab roj teeb, txhawb kev hloov pauv mus rau kev lag luam ncig. Kev cai lij choj thoob ntiaj teb tam sim no thiab txoj hauv kev raug cai rau pem hauv ntej kuj tau tham txog.
DSM Kev Sib Tw (2022, Lub Kaum Hli 14). Blue Peril lub vev xaib. Video. https://dsm-campaign.org/blue-peril.
Luick, J. (2022, Lub Yim Hli). Technical Note: Oceanographic Modeling ntawm Benthic thiab Midwater Plumes Predicted rau Deep Mining Planned los ntawm Lub Tuam Txhab Hlau nyob rau hauv Clarion Clipperton Zone ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Pacific, https://dsm-campaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Blue-Peril-Technical-Paper.pdf
Daim ntawv ceeb toom los ntawm Blue Peril Project, nrog rau Blue Peril luv zaj duab xis. Daim ntawv no piav qhia txog kev tshawb fawb thiab qauv siv los simulate cov mining plumes pom hauv Blue Peril zaj duab xis.
GEM. (2021). Pacific Community, Geoscience, Zog thiab Maritime Division. https://gem.spc.int
Lub Secretariat ntawm Pacific Community, Geoscience, Zog, thiab Maritime Division muab ib qho zoo heev array ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas synthesize geological, dej hiav txwv, economic, kev cai lij choj, thiab ecological yam ntawm SBM. Cov ntawv yog cov khoom lag luam ntawm European Union / Pacific Community koom ua lag luam.
Leal Filho, W.; Abubakar, IR; Neeb, C.; Plab, J.; Ozuyar, PG; Xav, M.; Nagy, GJ; Al-Amin, AQ; Hunt, JD; Li, C. Deep Seabed Mining: Ib Daim Ntawv Ceeb Toom Txog Qee Yam Muaj Peev Xwm thiab Kev pheej hmoo rau cov Mineral Sustainable Extraction los ntawm Oceans. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 521 ib. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050521
Kev tshuaj xyuas tag nrho ntawm DSM cov ntaub ntawv tam sim no saib txog kev pheej hmoo, kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig, thiab cov lus nug raug cai mus txog thaum luam tawm ntawm daim ntawv. Daim ntawv nthuav tawm ob qhov kev tshawb fawb txog kev pheej hmoo ib puag ncig thiab txhawb kev tshawb fawb thiab kev saib xyuas ntawm kev lag luam mining.
Miller, K., Thompson, K., Johnson, P. thiab Santillo, D. (2018, Lub Ib Hlis 10). Ib qho kev nthuav dav ntawm Seabed Mining suav nrog lub xeev tam sim no ntawm kev txhim kho, kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig, thiab kev paub tsis meej Frontiers hauv Marine Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00418
Txij li thaum nruab nrab xyoo 2010s, tau muaj kev rov qab los ntawm kev txaus siab hauv seabed ntxhia peev txheej tshawb nrhiav thiab rho tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau lub cheeb tsam uas tau txheeb xyuas rau yav tom ntej seabed mining twb tau lees paub tias yog cov chaw tsis muaj zog marine ecosystems. Niaj hnub no, qee qhov kev ua haujlwm hauv dej hiav txwv twb tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv thaj chaw sab av loj ntawm cov teb chaws-xeev, feem ntau nyob rau hauv qhov tob tob, thiab nrog rau lwm tus nyob rau theem siab ntawm kev npaj. Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no suav nrog: lub xeev tam sim no ntawm DSM kev txhim kho, muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig, thiab qhov tsis paub tseeb thiab qhov tsis sib xws hauv kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb thiab kev nkag siab uas ua rau cov hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab cov kev ntsuas cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb rau cov dej hiav txwv tob. Thaum tsab xov xwm tam sim no muaj hnub nyoog peb xyoos, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshuaj xyuas ntawm keeb kwm DSM cov cai thiab hais txog qhov kev thawb niaj hnub rau DSM.
IUCN. (2018, Lub Xya Hli). Cov teeb meem luv luv: Deep-Sea Mining. International Union for Conservation of Nature. PDF. https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/deep-sea_mining_issues_brief.pdf
Raws li lub ntiaj teb ntsib depleting terrestrial deposits ntawm minerals ntau tab tom nrhiav mus rau lub hiav txwv tob rau qhov chaw tshiab. Txawm li cas los xij, kev khawb av hauv av thiab cov pa phem los ntawm cov txheej txheem mining tuaj yeem tshem tawm tag nrho cov tsiaj thiab ua rau lub hiav txwv hauv av puas tsuaj rau ntau xyoo - yog tias tsis ntev dua. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm hu rau ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb hauv paus, kev ntsuam xyuas kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig, txhim kho kev tswj hwm, thiab kev txhim kho cov thev naus laus zis tshiab uas txo qis kev puas tsuaj rau ib puag ncig los ntawm seabed mining.
Cuyvers, L. Berry, W., Gjerde, K., Thiele, T. and Wilhem, C. (2018). Kev sib sib zog nqus seabed mining: ib qho kev sib tw ib puag ncig. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN thiab Gallifrey Foundation. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.16.en. PDF. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/ files/documents/2018-029-En.pdf
Cov dej hiav txwv muaj ntau qhov kev nplua nuj ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av, qee qhov muaj qhov tshwj xeeb heev. Kev txwv kev cai lij choj nyob rau xyoo 1970 thiab 1980s cuam tshuam txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv mining, tab sis dhau sij hawm ntau ntawm cov lus nug raug cai tau hais los ntawm International Seabed Authority tso cai rau muaj kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv tob. IUCN tsab ntawv ceeb toom qhia txog cov kev sib tham tam sim no nyob ib puag ncig nws txoj kev loj hlob ntawm seabed mining kev lag luam.
MIDAS. (2016). Tswj cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev siv dej hiav txwv tob. European Union Lub Xya Hli Txoj Haujlwm Pabcuam rau kev tshawb fawb, kev tsim kho thev naus laus zis thiab kev ua qauv qhia, Daim Ntawv Pom Zoo Pom Zoo No. 603418. MIDAS tau koom tes los ntawm Seascape Consultants Ltd. http://www.eu-midas.net/
Qhov zoo-endowed EU-sponsored Managing Impacts of Deep-seA reSource exploitation (MIDAS) Txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm los ntawm 2013-2016 yog kev tshawb fawb ntau yam kev tshawb fawb txog kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig ntawm kev rho tawm cov ntxhia thiab lub zog los ntawm ib puag ncig hiav txwv tob. Thaum MIDAS tsis ua haujlwm lawm lawv cov kev tshawb fawb yog cov ntaub ntawv ntau.
Center for Biological Diversity. (2013). Deep-Hiav txwv Mining FAQ. Center for Biological Diversity.
Thaum Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv (Center for Biological Diversity) tau foob foob rau Tebchaws Meskas cov ntawv tso cai rau kev tshawb nrhiav mining lawv kuj tau tsim peb nplooj ntawv ntawm cov lus nug nquag nug txog Dej Hiav Txwv Mining. Cov lus nug suav nrog: Ntau npaum li cas cov hlau sib sib zog nqus muaj nqis? (kwv yees $ 150 trillion), Puas yog DSM zoo ib yam li strip mining? (Yog). Tsis yog qhov dej hiav txwv tob ua kom desolate thiab tsis muaj txoj sia? (Tsis muaj). Thov nco ntsoov cov lus teb ntawm nplooj ntawv yog qhov tob tob thiab zoo tshaj plaws rau cov neeg tuaj saib nrhiav cov lus teb rau cov teeb meem nyuaj ntawm DSM nteg tawm hauv txoj hauv kev yooj yim to taub yam tsis muaj keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb. Xav paub ntau ntxiv ntawm qhov kev foob nws tus kheej tuaj yeem pom no.
Rov qab mus rau sab saum toj
3. Dej Hiav Txwv Mining qhov hem rau ib puag ncig
Thompson, KF, Miller, KA, Wacker, J., Derville, S., Laing, C., Santillo, D., & Johnston, P. (2023). Kev soj ntsuam ceev yuav tsum tau los soj ntsuam cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cetaceans los ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv. Frontiers hauv Marine Science, 10, 1095930. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1095930
Kev ua haujlwm hauv Hiav Txwv Sib Nqus Mining tuaj yeem nthuav tawm qhov kev pheej hmoo tseem ceeb thiab thim rov qab tsis tau rau thaj chaw ib puag ncig, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov tsiaj hauv hiav txwv. Lub suab tsim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsuas, uas tau npaj yuav txuas ntxiv 24 teev hauv ib hnub ntawm qhov sib txawv, sib tshooj nrog cov zaus uas cetaceans sib txuas lus. Cov tuam txhab mining npaj yuav ua haujlwm hauv thaj chaw Clarion-Clipperton, uas yog qhov chaw nyob rau ntau tus cetaceans suav nrog ob qho tib si baleen thiab toothed whales. Kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yog xav tau los txiav txim qhov cuam tshuam rau cov tsiaj hauv hiav txwv ua ntej kev lag luam DSM pib. Cov kws sau ntawv sau tseg tias qhov no yog ib qho ntawm thawj cov kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb txog qhov cuam tshuam no, thiab txhawb kom xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv ntawm DSM suab nrov ntawm whales thiab lwm yam cetaceans.
Hitchin, B., Smith, S., Kröger, K., Jones, D., Jaeckel, A., Mestre, N., Ardron, J., Escobar, E., van der Grient, J., & Amaro, T. (2023). Cov pib nyob rau hauv tob-seabed mining: Ib tug primer rau lawv txoj kev loj hlob. Tubrog nkoj txoj cai, 149, 105505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105505
Cov theem pib yuav tsim ib feem ntawm qhov tob hauv hiav txwv mining ib puag ncig kev soj ntsuam kev cai lij choj thiab kev cai. Ib qho chaw pib yog tus nqi, theem, lossis kev txwv ntawm qhov ntsuas ntsuas, tsim thiab siv los pab kom tsis txhob muaj kev hloov pauv tsis xav tau. Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig, ib qho kev txwv muab ib qho kev txwv uas, thaum mus txog, qhia tias qhov kev pheej hmoo yuav - lossis xav tias yuav - ua teeb meem lossis tsis nyab xeeb, lossis muab ceeb toom ntxov ntawm qhov tshwm sim. Ib qho chaw pib rau DSM yuav tsum yog SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound), qhia kom meej thiab nkag siab, tso cai rau kev tshawb nrhiav kev hloov pauv, cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev tswj hwm thiab cov hom phiaj ib puag ncig / lub hom phiaj, suav nrog kev ceev faj tsim nyog, muab rau kev ua raws cai / kev tswj hwm, thiab suav nrog.
Carreiro-Silva, M., Martins, I., Riou, V., Raimundo, J., Caetano, M., Bettencourt, R., Rakka, M., Cerqueira, T., Godinho, A., Morato, T. ., & Colaço, A. (2022). Mechanical thiab toxicological teebmeem ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv mining sediment plumes ntawm qhov chaw nyob-ua dej txias-dej octocoral. Frontiers hauv Marine Science, 9, 915650. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.915650
Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev tshem tawm cov khib nyiab los ntawm DSM ntawm cov dej txias corals, txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov toxicological ntawm cov sediment. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau sim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm corals kom raug sulfide hais thiab quartz. Lawv pom tias tom qab lub sijhawm ntev, cov corals tau ntsib kev nyuaj siab ntawm lub cev thiab cov metabolism hauv lub cev. Qhov rhiab heev ntawm cov corals rau sediments qhia qhov xav tau rau thaj chaw tiv thaiv dej hiav txwv, thaj chaw tsis muaj, lossis cov cheeb tsam uas tsis yog mining.
Amon, DJ, Gollner, S., Morato, T., Smith, CR, Chen, C., Christensen, S., Currie, B., Drazen, JC, TF, Gianni, M., et al. (2022). Kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov kev sib txawv ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntsig txog kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig zoo ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus hauv dej hiav txwv. Mar. Txoj Cai. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105006.
Txhawm rau kom nkag siab txog qhov chaw sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv thiab mining qhov cuam tshuam rau lub neej, cov kws sau ntawv ntawm txoj kev tshawb no tau ua ib qho kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov phooj ywg-saib cov ntaub ntawv ntawm DSM. Los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas ntau dua 300 tus neeg txheeb xyuas cov ntawv txij li xyoo 2010, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ntsuas thaj tsam ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb rau kev tswj xyuas pov thawj, pom tias tsuas yog 1.4% ntawm thaj chaw muaj kev paub txaus rau kev tswj hwm. Lawv sib cav hais tias kaw qhov kev sib txawv ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib sib zog nqus hauv dej hiav txwv yog ib txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua tiav lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb los tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj loj thiab ua kom muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo thiab yuav xav tau cov kev taw qhia meej, cov peev txheej loj, thiab kev sib koom tes thiab kev sib koom tes. Cov kws sau ntawv xaus lus tsab xov xwm los ntawm kev tshaj tawm cov phiaj xwm kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm cov dej num uas suav nrog kev txhais cov hom phiaj ib puag ncig, tsim kom muaj cov txheej txheem thoob ntiaj teb kom tsim tau cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, thiab muab cov ntaub ntawv uas twb muaj lawm los kaw qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb ua ntej kev siv los txiav txim siab.
van der Grient, J., & Drazen, J. (2022). Ntsuam xyuas cov zej zog hauv hiav txwv tob tob rau kev khawb cov plumes siv cov ntaub ntawv dej ntiav. Kev tshawb fawb ntawm Tag Nrho Ib puag ncig, 852, 158162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022. 158162.
Kev lag luam hauv hiav txwv tob tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau cov zej zog hauv hiav txwv tob los ntawm kev sau-tsheb thauj mus los thiab tso cov av hauv av. Raws li cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov dej ntiav ntiav, cov kev tshem tawm cov sediment concentrations yuav ua rau cov tsiaj ntshiv, ua rau lawv cov gills puas tsuaj, hloov lawv tus cwj pwm, nce kev tuag, txo cov tsiaj sib cuam tshuam, thiab tej zaum yuav ua rau cov tsiaj no kis tau cov hlau hauv dej hiav txwv tob. Vim tias qhov tsis tshua muaj ntuj tshem tawm sediment concentrations nyob rau hauv qhov chaw sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv, qhov me me ntawm cov sediment concentrations tuaj yeem ua rau mob hnyav. Cov kws sau ntawv pom tias qhov zoo sib xws ntawm hom thiab kev taw qhia ntawm cov tsiaj teb rau kev nce ntxiv cov sediment concentrations nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nyob hauv dej ntiav qhia tau hais tias cov lus teb zoo sib xws hauv cov chaw tsis muaj npe tuaj yeem xav tau, suav nrog hauv hiav txwv tob.
R. Williams, C. Erbe, A. Duncan, K. Nielsen, T. Washburn, C. Smith, Suab nrov los ntawm kev ua dej hiav txwv tob tuaj yeem hla thaj chaw dej hiav txwv loj, Science, 377 (2022), https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science. abo2804
Kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lub suab nrov los ntawm cov dej hiav txwv sib sib zog nqus mining kev ua ub no ntawm cov dej hiav txwv sib sib zog nqus.
TSI (2022). “Dab Tsiaj Dej Hiav Txwv Ua Dab Tsi rau Koj?” Deep Ocean Stewardship Initiative Policy Luv luv. https://www.dosi-project.org/wp-content/uploads/deep-ocean-ecosystem-services- brief.pdf
Ib txoj cai luv luv ntawm cov kev pabcuam ecosystem thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm dej hiav txwv noj qab haus huv nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov dej hiav txwv sib sib zog nqus ecosystems thiab anthropogenic cuam tshuam rau cov ecosystems.
Paulus E., (2021). Shedding Light on Deep-Hea Biodiversity—Ib qho chaw muaj kev phom sij heev nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm Anthropogenic Hloov, Frontiers hauv Marine Science, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.667048
Kev tshuaj xyuas cov txheej txheem rau kev txiav txim siab txog kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv thiab yuav ua li cas biodiversity yuav cuam tshuam los ntawm anthropogenic cuam tshuam xws li kev sib sib zog nqus seabed mining, overfishing, plastic pollution, thiab climate change.
Miller, KA; Brigden, K; Santillo, D; Currie, D; Johnston, P; Thompson, KF, (2021). Kev Sib Tw Cov Kev Xav Tau rau Kev Sib Tw Hauv Dej Hiav Txwv Los Ntawm Kev Pom Zoo Ntawm Cov Hlau Xav Tau, Biodiversity, Ecosystems Services, thiab Kev Pab Sib Koom Tes, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.706161.
Tau ntau xyoo dhau los, kev rho tawm cov zaub mov los ntawm cov dej hiav txwv ntawm cov dej hiav txwv tob yog qhov txaus siab rau cov tub ua lag luam thiab cov tuam txhab mining. Thiab txawm hais tias tsis muaj kev lag luam-qib sib sib zog nqus hauv dej hiav txwv mining tau tshwm sim muaj kev ntxhov siab rau cov pob zeb mining los ua kev sib cav txog kev lag luam. Tus sau phau ntawv no saib cov kev xav tau tiag tiag ntawm cov dej hiav txwv sib sib zog nqus, kev pheej hmoo rau biodiversity thiab ecosystem muaj nuj nqi thiab tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo sib luag rau cov zej zog thoob ntiaj teb tam sim no thiab rau cov tiam tom ntej.
Muñoz-Royo, C., Peacock, T., Alford, MH et al. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv nodule mining midwater plumes yog cuam tshuam los ntawm sediment loading, turbulence thiab thresholds. Lub Ntiaj Teb Ib puag ncig 2, 148 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00213-8
Deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining kev tshawb fawb kev ua haujlwm tau nce ntau nyob rau xyoo tas los no, tab sis qhov kev cia siab ntawm ib puag ncig kev cuam tshuam tseem raug tsim. Ib qho kev txhawj xeeb ntawm ib puag ncig yog qhov tso tawm ntawm cov av qeeg rau hauv cov kab nruab nrab. Peb tau ua ib qho kev kawm tshwj xeeb uas siv cov xuab zeb los ntawm Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone. Lub plume tau saib xyuas thiab taug qab siv ob qho tib si tsim thiab tshiab ntsuas, suav nrog kev ntsuas acoustic thiab turbulence. Peb cov kev tshawb fawb hauv teb qhia tau hais tias kev ua qauv tuaj yeem ntseeg tau tias cov cuab yeej ntawm cov dej ntws nruab nrab ntawm qhov chaw nyob ib puag ncig ntawm qhov tso tawm thiab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov sediment aggregation tsis tseem ceeb. Tus qauv plume yog siv los tsav tus lej simulation ntawm kev lag luam-teev lag luam hauv Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog tias qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm plume yog qhov tseem ceeb cuam tshuam los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm ib puag ncig kev lees paub theem pib, qhov kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm cov dej ntws tawm, thiab qhov tsis sib haum xeeb hauv Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone.
Muñoz-Royo, C., Peacock, T., Alford, MH et al. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv nodule mining midwater plumes yog cuam tshuam los ntawm sediment loading, turbulence thiab thresholds. Lub Ntiaj Teb Ib puag ncig 2, 148 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00213-8. PDF.
Kev tshawb fawb txog kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig ntawm sediment plumes los ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv polymetallic nodule mining. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua tiav qhov kev ntsuas kev tswj xyuas los txiav txim seb cov sediment nyob li cas thiab simulated cov av av av zoo ib yam li cov uas yuav tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm ua lag luam hauv hiav txwv tob. Lawv tau lees paub qhov kev ntseeg tau ntawm lawv cov qauv software thiab ua qauv ua lej simulation ntawm kev ua haujlwm mining.
Hallgren, UA; Hansson, A. Cov lus tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Mining. sustainability 2021, 13, 5261. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095261
Plaub cov lus piav qhia nyob ib puag ncig kev lag luam hauv hiav txwv sib sib zog nqus tau tshuaj xyuas thiab nthuav tawm, suav nrog: siv DSM rau kev hloov pauv mus ntev, kev sib faib nyiaj tau los, kev tshawb nrhiav qhov khoob, thiab tawm hauv cov zaub mov ib leeg. Cov kws sau ntawv lees paub tias thawj cov lus piav qhia yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv ntau qhov kev sib tham DSM thiab tsis sib haum xeeb nrog lwm cov lus piav qhia tam sim no, suav nrog kev tshawb nrhiav qhov khoob thiab tawm hauv cov zaub mov ib leeg. Tawm hauv cov zaub mov ib leeg yog qhov tseem ceeb raws li cov lus nug txog kev ncaj ncees thiab ib qho los pab txhawb kev nkag mus rau cov txheej txheem tswj hwm thiab kev sib tham.
van der Grient, JMA, thiab JC Drazen. "Puas muaj peev xwm sib tshuam ntawm High-Seas Fisheries thiab Deep-Hiav Txwv Mining hauv International Waters." Marine Policy, vol. 129 Lub Xya hli ntuj 2021, p. 104564. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104564.
Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tshuaj xyuas qhov sib tshooj ntawm DSM daim ntawv cog lus nrog tuna nuv ntses chaw nyob. Txoj kev tshawb no suav qhov kev cia siab tsis zoo ntawm DSM ntawm kev ntes ntses rau txhua RFMO hauv cheeb tsam nrog DSM daim ntawv cog lus. Cov kws sau ntawv ceeb toom tias mining plumes thiab tso tawm tuaj yeem cuam tshuam feem ntau cuam tshuam rau cov tebchaws Pacific Island.
de Jonge, DS, Stratmann, T., Lins, L., Vanreusel, A., Purser, A., Marcon, Y., Rodrigues, CF, Ravara, A., Esquete, P., Cunha, MR, Simon- Lledó, E., van Breugel, P., Sweetman, AK, Soetaert, K., & van Oevelen, D. (2020). Abyssal zaub mov-web qauv qhia faunal carbon flow recovery thiab impaired microbial voj 26 xyoo tom qab ib tug sediment cuam tshuam kev sim. Kev nce qib hauv Oceanography, 189, 102446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102446
Vim tias qhov kev xav tau yav tom ntej rau cov hlau tseem ceeb, abyssal plains them nrog polymetallic nodules yog tam sim no tab tom npaj rau kev tshawb fawb tob tob. Txhawm rau kom paub ntau ntxiv txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus hauv dej hiav txwv, cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm daim ntawv no tau saib qhov cuam tshuam mus ntev ntawm 'DISturbance thiab reCOLonization' (DISCOL) kev sim hauv Peru Basin uas pom qhov kev sim ntawm lub plow ntawm lub Hauv av hiav txwv hauv xyoo 1989. Cov kws sau ntawv tau nthuav tawm cov kev soj ntsuam ntawm lub vev xaib khoom noj khoom haus tau ua nyob rau ntawm peb qhov chaw sib txawv: hauv 26-xyoo-laus plaw lem (IPT, raug cuam tshuam ncaj qha los ntawm kev ploughing), sab nraum lub plough lem (OPT, raug teeb meem. ntawm resuspended sediment), thiab ntawm qhov chaw siv (REF, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam). Qhov kev tshawb pom tias ob qho tib si kwv yees tag nrho cov kab ke dhau los thiab cov kab mob microbial voj voog tau txo qis (los ntawm 16% thiab 35%, feem) hauv cov kab plow piv rau lwm qhov kev tswj hwm. Cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias cov khoom noj-web ua haujlwm, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub voj microbial, tsis tau rov qab los ntawm kev cuam tshuam uas tau ua rau hauv qhov chaw abyssal 26 xyoo dhau los.
Alberts, EC (2020, Lub Rau Hli 16) "Kev lag luam hauv hiav txwv tob: Kev daws ib puag ncig lossis kev puas tsuaj yuav tshwm sim?" Hmoob Xov Xwm. Tau txais los ntawm: https://news.mongabay.com/2020/06/deep-sea-mining-an-environmental-solution-or-impending-catastrophe/
Thaum lub hiav txwv sib sib zog nqus tsis tau pib nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, 16 thoob ntiaj teb mining tuam txhab uas muag muaj cov ntawv cog lus los tshawb nrhiav cov seabed rau cov ntxhia hauv Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ) nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Pacific Dej hiav txwv, thiab lwm lub tuam txhab muaj ntawv cog lus los tshawb nrhiav cov nodules. nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv Indian thiab Western Pacific Dej hiav txwv. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm tshiab los ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Dej Hiav Txwv Mining thiab Mining Watch Canada qhia tias polymetallic nodule mining yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau ecosystems, biodiversity, fisheries, thiab kev sib raug zoo thiab kev lag luam ntawm cov teb chaws Pacific Islands, thiab hais tias qhov kev mining no yuav tsum muaj kev ceev faj.
Chin, A., and Hari, K., (2020). Kev kwv yees txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev tsuas ntawm cov dej hiav txwv sib sib zog nqus polymetallic nodules nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv Pacific: Kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, Kev Sib Tw Dej Hiav Txwv Mining thiab MiningWatch Canada, 52 nplooj ntawv.
Kev lag luam hauv hiav txwv tob hauv Pacific yog qhov txaus siab rau cov tub ua lag luam, cov tuam txhab mining, thiab qee cov kob kev lag luam, txawm li cas los xij, me ntsis paub txog qhov tseeb ntawm DSM. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm txheeb xyuas ntau dua 250 tus phooj ywg txheeb xyuas cov ntawv tshawb fawb pom tias qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov mining sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv polymetallic nodules yuav dav, hnyav, thiab kav ntev mus rau tiam neeg, ua rau qhov tseem ceeb irreversible hom poob. Kev tshuaj xyuas pom tias kev khawb hauv hiav txwv tob yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj thiab kav ntev rau cov seabeds thiab yuav ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo loj rau cov dej hiav txwv ecosystem nrog rau kev nuv ntses, cov zej zog, thiab tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm Pacific Islanders mus rau dej hiav txwv tsis zoo rau hauv kev sib tham ntawm DSM thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kab lis kev cai tsis paub txog thaum cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam tseem muaj lus nug. Cov peev txheej no tau pom zoo rau txhua tus neeg tuaj saib nyiam DSM.
Drazen, JC, Smith, CR, Gjerde, KM, Haddock, SHD thiab al. (2020) Midwater ecosystems yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab thaum ntsuas ib puag ncig kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev ua dej hiav txwv tob. PNAS 117, 30, 17455-17460. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011914117. PDF.
Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv mining ntawm midwater ecosystems. Midwater ecosystems muaj 90% ntawm biosphere thiab ntses stocks rau kev lag luam nuv ntses thiab zaub mov kev ruaj ntseg. Tej yam tshwm sim ntawm DSM muaj xws li sediment plumes thiab tshuaj lom hlau nkag mus rau cov khoom noj khoom haus hauv thaj tsam mesopelagic dej hiav txwv. Cov kws tshawb fawb pom zoo kom txhim kho cov qauv hauv ib puag ncig kom suav nrog kev tshawb fawb midwater ecosystem.
Christiansen, B., Denda, A., & Christiansen, S. Tej yam tshwm sim ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus seabed mining rau pelagic thiab benthopelagic biota. Tubrog nkoj txoj cai 114, 103442 (2020).
Kev sib sib zog nqus hauv dej hiav txwv zoo li yuav cuam tshuam rau pelagic biota, tab sis qhov hnyav thiab nplai tseem tsis meej vim tsis muaj kev paub. Txoj kev tshawb no nthuav dav tshaj qhov kev kawm ntawm cov zej zog benthic (macroinvertibrates xws li crustaceans) thiab saib mus rau hauv kev paub tam sim no ntawm pelagic ib puag ncig (qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub hiav txwv saum npoo thiab saum hiav txwv hauv av) ceeb toom txog kev puas tsuaj rau cov tsiaj uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim, tab sis tsis tuaj yeem ua. kwv yees lub sijhawm no vim tsis muaj kev paub. Qhov tsis muaj kev paub no qhia tau hais tias yuav tsum muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntau ntxiv kom nkag siab zoo txog qhov cuam tshuam luv luv thiab ntev ntawm DSM ntawm thaj chaw dej hiav txwv.
Orcutt, IB, et al. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov dej hiav txwv tob hauv cov kev pabcuam microbial ecosystem. Limnology thiab Oceanography 65 (2020).
Kev kawm txog cov kev pabcuam ecosystem muab los ntawm microbial sib sib zog nqus hiav txwv cov zej zog nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus seabed mining thiab lwm yam anthropogenic cuam tshuam. Cov kws sau ntawv sib tham txog kev poob ntawm cov zej zog microbial ntawm hydrothermal vents, cov teebmeem ntawm cov pa roj carbon sequestration peev ntawm nodule teb, thiab qhia txog qhov xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv ntawm cov zej zog microbial hauv qab dej hiav txwv. Kev tshawb fawb ntxiv tau pom zoo los tsim kom muaj lub hauv paus biogeochemical rau cov kab mob ua ntej kev qhia txog kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv.
B. Gillard li al., Lub cev thiab hydrodynamic zog ntawm lub hiav txwv sib sib zog nqus mining-tsim, abyssal sediment plumes nyob rau hauv Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (sab hnub tuaj-central Pacific). Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 7, 5 (2019), https://online.ucpress.edu/elementa/article/ doi/10.1525/elementa.343/112485/Physical-and-hydrodynamic-properties-of-deep-sea
Ib qho kev tshawb fawb txog kev cuam tshuam anthropogenic ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv mining, siv cov qauv los tshuaj xyuas cov sediment plume paug. Cov kws tshawb fawb pom pom cov xwm txheej cuam tshuam txog kev tsim cov dej hauv av tsim cov av sib sau ua ke loj, lossis huab, uas tau nce hauv qhov loj nrog cov plume ntau dua. Lawv qhia tau hais tias cov sediment sai redeposits hauv zos mus rau thaj tsam cuam tshuam tshwj tsis yog tias nyuaj los ntawm dej hiav txwv tam sim no.
Cornwall, W. (2019). Cov roob uas muab zais rau hauv hiav txwv tob yog cov chaw kub kub. Puas yuav ua rau lawv puas tsuaj? Kev tshawb fawb. https://www.science.org/content/article/ mountains-hidden-deep-sea-are-biological-hot-spots-will-mining-ruin-them
Ib tsab xov xwm luv luv txog keeb kwm thiab kev paub tam sim no ntawm seamounts, yog ib qho ntawm peb qhov chaw nyob hauv hiav txwv sib sib zog nqus uas muaj kev pheej hmoo rau kev khawb hauv hiav txwv tob. Cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv kev tshawb fawb txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev mining ntawm seamounts tau ua rau muaj kev tshawb fawb tshiab thiab kev tshawb nrhiav, tab sis cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib txawv ntawm cov seamounts tseem tsis tau kawm. Cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom ua haujlwm los tiv thaiv seamounts rau kev tshawb fawb. Ntses trawling twb tau ua phem rau biodiversity ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntiav dej hiav txwv los ntawm kev tshem cov coral, thiab cov cuab yeej mining yuav tsum ua rau qhov teeb meem loj dua.
Pew Charitable Trusts (2019). Dej Hiav Txwv Mining ntawm Hydrothermal Vents hem Biodiversity. Lub Pew Charitable Trusts. PDF
Daim ntawv qhia tseeb qhia txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus hauv hiav txwv mining ntawm hydrothermal vents, ib qho ntawm peb qhov chaw nyob hauv qab dej tau raug hem los ntawm kev lag luam hauv hiav txwv tob. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm tias kev ua haujlwm mining vents yuav hem cov biodiversity tsawg thiab muaj feem cuam tshuam rau cov neeg nyob sib ze. Tawm tswv yim cov kauj ruam tom ntej rau kev tiv thaiv hydrothermal vents suav nrog kev txiav txim siab rau lub tshuab ua haujlwm tsis muaj zog thiab tsis ua haujlwm, ua kom pom tseeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb rau ISA cov neeg txiav txim siab thiab muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw ISA kev tswj hwm rau cov active hydrothermal vents.
Yog xav paub ntau ntxiv ntawm DSM, Pew muaj ib lub vev xaib ntawm cov ntawv qhia tseeb ntxiv, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev cai, thiab cov ncauj lus ntxiv uas yuav pab tau rau cov tshiab rau DSM thiab cov pej xeem sawv daws: https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/projects/seabed-mining-project.
D. Aleynik, ME Inall, A. Dale, A. Vink, Impact of remotely generated eddies on plume dispersion at abyssal mining sites in the Pacific. Sci. Rep. 7, 16959 (2017) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16912-2
Kev tsom xam ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm dej hiav txwv counter tam sim no (eddies) ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm dispersion ntawm mining plumes thiab cov sediment tom ntej. Kev hloov pauv tam sim no yog nyob ntawm ntau yam xws li tides, cua daj cua dub, thiab eddies. Cov dej ntws los ntawm cov eddy tam sim no tau pom tias muaj kev sib kis thiab sib cais dej, thiab muaj peev xwm ua rau cov dej ntws los ntawm cov pob zeb, sai sai dhau qhov deb.
JC Drazen, TT Sutton, Noj hmo hauv qhov sib sib zog nqus: Kev pub noj ecology ntawm cov ntses sib sib zog nqus. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 9, 337–366 (2017) ua: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060543
Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib txuas ntawm cov dej hiav txwv sib sib zog nqus los ntawm kev noj cov ntses hauv hiav txwv tob. Hauv seem "Anthropogenic Effects" ntawm daim ntawv, cov kws sau ntawv sib tham txog qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev sib sib zog nqus hauv dej hiav txwv mining tej zaum yuav muaj rau cov ntses hauv hiav txwv sib sib zog nqus vim qhov tsis paub qhov sib txawv ntawm DSM cov dej num.
Dej Hiav Txwv Mining Campaign. (2015 Cuaj hlis 29). Lub ntiaj teb thawj qhov kev thov dej hiav txwv tob tob tsis quav ntsej qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws qhov cuam tshuam rau dej hiav txwv. Xov xwm tshaj tawm. Dej Hiav Txwv Mining Kev Sib Tw, Tus Kws Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Loj, MiningWatch Canada, EarthWorks, Oasis Earth. PDF
Raws li kev lag luam hauv hiav txwv sib sib zog nqus tau caum cov neeg ua lag luam ntawm Asia Pacific Deep Sea Mining Summit, qhov kev thuam tshiab los ntawm Kev Sib Tw Dej Hiav Txwv Mining Campaign qhia txog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg hauv Environmental and Social Benchmarking Analysis ntawm Solwara 1 project commissioned by Nautilus Minerals. Nrhiav daim ntawv qhia tag nrho ntawm no.
Rov qab mus rau sab saum toj
4. International Seabed Authority Kev txiav txim siab
International Seabed Authority. (2022). Hais txog ISA. International Seabed Authority. https://www.isa.org.jm/
Lub International Seabed Authority, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm ntug hiav txwv thoob ntiaj teb tau tsim los ntawm United Nations raws li 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) thiab kev hloov kho hauv daim ntawv cog lus 1994 ntawm UNCLOS. Raws li xyoo 2020, ISA muaj 168 lub xeev cov tswv cuab (xws li European Union) thiab npog 54% ntawm dej hiav txwv. ISA raug yuam kom ua kom muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo ntawm ib puag ncig marine los ntawm kev puas tsuaj uas yuav tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua ub ua no hauv hiav txwv. Lub International Seabed Authority lub vev xaib yog qhov tseem ceeb rau ob qho tib si cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb thiab kev sib tham txog kev cob qhia uas cuam tshuam rau ISA kev txiav txim siab.
Morgera, E., & Lily, H. (2022). Kev koom tes pej xeem ntawm International Seabed Authority: Kev soj ntsuam thoob ntiaj teb tib neeg txoj cai lij choj. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm European, Sib piv & International Environmental Law, 31 (3), 374 – 388. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12472
Kev soj ntsuam kev cai lij choj ntawm tib neeg txoj cai ntawm kev sib tham txog kev cai lij choj hauv dej hiav txwv tob ntawm International Seabed Authority. Tsab ntawv sau tseg tias tsis muaj kev koom tes rau pej xeem thiab sib cav tias lub koom haum tau saib xyuas tib neeg txoj cai ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv ISA cov rooj sib tham. Cov kws sau ntawv pom zoo kom muaj ntau cov kauj ruam los txhim kho thiab txhawb kev koom tes rau pej xeem hauv kev txiav txim siab.
Woody, T., & Halper, E. (2022, Plaub Hlis 19). Kev sib tw mus rau hauv qab: Hauv kev maj nrawm rau kuv cov dej hiav txwv hauv av rau cov khoom siv hauv EV roj teeb, leej twg tab tom saib rau ib puag ncig? Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-04-19/gold-rush-in-the-deep-sea-raises-questions-about-international-seabed-authority
Ib tsab xov xwm hais txog kev koom tes ntawm Michael Lodge, tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm International Seabed Authority, nrog Lub Tuam Txhab Hlau, yog ib lub tuam txhab txaus siab rau kev khawb hauv dej hiav txwv tob.
Cov lus hais los ntawm kws lij choj rau International Seabed Authority. (2022, Plaub Hlis 19). Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/ 2022-04-19/statements-provided-by-attorney-for-international-seabed-authority
Kev sau cov lus teb los ntawm tus kws lij choj txuas nrog ISA ntawm cov ncauj lus suav nrog: kev ywj pheej ntawm ISA raws li lub koom haum sab nraud UN, qhov tshwm sim ntawm Michael Lodge, tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm ISA hauv kev tshaj tawm video rau Lub Tuam Txhab Hlau (TMC) , thiab ntawm kev txhawj xeeb los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb uas ISA tsis tuaj yeem tswj hwm thiab koom nrog hauv kev tsuas.
Xyoo 2022, NY Times tau tshaj tawm cov ntawv xov xwm, cov ntaub ntawv, thiab cov podcast ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm Lub Tuam Txhab Hlau, ib qho ntawm cov neeg ua ntej thawb rau kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv, thiab Michael Lodge, tus tuav ntaub ntawv tam sim no ntawm International Seabed Authority. Cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no muaj cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm New York Times mus rau hauv kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv mining, cov players tseem ceeb thawb lub peev xwm rau kuv, thiab cov lus nug txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm TMC thiab ISA.
Lipton, E. (2022, Lub Yim Hli 29). Cov ntaub ntawv zais cia, me me Islands tuaj thiab nrhiav cov khoom muaj nqis nyob hauv dej hiav txwv. Lub New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/world/ deep-sea-mining.html
Kev dhia dej tob rau hauv cov tuam txhab spearheading sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv kev siv zog suav nrog Lub Tuam Txhab Hlau (TMC). Kev sib raug zoo ntev xyoo ntawm TMC nrog Michael Lodge thiab International Seabed Authority tau sib tham nrog rau kev txhawj xeeb txog kev ncaj ncees txog cov neeg tau txais txiaj ntsig ntawm cov dej num no yog tias kev lag luam yuav tshwm sim. Tsab xov xwm tshawb xyuas cov lus nug txog yuav ua li cas lub tuam txhab Canadian, TMC, tau dhau los ua tus thawj coj hauv DSM kev sib tham thaum lub mining yog thawj zaug tau thov kom muab kev pab nyiaj txiag rau cov neeg pluag Pacific Island.
Lipton, E. (2022, Lub Yim Hli 29). Kev tshawb nrhiav ua rau hauv qab ntawm Pacific. Lub New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/insider/ mining-investigation.html
Ib feem ntawm NY Times "Kev Sib Tw rau Lub Neej Yav Tom Ntej", kab lus no ntxiv tshuaj xyuas kev sib raug zoo ntawm Lub Tuam Txhab Hlau thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv International Seabed Authority. Tsab ntawv xov xwm hais txog kev sib tham thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg sau xov xwm tshawb nrhiav thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm siab ntawm TMC thiab ISA, tshawb nrhiav thiab nug cov lus nug txog kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig ntawm DSM.
Kitroeff, N., Reid, W., Johnson, MS, Bonja, R., Baylen, LO, Chow, L., Powell, D., & Wood, C. (2022, Cuaj Hlis 16). Kev cog lus thiab kev puas tsuaj nyob hauv qab hiav txwv. Lub New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/16/ podcasts/the-daily/electric-cars-sea-mining-pacific-ocean.html
35-feeb podcast xam phaj Eric Lipton, tus kws sau xov xwm NY Times tshawb nrhiav uas tau ua raws li kev sib raug zoo ntawm Lub Tuam Txhab Hlau thiab International Seabed Authority.
Lipton, E. (2022) Seabed Mining Xaiv Cov Ntaub Ntawv. https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/ 22266044-seabed-mining-selected-documents-2022
Cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg los ntawm NY Times sau txog kev sib cuam tshuam thaum ntxov ntawm Michael Lodge, tam sim no ISA tus tuav ntaub ntawv, thiab Nautilus Minerals, lub tuam txhab uas tau txais los ntawm TMC pib xyoo 1999.
Ardron JA, Ruhl HA, Jones DO (2018). Kev koom ua ke pob tshab rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv mining nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam tshaj lub teb chaws txoj cai. Mar. Pol. 89, 58–66 : kuv. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2017.11.021 Nws.
Kev tshuaj xyuas xyoo 2018 ntawm International Seabed Authority pom tias yuav tsum muaj kev pom tseeb ntxiv los txhim kho kev lav phib xaub, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog: kev nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv, kev tshaj tawm, kev koom tes rau pej xeem, kev lees paub zoo, cov ntaub ntawv ua raws cai thiab kev lees paub, thiab muaj peev xwm los tshuaj xyuas thiab kev txiav txim siab tshwm sim.
Lodge, M. (2017, Tsib Hlis 26). International Seabed Authority thiab Deep Seabed Mining. UN Chronicle, Volume 54, Issue 2, p. 44–46. https://doi.org/10.18356/ea0e574d-en https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/journals/15643913/54/2/25
Lub hiav txwv hauv av, zoo li lub ntiaj teb av, yog tsim los ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm thaj chaw thiab lub tsev rau cov pob zeb loj loj, feem ntau hauv cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm luv luv thiab siv tau no hais txog cov hauv paus ntawm kev ua dej hiav txwv los ntawm kev pom ntawm United Nations Convention on the Law of the Hiav Txwv (UNCLOS) thiab tsim cov kev tswj hwm rau kev siv cov peev txheej no.
International Seabed Authority. (2011, Lub Xya Hli 13). Kev tswj ib puag ncig ib puag ncig rau thaj tsam Clarion-Clipperton, tau txais lub Xya Hli 2012. International Seabed Authority. PDF
Nrog rau txoj cai lij choj tso cai los ntawm United Nations Convention on the Law of the Hiav Txwv, ISA tau teeb tsa lub phiaj xwm kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig rau thaj tsam Clarion-Clipperton, thaj chaw uas feem ntau cov dej hiav txwv tob yuav tshwm sim thiab qhov twg feem ntau tso cai. rau DSM tau tshaj tawm. Cov ntaub ntawv no yog tswj hwm manganese nodule prospecting nyob rau hauv lub Pacific.
International Seabed Authority. (2007, Lub Xya Hli 19). Kev txiav txim siab ntawm Lub Rooj Sib Tham hais txog cov kev cai ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev tshawb nrhiav rau polymetallic nodules hauv Cheeb Tsam. International Seabed Authority, Resumed Thirteenth Session, Kingston, Jamaica, 9-20 Lub Xya Hli ISBA/13/19.
Thaum Lub Xya Hli 19th, 2007 International Seabed Authority (ISA) tau ua tiav ntawm cov kev cai sulfide. Cov ntaub ntawv no yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas nws hloov lub npe thiab cov kev cai ntawm txoj cai 37 kom cov kev cai rau kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no suav nrog cov khoom thiab qhov chaw ntawm archaeological lossis keeb kwm hauv xwm. Cov ntaub ntawv txuas ntxiv hais txog ntau lub teb chaws txoj haujlwm uas suav nrog cov kev xav ntawm ntau qhov chaw keeb kwm xws li kev lag luam qhev thiab yuav tsum tau tshaj tawm.
Rov qab mus rau sab saum toj
5. Kev Sib Tw Hauv Dej Hiav Txwv thiab Kev Sib Tw, Kev Ncaj Ncees, Kev Sib Koom, thiab Kev Ncaj Ncees
Tilot, V., Willaert, K., Guilloux, B., Chen, W., Mulalap, CY, Gaulme, F., Bambridge, T., Peters, K., and Dahl, A. (2021). 'Tib txwm Dimensions ntawm Seabed Resource Management nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm Deep Hiav Txwv Mining nyob rau hauv lub Pacific: Kawm Los ntawm Socio-Ecological Interconnectivity ntawm Island Communities thiab dej hiav txwv Realm', pem hauv ntej. Mar, Sci. 8: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.637938/full
Kev tshuaj xyuas kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov chaw nyob hauv hiav txwv thiab paub cov cuab yeej cuab tam hauv qab dej tsis txaus ntseeg hauv Pacific Islands xav tias yuav cuam tshuam los ntawm DSM. Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no yog nrog los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas kev cai lij choj ntawm cov txheej txheem kev cai lij choj tam sim no los txiav txim siab cov kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws rau kev khaws thiab tiv thaiv cov ecosystems los ntawm DSM cuam tshuam.
Bourrel, M., Thiele, T., Currie, D. (2018). Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm noob neej raws li ib tug txhais tau tias los soj ntsuam thiab ua ntej kev ncaj ncees nyob rau hauv sib sib zog nqus mining. Marine Policy, 95, 311-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.07.017. PDF.
Xav txog cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm tib neeg txoj hauv kev hauv nws cov ntsiab lus thiab siv hauv UNCLOS thiab ISA. Cov kws sau ntawv txheeb xyuas cov kev cai lij choj thiab cov xwm txheej raws li txoj cai ntawm tib neeg cov cuab yeej cuab tam thiab yuav siv li cas hauv ISA. Cov kws sau ntawv pom zoo kom ua raws li cov kauj ruam hauv txhua theem ntawm txoj cai ntawm hiav txwv los txhawb kev ncaj ncees, kev ncaj ncees, kev ceev faj, thiab kev lees paub ntawm cov tiam tom ntej.
Jaeckel, A., Ardron, JA, Gjerde, KM (2016) Kev sib faib cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tib neeg cov cuab yeej cuab tam - Puas yog txoj cai mining tob hauv hiav txwv tau npaj lawm? Marine Policy, 70, 198-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.03.009. PDF.
Los ntawm lub lens ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm tib neeg, cov kws tshawb fawb txheeb xyuas thaj chaw ntawm kev txhim kho rau ISA thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm tib neeg cov cuab yeej cuab tam. Cov cheeb tsam no suav nrog pob tshab, cov txiaj ntsig nyiaj txiag, Kev Lag Luam, kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis thiab kev tsim peev txheej, kev sib raug zoo ntawm ib tiam neeg, thiab cov peev txheej ntawm cov noob caj noob ces.
Rosembaum, Helen. (2011, Lub Kaum Hli). Tawm ntawm Peb Qhov tob: Mining Dej hiav txwv pem teb hauv Papua New Guinea. Mining Saib Canada. PDF
Daim ntawv tshaj tawm qhia txog kev cuam tshuam loj rau ib puag ncig thiab kev sib raug zoo uas xav tau los ntawm qhov tsis tau pom dua los ntawm kev khawb av hauv dej hiav txwv hauv Papua New Guinea. Nws qhia txog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tob hauv Nautilus Minerals EIS zoo li qhov kev sim tsis txaus los ntawm lub tuam txhab hauv kev ua rau muaj kuab lom ntawm nws cov txheej txheem ntawm cov pa cua, thiab tsis txaus suav tias muaj kev phom sij rau cov kab mob hauv cov khoom noj hauv hiav txwv.
Cuyvers, L. Berry, W., Gjerde, K., Thiele, T. and Wilhem, C. (2018). Kev sib sib zog nqus seabed mining: ib qho kev sib tw ib puag ncig. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN thiab Gallifrey Foundation. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.16.en. PDF. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/ files/documents/2018-029-En.pdf
Cov dej hiav txwv muaj ntau qhov kev nplua nuj ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av, qee qhov muaj qhov tshwj xeeb heev. Kev txwv kev cai lij choj nyob rau xyoo 1970 thiab 1980s cuam tshuam txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv mining, tab sis dhau sij hawm ntau ntawm cov lus nug raug cai tau hais los ntawm International Seabed Authority tso cai rau muaj kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv tob. IUCN tsab ntawv ceeb toom qhia txog cov kev sib tham tam sim no nyob ib puag ncig nws txoj kev loj hlob ntawm seabed mining kev lag luam.
Rov qab mus rau sab saum toj
6. Kev xav txog kev lag luam thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob
Blue Climate Initiative. (Lub Kaum Hli 2023). Tom ntej tsab xov xwm EV roj teeb tshem tawm qhov xav tau rau kev ua dej hiav txwv tob. Blue Climate Initiative. Tau txais Lub Kaum Hli 30, 2023
https://www.blueclimateinitiative.org/sites/default/files/2023-10/whitepaper.pdf
Kev nce qib hauv lub tsheb hluav taws xob (EV) roj teeb thev naus laus zis, thiab kev siv cov thev naus laus zis nrawm nrawm, ua rau kev hloov cov roj teeb EV nyob ntawm cobalt, npib tsib xee, thiab manganese. Yog li ntawd, qhov sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv mining ntawm cov hlau no tsis tsim nyog, kev lag luam zoo, lossis kev pom zoo ib puag ncig.
Moana Simas, Fabian Aponte, thiab Kirsten Wiebe (SINTEF Industry), Circular Economy thiab Critical Minerals for the Green Transition, pp. 4-5. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/ downloads/the_future_is_circular___sintef mineralsfinalreport_nov_2022__1__1.pdf
Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 2022 tau pom tias "kev siv cov tshuaj sib txawv rau cov roj teeb tsheb hluav taws xob thiab txav deb ntawm lithium-ion roj teeb rau kev siv nyob ruaj ruaj tuaj yeem txo tag nrho cov kev thov rau cobalt, npib tsib xee, thiab manganese los ntawm 40-50% ntawm kev xav tau ntawm 2022 thiab 2050 piv rau cov thev naus laus zis tam sim no thiab kev lag luam-raws li ib txwm muaj xwm txheej.
Dunn, J., Kendall, A., Slattery, M. (2022) Lub tsheb hluav taws xob lithium-ion roj teeb rov siv dua cov qauv rau Asmeskas - lub hom phiaj, nqi, thiab kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig. Resources, Kev txuag thiab Recycling 185, 106488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022. 106488.
Ib qho kev sib cav rau DSM yog txhawm rau txhim kho kev hloov pauv mus rau ntsuab, x lub voj voog rov ua dua tshiab.
Miller, KA; Brigden, K; Santillo, D; Currie, D; Johnston, P; Thompson, KF, Sib tw qhov xav tau rau kev sib sib zog nqus Seabed Mining Los ntawm Kev Xav Ntawm Hlau, Biodiversity, Ecosystems Services, thiab Kev Pab Sib Koom, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.706161
Tsab ntawv xov xwm no tshawb txog qhov tsis paub tseeb uas muaj nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv. Tshwj xeeb, peb muab qhov kev xav txog: (1) cov lus sib cav hais tias kev lag luam hauv hiav txwv tob yog xav tau los muab cov zaub mov rau kev hloov pauv lub zog ntsuab, siv lub tsheb fais fab kev lag luam roj teeb ua ib qho piv txwv; (2) Kev pheej hmoo rau biodiversity, ecosystem muaj nuj nqi thiab lwm yam kev pabcuam ecosystem; thiab (3) qhov tsis muaj kev sib koom ua lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig rau lub ntiaj teb tam sim no thiab rau cov tiam tom ntej.
Kev Sib Tw Hauv Dej Hiav Txwv Mining (2021) Tus Tswv Qhia Tawm Tswv Yim: Cov tswv yim kev lag luam ua ke ntawm Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition Corporation thiab DeepGreen. (http://www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org/ wp-content/uploads/Advice-to-SOAC-Investors.pdf)
Kev tsim ntawm Lub Tuam Txhab Hlau tau coj lub siab nyiam ntawm Kev Sib Tw Dej Hiav Txwv Mining thiab lwm lub koom haum zoo li Lub Hiav Txwv Foundation, ua rau cov tswv cuab tawm tswv yim txog lub tuam txhab tshiab tsim los ntawm Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition Corporation thiab DeepGreen merger. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm tham txog qhov tsis muaj kev vam meej ntawm DSM, qhov kev xav ntawm kev tsuas, kev lav phib xaub, thiab kev pheej hmoo cuam tshuam nrog kev sib koom ua ke thiab kev yuav khoom.
Yu, H. thiab Leadbetter, J. (2020, Lub Xya hli ntuj 16) Kab mob Chemolihoautotrophy ntawm Manganese Oxidation. Xwm. PIB: 10.1038/s41586-020-2468-5 https://scitechdaily.com/microbiologists-discover-bacteria-that-feed-on-metal-ending-a-century-long-search/
Cov pov thawj tshiab qhia tau hais tias cov kab mob uas haus hlau thiab cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob no tuaj yeem muab ib qho kev piav qhia rau ntau cov pob zeb hauv av hauv hiav txwv. Tsab ntawv sib cav hais tias ntau cov kev tshawb fawb yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav ua ntej lub seabed mined.
European Union (2020) Daim phiaj xwm Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam: Rau kev huv thiab kev sib tw Europe dua. European Union. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/pdf/circular-economy/new_circular_economy_action_plan. pdf
Cov European Union tau nqis tes ua rau kev siv txoj kev lag luam ncig. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm no muab cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev nce qib thiab cov tswv yim los tsim cov txheej txheem tsim khoom lag luam kom ruaj khov, hais txog cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb ntawm cov saw hlau, siv pov tseg tsawg dua thiab nce tus nqi, thiab ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev lag luam ncig rau txhua tus.
Rov qab mus rau sab saum toj
7. Kev them nyiaj, ESG kev txiav txim siab, thiab Kev txhawj xeeb ntawm Greenwashing
United Nations Environment Program Finance Initiative (2022) Harmful Marine Extractives: Nkag siab txog kev pheej hmoo & cuam tshuam ntawm kev lag luam nyiaj txiag tsis txuas ntxiv dua tshiab. Geneva. https://www.unepfi.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Harmful-Marine-Extractives-Deep-Sea-Mining.pdf
Lub koom haum United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv tshaj tawm no tau tsom mus rau cov neeg tuaj saib hauv kev lag luam nyiaj txiag, xws li cov tsev txhab nyiaj, cov neeg tuav pov hwm, thiab cov tub ua lag luam, txog nyiaj txiag, kev noj qab haus huv, thiab lwm yam kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev lag luam hauv dej hiav txwv tob. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm tau cia siab tias yuav siv los ua cov peev txheej rau cov tuam txhab nyiaj txiag los txiav txim siab txog kev nqis peev hauv dej hiav txwv tob. Nws xaus lus los ntawm kev qhia tias DSM tsis ua raws thiab tsis tuaj yeem ua raws li lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev lag luam xiav xiav.
NWS (2022). Deep Seabed Mining: WWF phau ntawv qhia rau cov tuam txhab nyiaj txiag. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/ wwf_briefing_financial_institutions_dsm.pdf
Tsim los ntawm World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), daim ntawv luv luv no qhia txog kev pheej hmoo uas tau nthuav tawm los ntawm DSM thiab txhawb nqa cov tuam txhab nyiaj txiag los txiav txim siab thiab siv cov cai los txo kev pheej hmoo peev. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm qhia tias cov tuam txhab nyiaj txiag yuav tsum tau cog lus rau pej xeem kom tsis txhob nqis peev hauv DSM cov tuam txhab mining, koom nrog cov lag luam, cov tub ua lag luam, thiab cov tuam txhab lag luam uas tsis yog mining uas yuav qhia tau tias xav siv cov khoom siv los tiv thaiv DSM. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm ntxiv sau cov tuam txhab, cov koom haum thoob ntiaj teb, thiab cov tuam txhab nyiaj txiag uas, raws li tsab ntawv ceeb toom, tau kos npe rau kev ncua thiab / lossis tsim txoj cai txwv tsis pub DSM los ntawm lawv cov ntaub ntawv.
United Nations Environment Program Finance Initiative (2022) Harmful Marine Extractives: Nkag siab txog kev pheej hmoo & kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev siv nyiaj txiag tsis tau txuas ntxiv dua tshiab. Geneva. https://www.unepfi.org/publications/harmful-marine-extractives-deep-sea-mining/;/;
Kev tsom xam ntawm kev cuam tshuam txog kev sib raug zoo thiab ib puag ncig rau kev nqis peev thiab nyiaj txiag cov koom haum thiab kev pheej hmoo DSM ua rau cov tub ua lag luam. Qhov luv luv tsom mus rau qhov muaj peev xwm txhim kho, kev ua haujlwm, thiab kaw ntawm DSM thiab xaus nrog cov lus pom zoo rau kev hloov pauv mus rau lwm txoj hauv kev ruaj ntseg, sib cav tias tsis muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev ceev faj tsim kom muaj kev lag luam no vim qhov tsis txaus ntawm kev tshawb fawb.
Bonitas Research, (2021, Kaum Hli 6) TMC the metals co. https://www.bonitasresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2021/10/ BonitasResearch-Short-TMCthemetalsco-Nasdaq-TMC-Oct-6-2021.pdf?nocookies=yes
Kev tshawb nrhiav rau Lub Tuam Txhab Hlau thiab nws cov kev sib tham ua ntej thiab tshaj tawm nkag mus rau hauv lub khw lag luam raws li lub tuam txhab pej xeem. Cov ntaub ntawv qhia tias TMC tau them nyiaj ntau dhau rau cov neeg sab hauv uas tsis tau qhia tawm rau Tonga Offshore Mining Limited (TOML), ib qho kev nce ntxiv ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav cov nuj nqis, ua haujlwm nrog cov lus nug txog kev cai lij choj rau TOML.
Bryant, C. (2021, Cuaj hlis 13). $ 500 lab ntawm SPAC Nyiaj Ntsig Los Ntawm Hiav TxwvCov. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/ 2021-09-13/tmc-500-million-cash-shortfall-is-tale-of-spac-disappointment-greenwashing?leadSource=uverify%20wall
Tom qab qhov kev lag luam pib pib ntawm DeepGreen thiab Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition merger, tsim kom muaj kev lag luam rau pej xeem The Metals Company, lub tuam txhab tau ntsib kev txhawj xeeb ntxov los ntawm cov tub ua lag luam uas thim lawv cov nyiaj txiag txhawb nqa.
Scales, H., Steeds, O. (2021, Lub Rau Hli 1). Catch Our Drift Episode 10: Deep sea mining. Nekton Lub Hom Phiaj Podcast. https://catchourdrift.org/episode10 deepseamining/
Lub sijhawm 50 feeb podcast nrog cov qhua tshwj xeeb Dr. Diva Amon los tham txog kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv, nrog rau Gerrard Barron, Thawj Tswj Hwm thiab CEO ntawm Lub Tuam Txhab Hlau.
Singh, P. (2021, May).Deep Seabed Mining thiab Sustainable Development Goal 14, W. Leal Filho et al. (eds.), Lub Neej Hauv Qab Dej, Encyclopedia ntawm UN Sustainable Development Goals https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71064-8_135-1
Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm kev sib tsoo ntawm cov dej hiav txwv tob nrog Sustainable Development Lub Hom Phiaj 14, Lub Neej Hauv Qab Dej. Tus kws sau ntawv qhia txog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom DSM nrog rau UN Sustainable Development Lub Hom Phiaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Lub Hom Phiaj 14, sib qhia tias "kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntxiv rau kev ua haujlwm hauv av, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj tshwm sim ib txhij ntawm av thiab hauv hiav txwv." (nqe 10).
BBVA (2020) Environmental and Social Framework. https://shareholdersandinvestors.bbva.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Environmental-and-Social-Framework-_-Dec.2020-140121.pdf.
BBVA's Environmental and Social Framework aims los qhia cov qauv thiab cov lus qhia rau kev nqis peev hauv kev lag luam mining, agribusiness, zog, infrastructure, thiab kev tiv thaiv sectors nrog cov neeg siv khoom koom nrog BBVA banking thiab peev txheej txheem. Ntawm qhov txwv tsis pub mining tej yaam num, BBVA teev seabed mining, qhia ib tug dav dav tsis txaus siab rau nyiaj txiag pab txhawb cov neeg muas zaub los yog tej yaam num txaus siab rau DSM.
Levin, LA, Amon, DJ, thiab Lily, H. (2020). Nat. Txhawb nqa. 3 Ib., 784–794. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0558-x
Kev tshuaj xyuas txog kev tshawb fawb tam sim no ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev txhim kho kom ruaj khov. Cov kws sau ntawv sib tham txog kev txhawb siab rau kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv mining, kev cuam tshuam txog kev ruaj ntseg, kev txhawj xeeb thiab kev txiav txim siab, nrog rau kev coj ncaj ncees. Kab lus xaus nrog cov neeg sau ntawv hauv kev txhawb nqa ntawm kev lag luam ncig kom tsis txhob muaj kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv.
Rov qab mus rau sab saum toj
8. Kev txiav txim siab txog kev lav phib xaub thiab kev them nyiaj
Proelss, A., Steenkamp, RC (2023). Kev lav phib xaub raws li Tshooj XI UNCLOS (Deep Seabed Mining). Hauv: Gailhofer, P., Krebs, D., Proelss, A., Schmalenbach, K., Verheyen, R. (eds) Corporate Liability for Transboundary Environmental Harm. Springer, Chaw. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13264-3_13
Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 2022 phau ntawv tshooj uas pom tias, "[g]aps hauv kev cai lij choj hauv tebchaws tam sim no tuaj yeem ua rau tsis ua raws li [UNCLOS] Tshooj 235, uas ua rau muaj kev tsis ua tiav ntawm Lub Xeev lub luag haujlwm rau kev mob siab rau thiab muaj peev xwm ua rau lub xeev lav ris. ” Qhov no muaj feem cuam tshuam vim tias yav dhau los tau lees paub tias tsuas yog tsim txoj cai lij choj hauv tebchaws los tswj hwm DSM hauv Cheeb Tsam tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov xeev txhawb nqa.
Cov lus pom zoo ntxiv muaj xws li tsab xov xwm Lub luag haujlwm thiab kev lav phib xaub rau kev puas tsuaj tshwm sim los ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Hauv Cheeb Tsam: Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Lub Luag Haujlwm, los ntawm Tara Davenport: https://www.cigionline.org/publications/ responsibility-and-liability-damage-arising-out-activities-area-attribution-liability/
Craik, N. (2023). Kev txiav txim siab tus qauv rau kev lav phib xaub rau ib puag ncig kev puas tsuaj los ntawm Kev Sib Tw Hauv Dej Hiav Txwv Mining Activities, p. 5 https://www.cigionline.org/publications/ determining-standard-liability-environmental-harm-deep-seabed-mining-activities/
Txoj Haujlwm Liability rau Deep Seabed Mining project yog tsim los ntawm Center for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm International Seabed Authority (ISA) los pab qhia meej txog cov teeb meem kev cai lij choj ntawm lub luag haujlwm thiab kev lav phib xaub rau kev txhim kho kev siv dag zog. cov cai rau cov dej hiav txwv tob. CIGI, koom tes nrog ISA Secretariat thiab Commonwealth Secretariat, hauv 2017, tau caw cov kws tshaj lij kev cai lij choj los tsim Pawg Neeg Ua Haujlwm Kev Cai Lij Choj rau Kev Nyab Xeeb rau Ib puag ncig kev puas tsuaj los ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Hauv Cheeb Tsam (LWG) los tham txog kev lav phib xaub cuam tshuam txog kev puas tsuaj ib puag ncig, nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev muab Txoj Cai Lij Choj thiab Kev Tshawb Fawb, nrog rau cov tswv cuab ntawm ISA nrog kev kuaj xyuas qhov tob ntawm cov teeb meem kev cai lij choj thiab txoj hauv kev.
Mackenzie, R. (2019, Lub Ob Hlis 28). Kev lav phib xaub rau ib puag ncig kev puas tsuaj los ntawm Kev Sib Tw Hauv Dej Hiav Txwv Mining Kev Ua Haujlwm: Defining Enviornmental Damage. CIGI. https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/
Cov teeb meem kev lav phib xaub rau Deep Seabed Mining muaj cov kev sib xyaw thiab cov ntsiab lus, nrog rau xya qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tob tob. Txoj haujlwm no tau tsim los ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Lag Luam Thoob Ntiaj Teb (CIGI), Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg Hauv Tebchaws thiab Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Nyab Xeeb ntawm International Seabed Authority (ISA) los pab qhia meej txog cov teeb meem kev cai lij choj ntawm lub luag haujlwm thiab kev lav phib xaub rau kev txhim kho cov kev cai siv rau hauv dej hiav txwv tob. CIGI, koom tes nrog ISA Secretariat thiab Commonwealth Secretariat, hauv 2017, tau caw cov kws tshaj lij kev cai lij choj los tsim Pawg Neeg Ua Haujlwm Kev Cai Lij Choj rau Kev Txhaum rau Ib puag ncig kev puas tsuaj los ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Hauv Cheeb Tsam los tham txog kev lav phib xaub cuam tshuam txog kev puas tsuaj ib puag ncig, nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev muab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj. Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Cai Lij Choj thiab Kev Lag Luam, nrog rau cov tswv cuab ntawm ISA nrog kev ntsuam xyuas tob txog cov teeb meem kev cai lij choj thiab txoj hauv kev. ")
Yog xav paub ntxiv txog kev lav phib xaub uas muaj feem xyuam nrog Kev Sib Tw Hauv Dej Hiav Txwv, thov mus saib Lub Chaw rau Kev Tswj Xyuas Kev Lag Luam Thoob Ntiaj Teb Kev Lag Luam (CIGI) series hu ua: Cov Teeb Meem Tsis Txaus Siab rau Kev Sib Tw Dej Hiav Txwv, uas tuaj yeem nkag mus rau ntawm: https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/
Davenport, T. (2019, Lub Ob Hlis 7). Lub luag haujlwm thiab kev lav phib xaub rau kev puas tsuaj tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua ub no hauv cheeb tsam: Muaj peev xwm Cliamants thiab Muaj peev xwm Fora. CIGI. https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/
Daim ntawv no tshawb txog ntau yam teeb meem ntsig txog kev txheeb xyuas cov neeg thov uas muaj kev txaus siab txaus siab los coj kev thov rau kev puas tsuaj tshwm sim los ntawm cov dej num hauv cheeb tsam dhau lub teb chaws txoj cai lij choj (sawv cev) thiab seb cov neeg thov no puas muaj kev nkag mus rau lub rooj sib tham daws teeb meem los txiav txim cov lus thov. , yog nws lub tsev hais plaub thoob ntiaj teb, lub tsev hais plaub lossis lub tsev hais plaub hauv tebchaws (kev nkag mus). Daim ntawv sib cav hais tias qhov kev sib tw loj hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv yog qhov kev puas tsuaj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau tib neeg thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov zej zog thoob ntiaj teb, ua rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm tus neeg ua yeeb yam tau ua haujlwm nyuaj.
Seabed Disputes Chamber of the ITLOS, Lub luag haujlwm thiab lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub xeev txhawb nqa cov neeg thiab cov koom haum nrog kev hwm rau cov dej num hauv cheeb tsam (2011), Kev Tawm Tswv Yim, Tsis Muaj 17 (SDC Advisory Opinion 2011) https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents /cases/case_no_17/17_adv_op_010211_en.pdf
Ib qho kev hais tawm tsis tu ncua thiab keeb kwm kev pom zoo los ntawm International Tribunal rau Txoj Cai Lij Choj ntawm Hiav Txwv Seabed Disputes Chamber, qhia txog cov cai thiab lub luag haujlwm rau kev txhawb nqa lub xeev. Qhov kev xav no yog cov qauv siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev mob siab rau suav nrog kev lav phib xaub kom siv kev ceev faj, kev coj ua ib puag ncig zoo tshaj plaws, thiab EIA. Qhov tseem ceeb, nws txoj cai hais tias cov teb chaws tsim muaj tib lub luag haujlwm hais txog kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig raws li cov teb chaws tsim los kom tsis txhob muaj kev sib tham yuav khoom lossis "chij ntawm kev yooj yim".
Rov qab mus rau sab saum toj
9. Seabed Mining thiab Underwater Cultural Heritage
Siv lub ntsej muag biocultural los tsim pilina (Kev sib raug zoo) rau kai lipo (Deep sea ecosystems) | Chaw ua haujlwm ntawm National Marine Sanctuaries. (2022). Tau txais los ntawm Lub Ob Hlis 13, 2023 https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/education/ teachers/utilizing-a-biocultural-lens-to-build-to-the-kai-lipo.html
Lub webinar los ntawm Hōkūokahalelani Pihana, Kainalu Steward, thiab J. Hauʻoli Lorenzo-Elarco ua ib feem ntawm US National Marine Sanctuary Foundation series ntawm Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Cov koob no tsom mus rau qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom cov neeg hauv paus txawm koom nrog hauv dej hiav txwv sciences, STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, thiab lej), thiab cov haujlwm hauv cov haujlwm no. Cov neeg hais lus sib tham txog kev kos duab dej hiav txwv thiab kev tshawb nrhiav qhov project hauv Monument thiab Johnston Atoll uas cov neeg Hawaii tuaj koom ua haujlwm.
Tilot, V., Willaert, K., Guilloux, B., Chen, W., Mulalap, CY, Gaulme, F., Bambridge, T., Peters, K., and Dahl, A. (2021). 'Tib txwm Dimensions ntawm Seabed Resource Management nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm Deep Hiav Txwv Mining nyob rau hauv lub Pacific: Kawm Los ntawm Socio-Ecological Interconnectivity ntawm Island Communities thiab dej hiav txwv Realm', Pem hauv ntej. Mar, Sci. 8: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.637938/full
Kev tshuaj xyuas kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov chaw nyob hauv hiav txwv thiab paub cov cuab yeej cuab tam hauv qab dej tsis txaus ntseeg hauv Pacific Islands xav tias yuav cuam tshuam los ntawm DSM. Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no yog nrog los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas kev cai lij choj ntawm cov txheej txheem kev cai lij choj tam sim no los txiav txim siab cov kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws rau kev khaws thiab tiv thaiv cov ecosystems los ntawm DSM cuam tshuam.
Jeffery, B., McKinnon, JF thiab Van Tilburg, H. (2021). Underwater kab lis kev cai cuab yeej cuab tam hauv Pacific: Cov ntsiab lus thiab cov lus qhia yav tom ntej. International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies 17 (2): 135–168 : kuv. https://doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.6
Tsab ntawv xov xwm no qhia txog cov cuab yeej cuab tam hauv qab dej nyob hauv dej hiav txwv Pacific hauv cov cuab yeej cuab tam hauv paus txawm, Manila Galleon kev lag luam, nrog rau cov khoom qub los ntawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II. Kev sib tham ntawm peb pawg no qhia txog qhov dav ntawm sab cev nqaij daim tawv thiab thaj chaw ntau yam ntawm UCH hauv Dej Hiav Txwv Pacific.
Turner, PJ, Cannon, S., DeLand, S., Delgado, JP, Eltis, D., Halpin, PN, Kanu, MI, Sussman, CS, Varmer, O., & Van Dover, CL (2020). Memorializing Txoj Kev Nruab Nrab nyob rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Atlantic hauv Thaj Chaw Tshaj Tawm Hauv Tebchaws. Tubrog nkoj txoj cai, 122, 104254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104254
Hauv kev txhawb nqa kev lees paub thiab kev ncaj ncees rau Lub Kaum Ob Hlis Thoob Ntiaj Teb rau Cov Neeg African Descent (2015-2024), cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom nrhiav txoj hauv kev los nco txog thiab hwm cov neeg uas tau ntsib ib qho ntawm 40,000 voyages los ntawm Africa mus rau Asmeskas ua qhev. Kev tshawb nrhiav cov peev txheej hauv hiav txwv thoob ntiaj teb ("Area") hauv Atlantic Basin twb tab tom ua, tswj hwm los ntawm International Seabed Authority (ISA). Los ntawm United Nations Convention on the Txoj Cai ntawm Hiav Txwv (UNCLOS), Cov Tswvcuab ntawm ISA muaj lub luag haujlwm los tiv thaiv cov khoom ntawm archaeological thiab keeb kwm xwm txheej pom nyob rau hauv Cheeb Tsam. Cov khoom zoo li no yuav yog cov piv txwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam hauv qab dej thiab tuaj yeem khi rau intangible kab lis kev cai, raws li pov thawj los ntawm kev sib txuas nrog kev ntseeg, kab lis kev cai, kos duab thiab ntaub ntawv. Cov paj huam tam sim no, suab paj nruag, kos duab, thiab cov ntaub ntawv qhia qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Atlantic seabed hauv African diasporic kab lis kev cai nco, tab sis cov cuab yeej cuab tam no tseem tsis tau lees paub los ntawm ISA. Cov kws sau ntawv qhia txog kev nco txog txoj kev uas cov nkoj tau coj los ua cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntiaj teb. Cov kev no hla dhau thaj tsam ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Atlantic seabed qhov twg muaj kev txaus siab rau kev sib sib zog nqus seabed mining. Cov kws sau ntawv pom zoo kom lees paub qhov Middle Passage ua ntej tso cai rau DSM thiab kev siv pob zeb hauv av tshwm sim.
Evans, A and Keith, M. (2011, Kaum Ob Hlis Ntuj). Kev txiav txim siab ntawm Archaeological Sites nyob rau hauv Roj thiab Gas Drilling Operations. http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/ MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/Amanda%20M. %20Evans_Paper_01.pdf
Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, Gulf of Mexico, cov tswv lag luam roj thiab roj yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Dej Hiav Txwv Hluav Taws Xob los muab kev soj ntsuam archaeological ntawm cov peev txheej hauv lawv thaj chaw ua haujlwm raws li qhov xwm txheej ntawm daim ntawv tso cai txheej txheem. Thaum daim ntawv no tsom mus rau kev tshawb nrhiav roj thiab roj, cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem ua lub hauv paus rau kev tso cai.
Bingham, B., Foley, B., Singh, H., and Camilli, R. (2010, Kaum Ib Hlis). Cov Cuab Yeej Siv Hluav Taws Xob rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Dej Hauv Dej: Kev Tshawb Fawb Ancient Shipwreck nrog lub tsheb Autonomous Underwater. Phau ntawv Journal of Field Robotics DOI: 10.1002/rob.20359. PDF.
Kev siv cov tsheb hauv qab dej tsis muaj zog (AUV) yog cov cuab yeej siv tseem ceeb siv los txheeb xyuas thiab kawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam hauv qab dej raws li tau pom zoo los ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm Chios qhov chaw hauv Aegean Hiav Txwv. Qhov no qhia txog lub peev xwm rau AUV thev naus laus zis los siv rau cov kev tshawb fawb los ntawm DSM cov tuam txhab los pab txheeb xyuas qhov chaw tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias qhov thev naus laus zis no tsis siv rau thaj tsam ntawm DSM ces muaj peev xwm muaj zog rau cov chaw no yuav raug rhuav tshem ua ntej lawv puas tau pom.
Rov qab mus rau sab saum toj
10. Daim ntawv tso cai Social (Moratorium Calls, Governmental Prohibition, and Indigenous Commentary)
Kaikkonen, L., & Virtanen, EA (2022). Cov dej ntiav ntiav undermines ntiaj teb no sustainability cov hom phiaj. Tiam sis hauv Ecology & Evolution, 37(11), 931-934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2022.08.001
Cov peev txheej hauv ntug dej hiav txwv tau nce qib raws li qhov kev xaiv ruaj khov kom ua tau raws li qhov xav tau hlau ntxiv. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua dej ntiav ntiav tsis sib haum xeeb thoob ntiaj teb kev txuag thiab kev ruaj ntseg cov hom phiaj thiab nws txoj cai tswj hwm tseem tab tom tsim. Thaum tsab xov xwm no hais txog kev siv dej ntiav ntiav, qhov kev sib cav hais tias tsis muaj kev pom zoo rau kev siv dej ntiav ntiav tuaj yeem siv rau hauv hiav txwv tob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog qhov tsis muaj kev sib piv rau kev sib txawv mining.
Hamley, GJ (2022). Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm seabed mining hauv Cheeb Tsam rau tib neeg txoj cai rau kev noj qab haus huv. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm European, Sib piv & International Environmental Law, 31 (3), 389 – 398. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12471
Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas kev cai lij choj no nthuav qhia qhov yuav tsum tau xav txog tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv hauv kev sib tham nyob ib puag ncig kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv. Tus kws sau ntawv sau tseg tias feem ntau ntawm kev sib tham hauv DSM tau tsom mus rau kev cuam tshuam nyiaj txiag thiab ib puag ncig ntawm kev coj ua, tab sis tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv tau pom zoo tsis tuaj. Raws li tau hais hauv daim ntawv, "txoj cai tib neeg rau kev noj qab haus huv, yog nyob ntawm marine biodiversity. Raws li lub hauv paus no, cov xeev tau txais ib pob ntawm cov luag num raws li txoj cai rau kev noj qab haus huv hais txog kev tiv thaiv marine biodiversity… Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov txheej txheem tswj hwm rau theem kev siv dej hiav txwv qhia tias, txog tam sim no, Lub Xeev tau ua tsis tiav lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv qab no. txoj cai rau kev noj qab haus huv. " Tus kws sau ntawv muab cov lus pom zoo rau txoj hauv kev los koom nrog tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab tib neeg txoj cai rau hauv kev sib tham nyob ib puag ncig kev sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv ntawm ISA.
Dej Hiav Txwv Conservation Coalition. (2020). Deep-sea Mining: Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb 2. Kev Tiv Thaiv Dej Hiav Txwv Sib Koom Tes. http://www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org/ wp-content/uploads/02_DSCC_FactSheet2_DSM_ science_4pp_web.pdf
Ib qho kev ncua sij hawm ntawm kev ua dej hiav txwv tob yog qhov tseem ceeb vim muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm cov dej hiav txwv sib sib zog nqus, tsis muaj ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev cuam tshuam mus sij hawm ntev, thiab qhov ntsuas kev ua haujlwm mining hauv dej hiav txwv tob. Daim ntawv qhia plaub nplooj ntawv npog cov kev hem thawj ntawm ib puag ncig ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus hauv hiav txwv mining ntawm abyssal plains, seamounts, thiab hydrothermal vents.
Mengerink, KJ, et al., (2014, May 16). Hu rau Deep-Ocean Stewardship. Txoj Cai Forum, Oceans. AAAS. Science, Vol. 344 ib. PDF
Cov dej hiav txwv tob twb raug hem los ntawm ntau cov dej num anthropogenic thiab seabed mining yog lwm qhov kev hem thawj tseem ceeb uas tuaj yeem nres. Yog li kev sib sau ua ke los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv marine tau tshaj tawm rau pej xeem kom hu rau kev tswj hwm dej hiav txwv tob.
Levin, LA, Amon, DJ, thiab Lily, H. (2020). Nat. Txhawb nqa. 3 Ib., 784–794. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0558-x
Lub Koom Haum Dej Hiav Txwv pom zoo saib xyuas cov cai lij choj tam sim no, suav nrog California Seabed Mining Prevention Act, Washington's Hais Txog Kev Tiv Thaiv ntawm seabed mining ntawm cov ntxhia nyuaj, thiab Oregon txwv tsis pub cog lus rau kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntxhia nyuaj. Cov no tuaj yeem pab coj lwm tus hauv kev tsim txoj cai lij choj los txwv qhov kev puas tsuaj los ntawm seabed mining hais txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas seabed mining tsis ua raws li kev txaus siab rau pej xeem.
- California - https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/ billCompareClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB1832& showamends=false
- Washington - https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?BillNumber=5145&Initiative=false &Year=2021
- Oregon - https://oregon.public.law/statutes/ors_ 274.610
Deepsea Conservation Coalition. (2022). Resistance to Deep-Sea Mining: Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws thiab Parliamentarians. https://www.savethehighseas.org/voices-calling-for-a-moratorium-governments-and-parliamentarians/
Raws li lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2022, 12 lub xeev tau tawm tswv yim tawm tsam Deep Seabed Mining. Plaub lub xeev tau tsim kev sib koom tes los txhawb DSM moratorium (Palau, Fiji, Federated States of Micronesia, thiab Samoa, ob lub xeev tau hais txog kev txhawb nqa rau kev ncua (New Zealand thiab Fabkis Polynesian lub rooj sib tham. Rau lub xeev tau txhawb nqa ib ntus (Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Costa Rica, Chile, Spain, Panama, thiab Ecuador), thaum Fabkis tau tawm tsam rau kev txwv.
Deepsea Conservation Coalition. (2022). Resistance to Deep-Sea Mining: Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws thiab Parliamentarians. https://www.savethehighseas.org/voices-calling-for-a-moratorium-fishing-sector/
Lub Deepsea Conservation Coalition tau sau cov npe ntawm pawg hauv kev lag luam nuv ntses hu rau kev ncua ntawm DSM. Cov no suav nrog: African Confederation of Professional Artisanal Fishing Organisations, EU Advisory Councils, International Pole and Line Foundation, Norwegian Fisheries Association, South African Tuna Association, thiab South African Hake Long Line Association.
Thaler, A. (2021, Plaub Hlis 15). Lub Hom Phiaj Loj Hais Tsis Tau rau Kev Sib Tw Dej Hiav Txwv, rau lub sijhawm. DSM Observer. https://dsmobserver.com/2021/04/major-brands-say-no-to-deep-sea-mining-for-the-moment/
Xyoo 2021, ntau lub tuam txhab thev naus laus zis thiab tsheb loj tau tshaj tawm cov lus hais tias lawv tau txhawb nqa DSM moratorium rau lub sijhawm. Cov tuam txhab no suav nrog Google, BMW< Volvo, thiab Samsung SDI txhua tus tau kos npe rau World Wide Fund For Nature's Global Deep-sea Mining Moratorium Campaign. Txawm hais tias cov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev hais lus txawv txawv nws tau sau tseg tias cov tuam txhab no tuaj yeem ntsib cov teeb meem rau lawv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev ruaj ntseg, vim tias cov dej hauv hiav txwv sib sib zog nqus yuav tsis daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov mining thiab qhov tob hauv hiav txwv mining tsis zoo li txo cov teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog. av mining.
Cov tuam txhab tau txuas ntxiv kos npe rau Kev Sib Tw, suav nrog Patagonia, Scania, thiab Triodos Bank, yog xav paub ntxiv saib https://sevenseasmedia.org/major-companies-are-pledging-against-deep-sea-mining/.
Tsoomfwv ntawm Guam (2021). Kuv MINA'TRENTAI SAIS NA LIHESLATURAN GUÅHAN RESOLUTIONS. 36th Guam Legislature – Public Laws. (2021). los ntawm https://www.guamlegislature.com/36th_Guam _Legislature/COR_Res_36th/Res.%20No.% 20210-36%20(COR).pdf
Guam tau ua tus thawj coj ntawm kev thawb rau kev ncua sijhawm ntawm kev lag luam mining thiab tau tawm tswv yim rau tsoomfwv Meskas kom tswj hwm kev txwv tsis pub nyob hauv lawv thaj chaw tshwj xeeb-kev lag luam, thiab rau International Seabed Authority los ua kom muaj kev txwv tsis pub nyob hauv hiav txwv tob.
Oberle, B. (2023, Peb Hlis 6). IUCN Tus Thawj Coj General tsab ntawv qhib rau ISA Cov Tswvcuab ntawm kev ua dej hiav txwv tob. IUCN DG Cov Lus Qhia. https://www.iucn.org/dg-statement/202303/iucn-director-generals-open-letter-isa-members-deep-sea-mining
Nyob rau xyoo 2021 IUCN Congress hauv Marseille, IUCN Cov Tswv Cuab tau pov ntawv xaiv tsa Daws 122 hu rau qhov kev ncua sij hawm ntawm kev lag luam hauv hiav txwv tob tshwj tsis yog tias thiab txog thaum muaj kev pheej hmoo raug nkag siab, kev ntsuas nruj thiab pob tshab raug coj los siv, ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam txog kev lag luam ncig, pej xeem koom nrog, thiab lav tias kev tswj hwm. ntawm DSM yog pob tshab, lav, suav nrog, muaj txiaj ntsig, thiab muaj lub luag haujlwm ib puag ncig. Qhov kev daws teeb meem no tau lees paub dua hauv tsab ntawv los ntawm IUCN Tus Thawj Coj General, Dr. Bruno Oberle kom nthuav tawm hauv kev coj mus rau lub Peb Hlis 2023 International Seabed Authority lub rooj sib tham nyob rau hauv Jamaica.
Dej Hiav Txwv Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Sib Koom Tes (2021, Kaum Ib Hlis 29). Nyob rau hauv tob tob: Tus nqi tseeb ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Mining. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OuUjDkcINOE
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