Nrhiav Sanctuary Status rau Aleutian Islands Archipelago

Los ntawm Mark J. Spalding nrog Catharine Cooper

Ib version ntawm no blog yog thawj zaug muab tso rau ntawm National Geographic's Ocean Views micro site

4,405 mais los ntawm kev sib koom tes sib tuav tes ntawm Washington DC yog ib txoj hlua rugged ntawm cov kob zoo nkauj zoo nkauj thov rau Marine Sanctuary suav nrog. Txuas ntxiv los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm Alaskan ceg av qab teb, Aleutian Islands yog lub tsev rau ib qho ntawm cov nplua nuj tshaj plaws thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev ua neej nyob hauv dej hiav txwv, thiab ib qho ntawm cov pejxeem loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg marine, seabirds, ntses thiab shellfish nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb. Lub 69 Islands tuaj (14 lub roob hluav taws loj thiab 55 me me) tsim 1,100 mais arc mus rau Kamchatka Peninsula hauv Russia, thiab cais lub hiav txwv Bering los ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Pacific.

Ntawm no yog lub tsev ntawm ntau hom kab mob, suav nrog Steller hiav txwv tsov ntxhuav, hiav txwv otters, luv-tailed albatross, thiab humpback whales. Ntawm no yog cov kev hla uas muab txoj kev taug kev tseem ceeb rau feem ntau ntawm lub ntiaj teb grey whales thiab sab qaum teb fur seals, uas siv cov ntawv hla mus rau kev noj zaub mov thiab chaw yug me nyuam. Ntawm no yog lub tsev ntawm qee qhov sib txawv thiab ntom ntom ntawm cov dej txias-dej corals paub hauv ntiaj teb. Ntawm no yog qhov ecosystem uas tau txhawb nqa cov kev xav tau ntawm kev noj qab haus huv ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Alaska haiv neeg rau ntau txhiab xyoo.

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub screech ntawm ib tug bald eagle. Nyob rau hauv dej, thunderous txaws ntawm humpback whale ua txhaum cai. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev ncua deb, cov pa luam yeeb plumes nce nyob rau hauv curls saum lub volcanoes steaming. Nyob rau ntawm ntug dej, verdant ntsuab pob tsuas ntsej muag thiab kwj ha pw ntawm ko taw ntawm snowswept ridges.

Thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, lub roob moj sab qhua no zoo li pristine, zoo, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm ravages uas cuam tshuam rau ntau cov neeg nyob hauv seaboards. Tab sis cov neeg uas nyob, ua haujlwm, lossis tshawb fawb hauv cheeb tsam tau pom cov kev hloov pauv loj hauv 25 xyoo dhau los.

Ib qho ntawm feem pom kev hloov pauv hauv marine ecosystem tau poob lossis ze ze ntawm kev tuag ntawm ntau hom, suav nrog Steller hiav txwv tsov ntxhuav thiab hiav txwv otters. Cov xim daj daj no rau xim av xim av hiav txwv tsiaj nyob hauv ib lub sij hawm pom ntawm yuav luag txhua qhov chaw pob zeb. Tab sis lawv cov lej tau txo qis 75% ntawm 1976 thiab 1990, thiab tsawg dua 40% ntawm 1991 thiab 2000. Cov neeg nyob hauv hiav txwv uas muaj ze li ntawm 100,000 xyoo 1980 tau poob qis dua 6,000.

Tsis tas li ntawd ploj ntawm daim duab pristine ntawm Aleutian saw yog huab tais roob ris thiab cw, cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm silvery smelt, thiab lush undersea kelp hav zoov. Sharks, pollock thiab urchins tam sim no tswj cov dej no. Hu ua "kev hloov pauv hauv tsoomfwv" los ntawm George Estes ntawm US Geological Survey, qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg thiab cov tsiaj nyeg tau raug kho.

Txawm hais tias thaj av ntawd yog thaj chaw deb thiab muaj neeg nyob tsawg, kev xa khoom los ntawm Aleutian Islands tau nce ntxiv, thiab cov peev txheej ntuj ntawm thaj av tseem pheej siv ntau rau kev lag luam nuv ntses. Cov roj nchuav tshwm sim nrog kev txaus ntshai tsis tu ncua, feem ntau mus tsis tau tshaj tawm, thiab feem ntau ua rau kev puas tsuaj tsis tuaj yeem. Lub cheeb tsam tseem nyuaj rau nkag mus, thiab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb muaj nyob rau kev tshawb fawb txog dej hiav txwv. Qhov kev xav tau kom nkag siab zoo dua cov dej hiav txwv ecosystem yog qhov tseem ceeb los tswj thiab daws cov kev pheej hmoo yav tom ntej.

Kuv thawj zaug tau koom nrog Alaskan ib puag ncig zej zog hauv xyoo 2000. Raws li lub taub hau ntawm Alaska Oceans Program, kuv tau pab tsim ntau lub phiaj xwm los daws cov teeb meem cuam tshuam rau cheeb tsam - xws li xav tau tsim kom muaj kev txwv zoo dua rau hauv qab trawling hauv hiav txwv Bering - rau lub Alaska Conservation Foundation. Peb tau pab tawm tswv yim rau cov tswv yim tawm tswv yim hauv ecosystem los txhim kho kev tswj hwm kev ua liaj ua teb, nthuav dav cov kev pab cuam hauv dej hiav txwv, txhawb kev tsim kev sib koom ua ke Kev Nyab Xeeb Shipping, thiab txhawb kev thoob ntiaj teb thiab lub teb chaws rau kev xaiv cov nqaij nruab deg. Peb tau tsim lub Alaska Oceans Network, uas muab kev sib txuas lus ntawm pab pawg kev txuag xws li Oceana, Ocean Conservancy, Earthjustice, World Wildlife Fund, Alaska Marine Conservation Council, thiab Trustees rau Alaska. Thiab txhua lub sijhawm, peb tau tshawb nrhiav txoj hauv kev uas Aleutian cov zej zog xav kom muaj dej hiav txwv yav tom ntej tuaj yeem lees paub thiab ua kev zoo siab.

Niaj hnub no, raws li ob qho tib si neeg pej xeem txhawj xeeb thiab CEO ntawm Ocean Foundation (TOF), kuv koom nrog nrhiav kev xaiv tsa ntawm Aleutian Islands National Marine Sanctuary (AINMS). Muab tso tawm los ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm Pej Xeem rau Lub Luag Haujlwm Ntawm Ib puag ncig, thiab kos npe los ntawm Lub Chaw rau Kev Sib Haum Xeeb Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv, Eyak Preservation Council, Lub Chaw rau Kev Tawm Tsam Dej, North Gulf Oceanic Society, TOF, thiab Marine Endeavors, sanctuary xwm txheej yuav muaj kev tiv thaiv ntxiv rau. ntau yam kev hem thawj ntsib Aleutian dej. Tag nrho cov dej nyob rau tag nrho Aleutian Islands archipelago - los ntawm 3 mus rau 200 mais sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb ntawm cov Islands tuaj - mus rau Alaska mainland thiab tsoom fwv cov dej tawm ntawm Pribilof Islands thiab Bristol Bay, tau thov kom suav nrog. Qhov kev tsim lub chaw dawb huv yuav suav nrog thaj tsam ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm kwv yees li 554,000 square nautical mais (nm2), uas yuav ua rau lub teb chaws loj tshaj plaws marine tiv thaiv cheeb tsam, thiab ib qho loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.

Tias Aleutians tsim nyog tiv thaiv hnub rov qab mus rau 1913, thaum Thawj Tswj Hwm Taft, los ntawm Executive Order, tau tsim "Aleutian Islands Reserve as Preserve for Native Birds, Animals and Fish." Xyoo 1976, UNESCO tau xaiv lub Aleutian Islands Biosphere Reserve, thiab 1980 Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) tau tsim lub Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge thiab 1.3 lab acre Aleutian Islands Wilderness.

Txawm tias muaj cov npe no, Aleutians xav tau kev tiv thaiv ntxiv. Cov kev hem thawj tseem ceeb rau AINMS tau thov yog kev nuv ntses ntau dhau, kev txhim kho roj thiab roj, kab mob sib kis, thiab nce kev xa khoom. Qhov cuam tshuam loj zuj zus ntawm kev hloov pauv huab cua ua rau plaub qhov kev hem thawj hnyav dua. Cov dej ntawm Bering Hiav Txwv / Aleutian Islands muaj cov kua qaub ntau dua li lwm cov dej hiav txwv hauv ntiaj teb, vim yog CO2 nqus, thiab thim rov qab dej hiav txwv tau hloov cov qauv ntawm thaj av thaj chaw.

Txoj Cai National Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA) tau tsim tawm xyoo 1972 los tiv thaiv cov chaw nyob hauv hiav txwv tseem ceeb thiab thaj chaw dej hiav txwv tshwj xeeb. Sanctuaries raug tswj hwm rau ntau lub hom phiaj, yog tias kev siv tau suav nrog kev tiv thaiv cov peev txheej los ntawm Tus Tuav Ntaub Ntawv Kev Lag Luam, uas txiav txim siab los ntawm cov txheej txheem pej xeem yuav tso cai dab tsi thiab cov kev cai dab tsi yuav raug siv rau ntau yam kev siv.

NMSA tau raug tso cai rov qab rau xyoo 1984 kom suav nrog cov khoom zoo ntawm "keeb kwm" thiab "kev coj noj coj ua" tus nqi rau kev txhawj xeeb ib puag ncig. Qhov no tau nthuav dav cov chaw dawb huv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb los khaws cov peev txheej hauv hiav txwv dhau ntawm ecological, kev ua si, kev kawm, kev tshawb fawb lossis cov txiaj ntsig zoo nkauj.

Nrog rau kev hem thawj ntxiv rau Aleutian dej, lub hom phiaj ntawm Aleutian Islands Marine National Marine Sanctuary yog:

1. Tiv thaiv seabird, marine mammals, thiab ntses chaw nyob, thiab kho cov pejxeem thiab marine ecological resilience;
2. Tiv thaiv thiab txhim kho Alaska Native marine subsistence;
3. Tiv thaiv thiab txhim kho cov ntug dej hiav txwv me-nkoj nuv ntses;
4. Txheeb xyuas, saib xyuas, thiab tiv thaiv cov chaw nyob hauv hiav txwv tshwj xeeb, suav nrog cov dej txias dej;
5. Txo cov kev pheej hmoo ntawm ib puag ncig los ntawm kev xa khoom, suav nrog cov roj thiab cov khoom thauj khoom muaj kev phom sij, thiab whale-nkoj ntaus;
6. Tshem tawm ib puag ncig kev pheej hmoo los ntawm kev tsim cov roj thiab roj av;
7. Saib xyuas thiab tswj cov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov kab mob marine invasive introductions;
8. Txo thiab tswj cov khib nyiab hauv hiav txwv;
9. Txhim khu kev txhim kho marine eco-tourism; thiab
10. Txhim khu kev nkag siab ntawm cheeb tsam.

Kev tsim lub chaw dawb huv yuav ua rau kom muaj peev xwm rau kev tshawb fawb hauv marine science, kev kawm thiab kev txaus siab ntawm ib puag ncig marine, thiab pab tsim kom muaj kev nkag siab meej txog qhov tsis zoo thiab kev hem thawj los ntawm kev siv tam sim no thiab yav tom ntej. Tshwj xeeb tsom rau Subarctic thiab Arctic dej, marine ecology resilience, thiab rov qab los ntawm kev nuv ntses ntau dhau lawm thiab nws cov teebmeem yuav tsim cov ntaub ntawv tshiab los pab rau kev txhim kho cov cai los txhim kho kev lag luam thiab kev muaj peev xwm mus sij hawm ntev ntawm lub sanctuary. Cov kev tshawb fawb yuav raug nthuav tawm los tshawb xyuas qhov kev hloov pauv sab hauv ntawm thaj av, xws li lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov dej txias corals, kev ua haujlwm ntawm hom kev lag luam hauv cov khoom noj hauv hiav txwv, thiab kev sib txuam ntawm seabirds thiab marine mammals.

Tam sim no muaj kaum plaub US National Marine Sanctuaries, txhua tus muaj nws tus kheej cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb thiab kev tiv thaiv, txhua qhov tshwj xeeb rau nws qhov chaw nyob thiab kev txhawj xeeb ib puag ncig. Nrog rau kev tiv thaiv, lub teb chaws marine sanctuaries muab kev lag luam muaj nqis tshaj dej, txhawb kwv yees li 50,000 txoj hauj lwm hauv ntau yam dej num xws li nuv ntses thiab dhia dej mus rau kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tos txais. Thoob plaws txhua qhov chaw dawb huv, kwv yees li $ 4 nphom tau tsim tawm hauv kev lag luam hauv zos thiab ntug hiav txwv.

Yuav luag tag nrho cov Aleutians raug tiv thaiv raws li ib feem ntawm Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge thiab Aleutian Islands Wilderness, yog li National Marine Sanctuary yuav coj tshiab. saib xyuas mus rau cheeb tsam, thiab nqa tag nrho cov sanctuaries mus rau kaum tsib - kaum tsib qhov chaw ntawm kev zoo nkauj zoo kawg li, bearing keeb kwm, kab lis kev cai thiab economic nqi. Lub Aleutian Islands tsim nyog tau txais kev xaiv, ob qho tib si rau lawv kev tiv thaiv thiab tus nqi uas lawv yuav coj mus rau tsev neeg dawb huv.

Qhia tawm cov kev xav ntawm Dr. Linwood Pendleton, (thaum ntawd) ntawm NOAA:

"Kuv ntseeg hais tias lub teb chaws marine sanctuaries yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov dej hiav txwv infrastructure, thiab ntawm peb cov kev cia siab zoo tshaj plaws los xyuas kom meej tias cov dej hiav txwv kev lag luam uas peb tau loj hlob los ntawm kev vam khom thiab tsim tau rau ntau tiam neeg tom ntej."

Whale photo courtesy of NOAA