Yas hauv Dej Hiav Txwv

Ntiaj teb no

Yas nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv nplooj ntawv chij: ib txhais tes tuav cov yas sab nraud

Rov qab mus rau kev tshawb fawb

1. Introduction
2. US Plastics Policy
- 2.1 Txoj Cai Sub-National
- 2.2 Txoj Cai Hauv Tebchaws
3. Txoj Cai Thoob Ntiaj Teb
- 3.1 Ntiaj teb no Treaty
- 3.2 Science Policy Vaj Huam Sib Luag
- 3.3 Basel Convention Plastic Waste Kho Kho
4. Kev lag luam ncig
5. Ntsuab Chemistry
6. Yas thiab Dej Hiav Txwv Health
- 6.1 Dab iav
- 6.2 Qhov cuam tshuam rau Marine Life
- 6.3 Plastic Pellets (Nurdles)
7. Yas thiab tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv
8. Kev Ncaj Ncees Ib puag ncig
9. Keeb kwm ntawm yas
10. Lwm yam peev txheej

Peb tab tom cuam tshuam kev tsim khoom ruaj khov thiab siv cov yas.

Nyeem txog peb cov Plastics Initiative (PI) thiab peb ua haujlwm li cas kom ua tiav kev lag luam zoo rau cov yas.

Saib Peb Txoj Kev Npaj

Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Haujlwm Erica Nunez hais lus ntawm ib qho kev tshwm sim

1. Introduction

Dab tsi yog qhov teeb meem ntawm plastics?

Yas, feem ntau hom ntawm cov khib nyiab marine tsis tu ncua, yog ib qho teeb meem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv marine ecosystems. Txawm hais tias nws nyuaj rau kev ntsuas, kwv yees li 8 lab metric tons ntawm cov yas tau ntxiv rau peb cov dej hiav txwv txhua xyoo, suav nrog 236,000 tons ntawm microplastics (Jambeck, 2015), uas yog sib npaug rau ntau tshaj ib lub tsheb khib nyiab ntawm cov yas pov tseg rau hauv peb dej hiav txwv txhua feeb (Pennington, 2016).

Nws yog kwv yees tias muaj 5.25 trillion daim ntawm cov khib nyiab yas hauv dej hiav txwv, 229,000 tons ntab saum npoo av, thiab 4 billion yas microfibers ib square kilometer litter nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv sib sib zog nqus (National Geographic, 2015). Ntau lab lab ntawm cov khoom yas hauv peb cov dej hiav txwv tsim tsib thaj chaw khib nyiab loj, suav nrog Great Pacific Garbage thaj uas loj dua qhov loj ntawm Texas. Xyoo 2050, yuav muaj cov yas hauv dej hiav txwv ntau dua li cov ntses (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2016). Cov yas tsis muaj nyob rau hauv peb cov dej hiav txwv, nws yog nyob rau hauv cov huab cua thiab cov khoom noj uas peb noj mus rau lub point uas txhua tus neeg tau kwv yees siv. ib daim credit card tsim nyog ntawm cov yas txhua lub lim tiam (Wit, Bigaud, 2019).

Feem ntau ntawm cov yas nkag mus rau hauv cov kwj deg yuav raug muab pov tseg tsis raug lossis hauv qhov chaw pov tseg. Hauv 2018 ib leeg, muaj 35 lab tons ntawm cov yas tsim hauv Tebchaws Meskas, thiab ntawm qhov ntawd Tsuas yog 8.7 feem pua ntawm cov yas tau siv dua (EPA, 2021). Kev siv cov yas niaj hnub no yog qhov tsis tuaj yeem zam tau thiab nws yuav muaj teeb meem txuas ntxiv mus txog thaum peb rov tsim thiab hloov peb txoj kev sib raug zoo rau cov yas.

Cov yas xaus li cas hauv dej hiav txwv?

Plastics hauv qhov chaw pov tseg: Yas feem ntau poob los yog cua tshuab thaum thauj mus rau qhov chaw pov tseg. Cov yas ces clutters ib ncig ntawm cov dej thiab nkag mus rau hauv dej, nws thiaj li xaus rau hauv dej hiav txwv.
Nyias ntim nyias: Cov khib nyiab poob rau ntawm txoj kev lossis hauv peb qhov chaw ib puag ncig yog nqa los ntawm cua thiab dej nag los rau hauv peb cov dej.
Hauv qab dej: Cov khoom siv tu cev, xws li cov ntaub so ntub dej thiab Q-cov lus qhia, feem ntau yog dej ntws tawm. Thaum cov khaub ncaws ntxhua (tshwj xeeb yog cov khoom siv hluavtaws) microfibers thiab microplastics raug tso rau hauv peb cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm peb lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws. Thaum kawg, cov khoom siv tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab ntxuav nrog microbeads yuav xa cov microplastics hauv cov dej ntws.
Kev lag luam nuv ntses: Cov nkoj nuv ntses yuav poob lossis tso tseg cov cuab yeej nuv ntses (saib Dab iav) nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv tsim cov ntxiab tuag rau marine life.

Daim duab qhia txog yuav ua li cas cov yas xaus rau hauv dej hiav txwv — US Department of Commerce, NO, thiab AA (2022, Lub Ib Hlis 27). *Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Yas Hauv Dej Hiav Txwv*. NOAA National Ocean Service. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/hazards/marinedebris/plastics-in-the-ocean.html.

Vim li cas cov yas hauv dej hiav txwv yog qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb?

Yas yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev ua phem rau lub neej hauv hiav txwv, kev noj qab haus huv rau pej xeem, thiab kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Tsis zoo li lwm cov ntaub ntawv pov tseg, cov yas tsis tawg tag, yog li nws yuav nyob hauv dej hiav txwv rau ntau pua xyoo. Plastic pollution indefinitely ua rau ib puag ncig kev hem thawj: tsiaj qus entanglement, ingestion, alien hom thauj, thiab tej vaj tse puas tsuaj (saib Cov teebmeem ntawm Marine Life). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khib nyiab marine yog ib qho kev lag luam eyeore uas degrades qhov zoo nkauj ntawm ib puag ncig ntug hiav txwv dej (saib Environmental Justice).

Dej hiav txwv tsis yog tsuas yog muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev coj noj coj ua tab sis ua haujlwm tseem ceeb rau cov zej zog ntug hiav txwv. Plastics nyob rau hauv peb txoj kev dej hem peb cov dej zoo thiab cov khoom noj hauv hiav txwv. Microplastics ua rau lawv txoj hauv kev nce cov khoom noj thiab ua rau tib neeg noj qab haus huv (Saib Yas thiab Tib Neeg Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv).

Raws li dej hiav txwv cov pa phem txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv, cov teeb meem tshwm sim no tsuas yog yuav loj zuj zus ntxiv tshwj tsis yog peb ua. Lub nra ntawm lub luag haujlwm yas yuav tsum tsis txhob so ntawm cov neeg siv khoom nkaus xwb. Hloov chaw, los ntawm kev rov tsim cov yas ntau lawm ua ntej nws txawm mus txog qhov kawg-cov neeg siv, peb tuaj yeem coj cov tuam txhab ntawm kev tsim khoom raws li kev daws teeb meem thoob ntiaj teb no.

Rov qab mus rau sab saum toj

2. US Plastics Policy

2.1 Txoj Cai Sub-National

Schultz, J. (2021, Lub Ob Hlis 8). Xeev Txoj Cai Plastic Bag. National Caucus ntawm Environmental Legislators. http://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/plastic-bag-legislation

Yim lub xeev muaj txoj cai txwv kev tsim khoom / kev siv cov hnab yas ib zaug. Lub nroog Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, thiab Seattle kuj tau txwv cov hnab yas. Boulder, New York, Portland, Washington DC, thiab Montgomery County Md. tau txwv cov hnab yas thiab cov nqi them. Kev txwv cov hnab yas yog ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb, vim tias lawv yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom uas feem ntau pom hauv dej hiav txwv plastics muaj kuab paug.

Gardiner, B. (2022, Lub Ob Hlis 22). Yuav ua li cas kev yeej hauv cov ntaub ntawv pov tseg yas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv dej hiav txwv. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/how-a-dramatic-win-in-plastic-waste-case-may-curb-ocean-pollution

Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2019, tus neeg tawm tsam kev ua qias tuaj Diane Wilson yeej qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb tiv thaiv Formosa Plastics, yog ib lub tuam txhab petrochemical loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, tau ntau xyoo ntawm kev ua txhaum cai yas nurdle pollution raws Texas 'Gulf Coast. Qhov $ 50 lab kev sib hais haum sawv cev rau kev yeej keeb kwm raws li qhov khoom plig loj tshaj plaws uas tau muab rau hauv ib tug pej xeem tiv thaiv kev ua qias tuaj raws li US Clean Water Act. Raws li kev sib hais haum, Formosa Plastics tau raug txiav txim kom ncav cuag "zero-discharge" ntawm cov khib nyiab yas los ntawm nws lub Hoobkas Point Comfort, them nyiaj nplua kom txog thaum cov khoom siv tshuaj lom tsis raug, thiab pab nyiaj rau kev ntxuav cov yas uas tau khaws cia thoob plaws hauv Texas' cuam tshuam cov av ntub dej hauv zos, ntug hiav txwv dej, thiab dej hiav txwv. Wilson, uas nws txoj haujlwm tsis muaj zog tau ua rau nws tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo 2023 Goldman Environmental Prize, pub tag nrho kev sib hais haum rau kev ntseeg siab, siv rau ntau yam ntawm ib puag ncig. Qhov kev foob pej xeem tsis txaus ntseeg no tau teeb tsa kev hloov pauv ntawm kev lag luam loj loj uas feem ntau ua rau muaj kev tsis txaus siab.

Gibbens, S. (2019, Lub Yim Hli 15). Saib cov toj roob hauv pes nyuaj ntawm kev txwv yas hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas National Geographic. nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/08/map-shows-the-complicated-landscape-of-plastic-bans

Muaj ntau lub tsev hais plaub sib ntaus sib tua nyob hauv Tebchaws Meskas uas cov nroog thiab xeev tsis pom zoo txog seb nws puas raug cai txwv tsis pub yas lossis tsis yog. Ntau pua lub nroog thoob plaws Tebchaws Meskas muaj qee yam nqi yas lossis txwv tsis pub, suav nrog qee qhov hauv California thiab New York. Tab sis kaum xya lub xeev hais tias nws tsis raug cai txwv tsis pub cov khoom yas, txwv tsis pub muaj peev xwm txwv tsis pub muaj txiaj ntsig. Cov kev txwv uas nyob rau hauv qhov chaw yog ua haujlwm los txo cov pa phem, tab sis ntau tus neeg hais tias cov nqi zoo dua li kev txwv tsis pub dhau ntawm kev hloov cov neeg siv khoom.

Surfrider. (Lub Rau Hli 2019, 11). Oregon Passes Comprehensive Statewide Plastic Bag Ban. Tau txais los ntawm: surfrider.org/coastal-blog/entry/oregon-passes-strongest-plastic-bag-ban-in-the-country

California Ocean Protection Council. (2022, Lub Ob Hlis). Statewide Microplastics Strategy. https://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/agenda_items/ 20220223/Item_6_Exhibit_A_Statewide_Microplastics_Strategy.pdf

Nrog rau kev pom zoo los ntawm Senate Bill 1263 (Sen. Anthony Portantino) hauv 2018, California Lub Xeev Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Cai Lij Choj tau lees paub qhov xav tau rau txoj kev npaj dav dav los daws qhov kev hem thawj ntawm microplastics nyob rau hauv lub xeev thaj chaw marine. Lub Xeev California Kev Tiv Thaiv Dej Hiav Txwv (OPC) tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv tshaj tawm no Lub Xeev Microplastic Strategy, muab txoj hauv kev ntau xyoo rau cov koom haum hauv xeev thiab cov koom tes sab nraud los ua haujlwm ua ke los tshawb fawb thiab thaum kawg txo qis cov pa phem microplastic thoob plaws hauv California cov ntug dej hiav txwv thiab dej hiav txwv. Lub hauv paus rau lub tswv yim no yog kev lees paub tias lub xeev yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab ua ntej kom txo tau cov pa phem microplastic, thaum kev nkag siab txog kev nkag siab txog microplastics qhov chaw, cuam tshuam, thiab kev ntsuas kev txo qis txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv.

HB 1085 – 68th Washington State Legislature, (2023-24 Reg. Sess.): Txo cov pa phem. (2023, Lub Plaub Hlis). https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?Year=2023&BillNumber=1085

Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 2023, Washington State Senate tau sib koom ua ke dhau House Bill 1085 (HB 1085) kom txo tau cov pa phem hauv peb txoj kev sib txawv. Kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Rep. Sharlett Mena (D-Tacoma), daim nqi yuav tsum muaj cov tsev tshiab uas tsim los ntawm cov chaw dej yuav tsum muaj lub raj mis ntim; theem tawm ntawm kev siv cov khoom me me rau kev noj qab haus huv lossis cov khoom zoo nkauj hauv cov thawv yas uas yog muab los ntawm cov tsev so thiab lwm qhov chaw nyob; thiab txwv tsis pub muag cov yas mos ua npuas dej ntab thiab cov chaw docks, thaum lub sijhawm tswj kev kawm txog cov txheej txheem tawv tawv hauv dej. Txhawm rau ua tiav nws cov hom phiaj, tsab cai lij choj koom nrog ntau lub koomhaum tseemfwv thiab pawg sablaj thiab yuav raug coj los ua raws sijhawm sib txawv. Rep. Mena championed HB 1085 ua ib feem ntawm Washington State qhov tseem ceeb sib ntaus los tiv thaiv pej xeem kev noj qab haus huv, dej, thiab ntses ntses ntses los ntawm cov pa phem ntau dhau.

California State Water Resources Control Board. (Lub Rau Hli 2020, 16). State Water Board hais txog microplastics hauv cov dej haus los txhawb kev paub txog cov dej hauv pej xeem [Xovxwm tso tawm]. https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/ 2020/pr06162020_microplastics.pdf

Kalifonias yog thawj lub koomhaum tseemfwv hauv lub ntiaj teb los kuaj nws cov dej haus rau kev sib kis microplastic nrog kev tso tawm ntawm nws lub xeev cov cuab yeej ntsuas. Qhov kev pib no los ntawm Pawg Tswj Xyuas Kev Tswj Dej Hauv Xeev California yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm 2018 Senate Bills Tsis yog. 1422 thiab Tsis yog. 1263, kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Sen. Anthony Portantino, uas, raws li txoj cai, qhia cov chaw muab dej hauv cheeb tsam los tsim cov txheej txheem rau kev kuaj microplastic infiltration hauv cov dej tshiab thiab cov dej haus thiab teeb tsa kev soj ntsuam cov microplastics marine tawm ntawm California lub ntug dej hiav txwv. Raws li cov neeg lis dej num hauv cheeb tsam thiab xeev tau yeem nthuav dav qhov kev sim thiab tshaj tawm cov qib microplastic hauv cov dej haus nyob rau tsib xyoos tom ntej, California tsoomfwv yuav txuas ntxiv tso siab rau cov zej zog kev tshawb fawb ntxiv rau kev tshawb fawb txog tib neeg thiab ib puag ncig kev noj qab haus huv ntawm kev noj microplastic.

Rov qab mus rau sab saum toj

2.2 Txoj Cai Hauv Tebchaws

US Environmental Protection Agency. (2023, Lub Plaub Hlis). Draft National Strategy los tiv thaiv Plastic Pollution. EPA Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery. https://www.epa.gov/circulareconomy/draft-national-strategy-prevent-plastic-pollution

Lub tswv yim yog txhawm rau txo cov pa phem thaum tsim cov yas, txhim kho kev tswj cov khoom siv tom qab, thiab tiv thaiv cov khib nyiab thiab micro / nano-plastics los ntawm kev nkag mus rau hauv dej thiab tshem tawm cov thoob khib nyiab tawm ntawm ib puag ncig. Cov qauv tsim qauv, tsim los ua ib qho txuas ntxiv ntawm EPA Lub Tebchaws Recycling Strategy tso tawm xyoo 2021, hais txog qhov xav tau rau txoj hauv kev rau kev tswj cov yas thiab kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb. Lub teb chaws lub tswv yim, thaum tseem tsis tau muaj cai, muab kev taw qhia rau tsoomfwv thiab lub xeev cov cai thiab rau lwm pab pawg uas tab tom nrhiav los daws cov pa phem.

Jain, N., and LaBeaud, D. (2022, Kaum Hli Ntuj) Yuav Ua Li Cas Kev Kho Mob Hauv Tebchaws Meskas yuav ua rau kev hloov pauv thoob ntiaj teb hauv kev pov tseg yas pov tseg. AMA Journal of Ethics. 24(10): E986-993. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2022.986.

Txog rau tam sim no, Tebchaws Meskas tsis tau ua tus thawj coj ntawm txoj cai hais txog cov pa phem yas, tab sis ib txoj hauv kev uas Asmeskas tuaj yeem ua tus coj yog hais txog kev pov tseg cov yas pov tseg los ntawm kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv. Kev pov tseg ntawm kev kho mob pov tseg yog ib qho kev hem thawj loj tshaj plaws rau kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv thoob ntiaj teb. Cov kev coj ua tam sim no ntawm kev pov tseg kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv hauv tsev thiab thoob ntiaj teb pov tseg ob qho tib si hauv av thiab hauv hiav txwv, ib qho kev coj ua uas tseem cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv thoob ntiaj teb los ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov zej zog tsis muaj zog. Cov kws sau ntawv qhia txog kev hloov pauv lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev coj ncaj ncees rau kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv pov tseg thiab kev tswj hwm los ntawm kev muab lub luag haujlwm nruj rau cov thawj coj saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv, txhawb nqa kev siv cov saw hlau ncig thiab kev saib xyuas, thiab txhawb kev sib koom tes muaj zog thoob plaws kev kho mob, yas, thiab kev lag luam pov tseg.

US Environmental Protection Agency. (Nov 2021). National Recycling Strategy Part One of a Series on Building a Circular Economy for All. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-11/final-national-recycling-strategy.pdf

Lub National Recycling Strategy yog tsom rau kev txhim kho thiab txhawb nqa lub teb chaws cov khoom pov tseg hauv nroog (MSW) rov ua dua tshiab thiab nrog lub hom phiaj los tsim kom muaj zog dua, muaj zog dua thiab muaj txiaj ntsig kev tswj hwm thiab rov ua dua tshiab hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm lub hom phiaj suav nrog kev txhim kho kev lag luam rau cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab, nce kev sau thiab txhim kho cov khoom siv pov tseg kev tswj hwm kev tsim kho, txo kev sib kis ntawm cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab, thiab nce cov cai los txhawb kev ncig. Thaum kev rov ua dua tshiab yuav tsis daws qhov teeb meem ntawm cov pa phem, lub tswv yim no tuaj yeem pab coj cov kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws rau kev txav mus rau kev lag luam ntau dua. Nco ntsoov, ntu kawg ntawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom no muab cov ntsiab lus zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm los ntawm tsoomfwv cov koomhaum hauv Tebchaws Meskas.

Bates, S. (2021, Lub Rau Hli 25). Cov kws tshawb fawb siv NASA cov ntaub ntawv satellite los taug qab dej hiav txwv Microplastics los ntawm qhov chaw. NASA Earth Science News Team. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/esnt2021/scientists-use-nasa-satellite-data-to-track-ocean-microplastics-from-space

Cov kws tshawb fawb kuj tseem siv NASA cov ntaub ntawv satellite tam sim no los taug qab kev txav ntawm microplastics hauv dej hiav txwv, siv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm NASA's Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS).

Microplastics concentration thoob plaws ntiaj teb, 2017

Law, KL, Starr, N., Siegler, TR, Jambeck, J., Mallos, N., & Leonard, GB (2020). Lub tebchaws United States kev koom tes ntawm cov pov tseg yas rau hauv av thiab dej hiav txwv. Science Advances, 6(44). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd0288

Qhov kev tshawb fawb xyoo 2020 no qhia tau tias, xyoo 2016, Tebchaws Asmeskas tau tsim cov pov tseg yas ntau dua los ntawm qhov hnyav thiab ib tus neeg ntau dua li lwm lub tebchaws. Ib feem loj ntawm cov pov tseg no tau raug pov tseg tsis raug cai hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, thiab ntau dua yog tswj tsis tau zoo nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws uas tau xa cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas los rov ua dua. Kev suav nyiaj rau cov kev pab cuam no, cov khoom pov tseg yas tsim nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas kwv yees nkag mus rau hauv ntug dej hiav txwv ib puag ncig hauv 2016 tau nce txog tsib npaug ntau dua li qhov kwv yees rau xyoo 2010, ua rau lub teb chaws txoj kev koom tes nrog ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, thiab Tshuaj. (2022). Kev suav nrog US Lub Luag Haujlwm hauv Ntiaj Teb Dej Hiav Txwv Yas Pov Hwm. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26132.

Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas no tau ua raws li cov lus teb rau qhov kev thov nyob rau hauv Txoj Cai Txuag Peb Seas 2.0 rau kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib koom tes ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas txoj kev koom tes rau thiab lub luag hauj lwm hais txog cov pa phem thoob ntiaj teb marine plastics. Nrog rau Teb Chaws Asmeskas tsim cov yas pov tseg ntau tshaj plaws ntawm txhua lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb li xyoo 2016, daim ntawv tshaj tawm no hu rau lub teb chaws lub tswv yim los txo US cov khoom pov tseg yas. Nws kuj tau pom zoo kom nthuav dav, sib koom ua ke saib xyuas kom nkag siab zoo dua qhov teev thiab qhov chaw ntawm US cov pa phem yas thiab saib xyuas lub teb chaws txoj kev vam meej.

Tshem Tawm Los Ntawm Yas. (2021 Peb., 26). Txhaum Dawb Los Ntawm Txoj Cai Plastic Pollution Act. Tshem Tawm Los Ntawm Yas. http://www.breakfreefromplastic.org/pollution-act/

Txoj Cai Lij Choj Dawb Los Ntawm Cov Plastic Pollution Act of 2021 (BFFPPA) yog Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws daim nqi txhawb nqa los ntawm Sen. Jeff Merkley (OR) thiab Rep. Alan Lowenthal (CA uas tau tshaj tawm cov txheej txheem kev daws teeb meem tshaj plaws hauv lub rooj sib tham. Daim nqi no yuav txo tau cov pa phem ntawm cov yas los ntawm qhov chaw, nce cov nqi rov ua dua tshiab, thiab tiv thaiv cov zej zog pem hauv ntej, daim nqi no yuav pab tiv thaiv cov zej zog cov neeg tau nyiaj tsawg, cov zej zog ntawm cov xim, thiab cov zej zog hauv paus txawm los ntawm lawv cov kev pheej hmoo ua paug los ntawm kev txo cov khoom siv yas thiab kev tsim khoom. Daim nqi yuav txhim kho tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv, los ntawm kev txo peb txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev noj cov microplastics, kev rhuav tshem ntawm cov yas tseem yuav txo peb cov pa roj carbon monoxide emissions. kev cai lij choj nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States.

Txoj Cai Lij Choj Dawb Los Ntawm Cov Plastic Pollution Act yuav ua tiav li cas — Tshem Tawm Los Ntawm Yas. (2021 Peb., 26). *Txhaum Dawb Los Ntawm Txoj Cai Plastic Pollution Act.* Tshem Tawm Los Ntawm Yas. http://www.breakfreefromplastic.org/pollution-act/

Text – S. 1982–116^th Congress (2019-2020): Txuag Peb Seas 2.0 Txoj Cai (2020, Kaum Ob Hlis 18). https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1982

Xyoo 2020, Congress tau tshaj tawm Txoj Cai Txuag Peb Cov Seas 2.0 uas tsim cov kev cai thiab kev txhawb siab los txo, rov ua dua, thiab tiv thaiv cov khib nyiab hauv hiav txwv (xws li, pov tseg yas). Nco ntsoov daim nqi kuj tsim lub Marine Debris Foundation, ib lub koom haum kev siab hlub thiab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig thiab tsis yog lub koom haum lossis kev tsim ntawm Tebchaws Meskas. Marine Debris Foundation yuav ua hauj lwm koom tes nrog NOAA's Marine Debris Program thiab tsom mus rau cov dej num los ntsuam xyuas, tiv thaiv, txo, thiab tshem tawm cov khib nyiab hauv hiav txwv thiab hais txog qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo ntawm cov khib nyiab hauv hiav txwv thiab nws cov hauv paus ua rau kev lag luam hauv Tebchaws Meskas, marine. ib puag ncig (xws li dej hauv thaj tsam ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, cov dej hiav txwv siab, thiab cov dej hauv thaj tsam ntawm lwm lub tebchaws), thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev taug kev.

S.5163 – 117th Congress (2021-2022): Tiv Thaiv Cov Zej Zog los ntawm Txoj Cai Plastics. (Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2022, 1). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/5163

Xyoo 2022, Sen. Cory Booker (DN.J.) thiab Rep. Jared Huffman (D-CA) tau koom nrog Sen. Jeff Merkley (D-OR) thiab Rep. Alan Lowenthal (D-CA) los qhia txog Kev Tiv Thaiv Cov Zej Zog los ntawm Plastics Ua raws txoj cai. Tsim los ntawm cov kev cai tseem ceeb los ntawm Txoj Cai Lij Choj Dawb Los Ntawm Plastic Pollution Act, daim nqi no yog tsom los daws cov teeb meem kev tsim khoom yas uas tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov zej zog muaj nyiaj tsawg thiab cov zej zog ntawm cov xim. Tsav los ntawm lub hom phiaj loj ntawm kev hloov pauv Asmeskas kev lag luam kom deb ntawm kev siv cov yas ib zaug, Kev Tiv Thaiv Cov Zej Zog los ntawm Plastics Act lub hom phiaj los tsim cov kev cai nruj dua rau cov nroj tsuag petrochemical thiab tsim cov phiaj xwm tshiab thoob ntiaj teb rau cov khoom yas txo thiab rov siv dua hauv cov ntim thiab cov khoom noj khoom haus.

S.2645 – 117th Congress (2021-2022): Muab nqi zog rau kev txo qis cov kab mob uas tsis tau siv dua tshiab hauv Ecosystems Act of 2021. (2021, Lub Yim Hli 5). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2645

Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) tau tshaj tawm tsab cai tshiab los tsim kom muaj kev txhawb zog tshiab los siv cov yas rov ua dua tshiab, txiav kev tsim cov yas yas, thiab tuav cov kev lag luam plastics ntau lub luag haujlwm rau cov pov tseg tshuaj lom uas ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau pej xeem kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig tseem ceeb. . Cov kev cai lij choj uas tau hais tseg, muaj cai rau Kev Siv Nyiaj Them Nqi Rau Kev Txom Nyem Unrecycled Contaminants in Ecosystems (REDUCE) Act, yuav txiav txim 20-xees ib phaus tus nqi ntawm kev muag cov yas yas ua haujlwm hauv cov khoom siv ib zaug. Tus nqi no yuav pab cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab sib tw nrog cov yas yas ntawm kev sib npaug ntau dua. Cov khoom uas muaj xws li ntim khoom, khoom noj khoom haus, ntim dej haus, thiab hnab - nrog rau kev zam rau cov khoom kho mob thiab cov khoom siv tu cev.

Jain, N., & LaBeaud, D. (2022). Txoj Kev Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas yuav ua li cas hloov pauv thoob ntiaj teb hauv kev pov tseg cov yas pov tseg? AMA Journal of Ethics, 24(10): E986-993. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2022.986.

Cov txheej txheem pov tseg tam sim no ntawm kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv yas pov tseg ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam kev noj qab haus huv thoob ntiaj teb, cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg tsis muaj zog thiab cov neeg tsis muaj zog. Los ntawm kev txuas ntxiv kev coj ua ntawm kev xa tawm kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv hauv tsev pov tseg kom pov tseg rau hauv av thiab dej ntawm cov teb chaws tsim, Tebchaws Asmeskas tau nthuav tawm cov kev cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig thiab kev noj qab haus huv uas cuam tshuam txog kev noj qab haus huv thoob ntiaj teb. Ib qho kev hloov pauv loj ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev coj ncaj ncees rau kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv cov khoom pov tseg thiab kev tswj xyuas yog xav tau. Tsab ntawv xov xwm no pom zoo kom muab kev lav phib xaub nruj rau cov thawj coj saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv, txhawb nqa kev siv cov saw hlau ncig thiab kev saib xyuas, thiab txhawb kev sib koom tes muaj zog thoob plaws kev kho mob, yas, thiab kev lag luam pov tseg.

Wong, E. (2019, May 16). Science on the Hill: daws qhov teeb meem pov tseg yas. Springer Nature. Tau txais los ntawm: bit.ly/2HQTrfi

Ib phau ntawm cov ntawv txuas cov kws tshaj lij kev tshawb fawb rau cov neeg tsim cai lij choj ntawm Capitol Hill. Lawv hais txog yuav ua li cas pov tseg yas yog ib qho kev hem thawj thiab yuav ua li cas los daws qhov teeb meem thaum txhawb kev lag luam thiab ua rau txoj haujlwm loj hlob.

ROV QAB LOS SAUM

3. Txoj Cai Thoob Ntiaj Teb

Nielsen, MB, Clausen, LP, Cronin, R., Hansen, SF, Oturai, NG, & Syberg, K. (2023). Tshaj tawm cov kev tshawb fawb tom qab txoj cai pib tsom rau cov pa phem yas. Microplastics thiab Nanoplastics, 3(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-022-00046-y

Cov kws sau ntawv tau tshuaj xyuas rau XNUMX txoj cai tseem ceeb ntawm cov phiaj xwm tsom mus rau cov pa phem ntawm cov yas thiab pom tias cov tswv yim yas feem ntau xa mus rau cov pov thawj los ntawm cov ntawv tshawb fawb thiab cov ntawv ceeb toom. Cov ntawv tshawb fawb thiab cov ntawv ceeb toom muab kev paub txog cov khoom siv yas, kev cuam tshuam ecological ntawm cov yas thiab cov qauv tsim thiab siv. Ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm cov txheej txheem kev cai yas tau tshuaj xyuas yog xa mus rau cov ntaub ntawv saib xyuas cov khib nyiab. Ib pawg neeg sib txawv ntawm ntau cov ntawv tshawb fawb thiab cov cuab yeej zoo li tau raug siv thaum tsim cov txheej txheem kev cai yas. Txawm li cas los xij, tseem muaj ntau qhov tsis paub meej txog kev txiav txim siab txog kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cov pa phem yas, uas txhais tau hais tias txoj cai pib yuav tsum tso cai rau kev hloov pauv. Zuag qhia tag nrho, cov pov thawj scientific yog suav tias yog thaum tsim txoj cai pib. Muaj ntau hom pov thawj uas siv los txhawb txoj cai pib yuav ua rau muaj kev sib cav sib ceg. Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam txog kev sib tham thoob ntiaj teb thiab cov cai.

OECD (2022, Lub Ob Hlis), Ntiaj teb Plastics Outlook: Kev Tsav Tsheb Lag Luam, Kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig thiab txoj cai xaiv. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/de747aef-en.

Thaum cov yas yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb heev rau lub neej niaj hnub no, cov khoom siv yas thiab cov khoom pov tseg txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv thiab yuav tsum tau ua sai sai los ua kom lub neej ntawm cov yas ntau dua. Thoob plaws ntiaj teb, tsuas yog 9% ntawm cov pov tseg yas rov siv dua thaum 22% yog tswj tsis raug. OECD hu rau kev nthuav dav ntawm cov cai hauv tebchaws thiab txhim kho kev sib koom tes thoob ntiaj teb los txo cov kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig thoob plaws hauv cov saw hlau. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm no yog tsom rau kev qhia ntawv thiab txhawb txoj cai rau kev tawm tsam cov yas to. Lub Outlook txheeb xyuas plaub qhov tseem ceeb rau kev khoov cov yas nkhaus: muaj zog txhawb rau cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab (secondary) plastics markets; cov cai los txhawb kev tsim kho thev naus laus zis hauv cov yas; ntau ambition domestic txoj cai ntsuas; thiab kev koom tes thoob ntiaj teb ntau dua. Nov yog thawj zaug ntawm ob daim ntawv tshaj tawm, daim ntawv tshaj tawm thib ob, Ntiaj teb no Plastics Outlook: Txoj Cai Scenarios rau 2060 yog muaj npe hauv qab no.

OECD (2022, Lub Rau Hli), Ntiaj teb Plastics Outlook: Txoj Cai Scenarios rau 2060. OECD luam tawm, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/aa1edf33-en.

Lub ntiaj teb no tsis nyob ze rau kev ua tiav nws lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua kom tiav cov pa phem ntawm cov yas, tshwj tsis yog siv cov cai nruj dua thiab kev sib koom tes. Txhawm rau pab ua kom tiav cov hom phiaj tau teev tseg los ntawm ntau lub tebchaws OECD tau tshaj tawm txoj kev xav txog plastics thiab cov xwm txheej ntawm txoj cai los pab qhia cov neeg tsim cai. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm nthuav tawm cov txheej txheem kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov yas rau xyoo 2060, suav nrog kev siv cov yas, pov tseg nrog rau kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig txuas nrog cov yas, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog xau rau ib puag ncig. Daim ntawv ceeb toom no yog kev taug qab mus rau thawj tsab ntawv ceeb toom, Economic Tsav Tsheb, Environmental Impacts thiab Policy Options (cov npe saum toj no) uas ntsuas qhov kev xav tau tam sim no hauv kev siv plastics, kev tsim khoom pov tseg thiab kev xau, nrog rau kev txheeb xyuas plaub txoj cai levers los tiv thaiv ib puag ncig cuam tshuam ntawm plastics.

IUCN. (2022). IUCN Cov Lus Qhia luv luv rau Cov Neeg Sib Tham: Plastics Treaty INC. IUCN WCEL Daim Ntawv Pom Zoo ntawm Plastic Pollution Task Force. https://www.iucn.org/our-union/commissions/group/iucn-wcel-agreement-plastic-pollution-task-force/resources

Lub IUCN tau tsim cov lus luv luv, txhua qhov tsawg dua tsib nplooj ntawv, los txhawb thawj qhov kev sib tham rau Plastic Pollution Treaty raws li tau hais los ntawm United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) daws teeb meem 5/14, Cov ntsiab lus luv tau raug kho rau cov kev sib tham tshwj xeeb. thiab tau tsim los ntawm cov kauj ruam dhau xyoo dhau los hais txog cov lus cog tseg cov ntsiab lus, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, kev sib cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov kev cog lus, cov qauv muaj peev xwm thiab cov txheej txheem kev cai lij choj. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus luv luv, suav nrog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, kev lag luam ncig, kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm tsoomfwv, thiab ntau qhov kev pom zoo ib puag ncig muaj no. Cov lus luv luv no tsis yog tsuas yog pab tau rau cov neeg tsim txoj cai, tab sis tau pab qhia kev txhim kho cov kev cog lus plastics thaum lub sij hawm sib tham thawj zaug.

Lub Xeem Beach Cleanup. (2021, Lub Xya Hli). Lub teb chaws txoj cai lij choj ntawm cov khoom yas. lastbeachcleanup.org/countrylaws

Ib daim ntawv teev npe thoob ntiaj teb kev cai lij choj hais txog cov khoom yas. Txog niaj hnub no, 188 lub teb chaws muaj kev txwv lub hnab yas thoob tebchaws lossis cog lus hnub kawg, 81 lub tebchaws muaj kev txwv tsis pub siv cov hnab yas thoob tebchaws lossis cog lus rau hnub kawg, thiab 96 lub tebchaws muaj cov hnab yas ua npuas ncauj txwv lossis cog lus hnub kawg.

Buchholz, K. (2021). Infographic: Lub teb chaws txwv cov hnab yas. Statista Infographics. https://www.statista.com/chart/14120/the-countries-banning-plastic-bags/

Rau caum cuaj lub teb chaws thoob ntiaj teb tau txwv tag nrho lossis ib nrab ntawm cov hnab yas. Lwm peb caug-ob lub teb chaws them tus nqi lossis se txhawm rau txwv cov yas. Tuam Tshoj tsis ntev los no tau tshaj tawm tias nws yuav txwv txhua lub hnab uas tsis muaj khib nyiab hauv cov nroog loj thaum kawg ntawm 2020 thiab txuas ntxiv kev txwv mus rau tag nrho lub tebchaws los ntawm 2022. Cov hnab yas tsuas yog ib kauj ruam mus rau kev xaus kev siv cov yas ib leeg xwb, tab sis yuav tsum muaj kev cai lij choj ntau ntxiv. tawm tsam cov teeb meem plastics.

Cov Lus Qhia (EU) 2019/904 ntawm European Parliament thiab ntawm Pawg Sab Laj ntawm 5 Lub Rau Hli 2019 txog kev txo qis ntawm qee yam khoom yas rau ib puag ncig. PEB/11/2019/1/REV/XNUMX OJ L 155, 12.6.2019, p. 1–19 (BG, ES, CS, DA, DE, ET, EL, EN, FR, GA, HR, IT, LV, LT, HU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SL, FI, SV). ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/904/oj

Kev nce zuj zus ntawm cov khoom pov tseg yas thiab cov xau ntawm cov pov tseg yas rau hauv ib puag ncig, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig marine, yuav tsum tau tackled thiaj li ua tiav lub neej voj voog rau cov yas. Txoj cai lij choj no txwv tsis pub 10 hom yas siv ib zaug thiab siv rau qee yam khoom siv SUP, cov khoom tsim los ntawm oxo-degradable yas thiab nuv ntses iav uas muaj yas. Nws tso cov kev txwv kev lag luam rau cov yas cutlery, straws, phaj, khob thiab teem ib lub hom phiaj ntawm 90% recycling rau SUP yas hwj los ntawm 2029. Qhov kev txwv tsis pub siv ib zaug plastics tau pib muaj kev cuam tshuam rau txoj kev cov neeg siv khoom siv yas thiab yuav cia siab tias yuav ua rau muaj kev txo qis hauv cov pa phem hauv lub xyoo tom ntej.

Ntiaj teb Plastics Policy Center (2022). Kev tshuaj xyuas thoob ntiaj teb ntawm plastics cov cai los txhawb kev txhim kho kev txiav txim siab thiab kev lav phib xaub rau pej xeem. March, A., Salam, S., Evans, T., Hilton, J., thiab Fletcher, S. (editors). Revolution Plastics, University of Portsmouth, UK. https://plasticspolicy.port.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/GPPC-Report.pdf

Xyoo 2022, Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Plastics Ntiaj Teb tau tshaj tawm cov pov thawj-raws li kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam kev ua tau zoo ntawm 100 plastics txoj cai siv los ntawm kev lag luam, tsoomfwv, thiab cov pej xeem thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm no qhia txog cov kev tshawb pom no- txheeb xyuas qhov tsis txaus ntseeg hauv cov pov thawj rau txhua txoj cai, tshuaj xyuas cov xwm txheej uas cuam tshuam lossis txhim kho txoj cai kev ua tau zoo, thiab sib sau ua ke txhua qhov kev tshuaj xyuas los qhia txog cov kev coj ua tiav thiab cov lus xaus rau cov neeg tsim cai. Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas qhov tob hauv ntiaj teb cov cai yas thoob ntiaj teb no yog qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Plastic Policy Center lub txhab nyiaj ntawm nws tus kheej txheeb xyuas cov tswv yim plastics, thawj yam uas ua haujlwm raws li tus kws qhia ntawv tseem ceeb thiab qhia txog txoj cai muaj kuab paug yas zoo.

Royle, J., Jack, B., Parris, H., Hogg, D., & Eliot, T. (2019). Plastic Drawdown: Ib txoj hauv kev tshiab los daws cov pa phem los ntawm qhov chaw mus rau dej hiav txwv. Common Seas. https://commonseas.com/uploads/Plastic-Drawdown-%E2%80%93-A-summary-for-policy-makers.pdf

Tus qauv Plastic Drawdown muaj plaub kauj ruam: ua qauv ntawm lub teb chaws cov khoom pov tseg yas thiab cov khoom sib xyaw, kev qhia txog txoj hauv kev ntawm kev siv cov yas thiab xau mus rau hauv dej hiav txwv, kev tshuaj xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov cai tseem ceeb, thiab txhawb kev tsim kev pom zoo nyob ib puag ncig cov cai tseem ceeb thoob plaws hauv tsoomfwv, zej zog, thiab cov neeg koom nrog kev lag luam. Muaj kaum yim txoj cai sib txawv tau txheeb xyuas hauv daim ntawv no, txhua qhov sib tham txog lawv ua haujlwm li cas, qib kev ua tiav (kev ua tau zoo), thiab qhov twg macro thiab / lossis microplastics nws nyob.

United Nations Environment Program (2021). Los ntawm Kev Ua Phem Rau Kev daws: Kev ntsuas thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov khib nyiab hauv hiav txwv thiab cov pa phem. United Nations, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/resources/pollution-solution-global-assessment-marine-litter-and-plastic-pollution

Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas thoob ntiaj teb no tshuaj xyuas qhov loj thiab qhov hnyav ntawm cov khib nyiab hauv hiav txwv thiab cov pa phem hauv txhua qhov ecosystems thiab lawv cov kev puas tsuaj loj rau tib neeg thiab ib puag ncig kev noj qab haus huv. Nws muab cov kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm cov kev paub tam sim no thiab kev tshawb nrhiav qhov tsis sib xws txog cov pa phem ntawm cov yas uas cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau hauv hiav txwv ecosystems, kev hem thawj rau kev noj qab haus huv thoob ntiaj teb, nrog rau cov nqi kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev lag luam ntawm cov khib nyiab dej hiav txwv. Zuag qhia tag nrho, tsab ntawv ceeb toom mob siab rau qhia thiab ua kom nrawm, ua pov thawj ua pov thawj ntawm txhua qib thoob plaws ntiaj teb.

ROV QAB LOS SAUM

3.1 Ntiaj teb no Treaty

United Nations Environment Programme. (2022, Lub Peb Hlis 2). Yam Koj Yuav Tsum Paub Txog Plastic Pollution Resolution. United Nations, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/what-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution-resolution

Ib lub vev xaib uas ntseeg siab tshaj plaws rau cov ntaub ntawv thiab hloov tshiab ntawm Ntiaj Teb Kev Cog Lus, United Nations Environment Program yog ib qhov tseeb tshaj plaws rau cov xov xwm thiab hloov tshiab. Lub vev xaib no tshaj tawm cov kev daws teeb meem keeb kwm ntawm kev rov pib dua thib tsib ntawm United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-5.2) hauv Nairobi kom xaus cov pa phem yas thiab ua kom muaj kev cog lus thoob ntiaj teb kev cai lij choj los ntawm 2024. Lwm yam khoom uas tau teev nyob rau hauv nplooj ntawv suav nrog kev txuas mus rau ib daim ntawv ntawm Cov lus nug nquag nug txog Lub Ntiaj Teb Treaty thiab recordings ntawm lub UNEP cov kev daws teeb meem txav txoj kev cog lus rau pem hauv ntej, thiab a cov cuab yeej ntawm cov pa phem yas.

IISD (2023, March 7). Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Kev Sib Tham Thib Tsib ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm Cov Neeg Sawv Cev thiab Lub Koom Haum UN Environmental Assembly thiab Kev Ua Koob Tsheej ntawm UNEP@50: 21 Lub Ob Hlis - 4 Lub Peb Hlis 2022. Ntiaj Teb Kev Sib Tham Xov Xwm, Vol. 16 Ib., 166. https://enb.iisd.org/unea5-oecpr5-unep50

Lub rooj sib tham thib tsib ntawm UN Environment Assembly (UNEA-5.2), uas tau sib tham nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus "Strengthening Actions for Nature to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals," tau tshaj tawm los ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Kev Sib Tham Cov Ntawv Tshaj Tawm Tshaj Tawm los ntawm UNEA uas ua raws li kev tshaj tawm. rau kev sib tham ib puag ncig thiab kev txhim kho. Cov ntawv xov xwm tshwj xeeb no tau hais txog UNEAS 5.2 thiab yog ib qho khoom siv zoo kawg rau cov uas xav nkag siab ntau ntxiv txog UNEA, 5.2 kev daws teeb meem rau "Xaum cov pa phem yas: Mus rau qhov cuab yeej cuab tam thoob ntiaj teb kev cai lij choj" thiab lwm cov kev daws teeb meem tau tham hauv lub rooj sib tham.

United Nations Environment Programme. (Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2023, XNUMX). Thawj Lub Rooj Sib Tham ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Sib Tham Sib Tham ntawm Plastic Pollution. United Nations Environment Programme, Punta del Este, Uruguay. https://www.unep.org/events/conference/inter-governmental-negotiating-committee-meeting-inc-1

Nplooj ntawv no qhia txog thawj lub rooj sib tham ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Sib Tham Sib Tham (INC) muaj nyob rau thaum kawg ntawm 2022 hauv Uruguay. Nws suav nrog thawj qhov kev sib tham ntawm pawg neeg sib tham hauv tsoomfwv los tsim cov cuab yeej thoob ntiaj teb kev cai lij choj ntawm cov pa phem, suav nrog hauv thaj chaw marine. Ntxiv rau qhov txuas mus rau cov ntaub ntawv kaw tseg ntawm lub rooj sib tham muaj nyob hauv YouTube txuas nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog txoj cai luv luv thiab PowerPoints los ntawm lub rooj sib tham. Cov ntaub ntawv kaw tseg no muaj nyob hauv Askiv, Fabkis, Suav, Lavxias, thiab Spanish.

Andersen, I. (2022, Peb Hlis 2). Ib Tug Thawj Coj rau Kev Ua Ib puag ncig. Hais lus rau: Qib siab ntu ntawm Resumed Fifth Environment Assembly. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/speech/leap-forward-environmental-action

Tus Thawj Coj Tus Thawj Coj ntawm UN Environment Program (UNEP), tau hais tias qhov kev pom zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thoob ntiaj teb kev sib koom ua ke ib puag ncig txij li Paris climate accord hauv nws cov lus tawm suab kom dhau qhov kev daws teeb meem los pib ua haujlwm ntawm Ntiaj Teb Plastics Treaty. Nws tau sib cav tias qhov kev pom zoo tsuas yog suav tiag yog tias nws muaj cov kev qhia meej meej uas raug cai, raws li qhov kev daws teeb meem tau hais thiab yuav tsum tau txais txoj hauv kev mus rau lub neej tag nrho. Qhov kev hais lus no ua tau zoo heev ntawm kev hais txog qhov xav tau ntawm Ntiaj Teb Kev Cog Lus thiab United Nations Environment Programme qhov tseem ceeb thaum kev sib tham txuas ntxiv mus.

IISD (2022, Kaum Ob Hlis 7). Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Thawj Lub Rooj Sib Tham ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Sib Tham Sib Tham los tsim cov cuab yeej thoob ntiaj teb raws li txoj cai ntawm cov pa phem: 28 Kaum Ib Hlis - 2 Kaum Ob Hlis 2022. Ntiaj Teb Kev Sib Tham Xov Xwm, Vol 36, No. 7. https://enb.iisd.org/plastic-pollution-marine-environment-negotiating-committee-inc1

Lub rooj sib tham thawj zaug, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Sib Tham Sib Tham (INC), Cov Neeg Koom Tes tau pom zoo los sib tham txog kev sib cog lus thoob ntiaj teb kev cai lij choj (ILBI) ntawm cov pa phem yas, suav nrog hauv ib puag ncig marine, teeb tsa lub sijhawm xav tau los xaus kev sib tham hauv 2024. Raws li tau sau tseg saum toj no , Lub Ntiaj Teb Kev Sib Tham Xov Xwm yog ib qho kev tshaj tawm los ntawm UNEA uas ua raws li kev tshaj tawm kev pabcuam rau kev sib tham txog ib puag ncig thiab kev txhim kho.

United Nations Environment Programme. (2023). Kev Sib Tham Thib Ob ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Sib Tham Sib Tham ntawm Plastic Pollution: 29 Tsib Hlis - 2 Lub Rau Hli 2023. https://www.unep.org/events/conference/second-session-intergovernmental-negotiating-committee-develop-international

Cov peev txheej yuav tsum tau hloov kho tom qab xaus ntawm qhov kev sib kho thib 2 hauv lub Rau Hli 2023.

Ocean Plastics Leadership Network. (2021, Lub Rau Hli 10). Lub Ntiaj Teb Plastics Treaty Dialogues. YouTube. https://youtu.be/GJdNdWmK4dk.

Kev sib tham tau pib los ntawm kev sib tham thoob ntiaj teb online hauv kev npaj rau United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) kev txiav txim siab thaum Lub Ob Hlis 2022 txog seb puas yuav ua raws li kev pom zoo thoob ntiaj teb rau cov yas. Lub koom haum Ocean Plastics Leadership Network (OPLN) ib lub koom haum 90-tus neeg ua haujlwm-rau-kev lag luam koom tes nrog Greenpeace thiab WWF los tsim cov kev sib tham zoo. Xya caum-ib lub teb chaws tab tom hu rau kev cog lus yas thoob ntiaj teb nrog NGOs, thiab 30 lub tuam txhab loj. Cov tog neeg tab tom hu kom tshaj tawm cov ntawv qhia meej ntawm cov yas thoob plaws hauv lawv lub neej kom suav txog txhua yam uas tau tsim thiab yuav ua li cas, tab sis tseem muaj qhov tsis sib haum xeeb loj uas tseem tshuav.

Parker, L. (2021, Lub Rau Hli 8). Kev cog lus thoob ntiaj teb los tswj cov pa phem yas tau txais lub zog. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/global-treaty-to-regulate-plastic-pollution-gains-momentum

Thoob plaws ntiaj teb muaj xya lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov uas suav tias yog lub hnab yas thiab uas tuaj nrog ntau txoj cai rau txhua lub tebchaws. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev cog lus thoob ntiaj teb yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev nrhiav cov txheej txheem kev txhais thiab cov qauv, kev sib koom tes ntawm lub teb chaws lub hom phiaj thiab cov phiaj xwm, kev pom zoo ntawm cov qauv qhia, thiab kev tsim cov peev nyiaj los pab nyiaj txiag tswj cov chaw pov tseg uas lawv xav tau tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim kho tsawg. lub teb chaws.

World Wildlife Foundation, Ellen MacArthur Foundation, & Boston Consulting Group. (2020). Kev Lag Luam Case rau UN Treaty ntawm Plastic Pollution. WWF, Ellen MacArthur Foundation, thiab BCG. https://f.hubspotusercontent20.net/hubfs/4783129/ Plastics/UN%20treaty%20plastic%20poll%20report%20a4_ single_pages_v15-web-prerelease-3mb.pdf

Cov tuam txhab lag luam thoob ntiaj teb thiab cov lag luam raug hu los txhawb kev cog lus yas thoob ntiaj teb, vim tias cov pa phem yuav cuam tshuam rau kev lag luam yav tom ntej. Ntau lub tuam txhab tau ntsib cov kev pheej hmoo muaj npe nrov, vim tias cov neeg siv khoom tau paub ntau ntxiv txog cov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov yas thiab thov kom muaj qhov pom tseeb ntawm cov khoom siv yas. Cov neeg ua haujlwm xav ua haujlwm ntawm cov tuam txhab nrog lub hom phiaj zoo, cov tub ua lag luam tab tom nrhiav rau pem hauv ntej kev xav ib puag ncig lub tuam txhab, thiab cov neeg tswj hwm tau txhawb txoj cai los daws cov teeb meem yas. Rau cov lag luam, UN kev cog lus ntawm cov pa phem yuav txo qis kev ua haujlwm nyuaj thiab sib txawv txoj cai thoob plaws hauv kev lag luam, ua kom yooj yim tshaj tawm, thiab pab txhim kho kev cia siab kom ua tau raws li lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luam. Qhov no yog lub sijhawm rau cov tuam txhab lag luam thoob ntiaj teb los ua tus thawj coj ntawm txoj cai hloov pauv rau kev ua kom zoo dua ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb.

Environmental Investigation Agency. (2020, Lub Rau Hli). Convention on Plastic Pollution: Mus rau Daim Ntawv Pom Zoo Thoob Ntiaj Teb Tshiab los daws Plastic Pollution. Environmental Investigation Agency thiab Gaia. https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Convention-on-Plastic-Pollution-June- 2020-Single-Pages.pdf.

Cov tswvcuab hauv lub tebchaws rau Plastics Conventions tau txheeb xyuas 4 thaj chaw tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum muaj lub hauv paus thoob ntiaj teb: kev saib xyuas / kev tshaj tawm, kev tiv thaiv cov pa phem, kev sib koom tes thoob ntiaj teb, thiab kev txhawb nqa kev lag luam / nyiaj txiag. Kev saib xyuas thiab Kev Tshaj Tawm yuav yog nyob ntawm ob qhov ntsuas: ib qho kev ntsuas saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm kev saib xyuas cov pa phem tam sim no, thiab kev qhia hauv qab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xau. Tsim cov txheej txheem thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov txheej txheem kev tshaj tawm raws li lub neej voj voog yas yuav txhawb kev hloov pauv mus rau ib puag ncig kev lag luam. Kev tiv thaiv cov pa phem yuav pab qhia txog cov phiaj xwm ua haujlwm hauv tebchaws, thiab hais txog cov teeb meem tshwj xeeb xws li microplastics thiab kev tsim qauv thoob plaws cov khoom siv yas. Kev sib koom tes thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov khoom siv hauv hiav txwv ntawm cov yas, kev lag luam pov tseg, thiab tshuaj lom neeg muaj kuab lom yuav pab ua kom biodiversity thaum nthuav dav kev sib pauv kev paub hauv cheeb tsam. Thaum kawg, kev txhawb nqa txuj ci thiab nyiaj txiag yuav ua rau muaj kev txiav txim siab txog kev tshawb fawb thiab kev lag luam hauv zej zog, lub sijhawm no pab kev hloov pauv rau cov tebchaws tsim.

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3.2 Science Policy Vaj Huam Sib Luag

United Nations. (2023, Lub Ib Hlis - Lub Ob Hlis). Daim ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm qhov thib ob ntawm thawj qhov kev sib tham ntawm ad hoc qhib-kawg pab pawg ua haujlwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb-txoj cai tswjfwm los pab txhawb ntxiv rau kev tswj hwm cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab pov tseg thiab tiv thaiv kev ua qias tuaj.. Ad hoc qhib-kawg pab neeg ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug science-txoj cai vaj huam sib luag los pab txhawb ntxiv rau lub suab tswj cov tshuaj thiab pov tseg thiab tiv thaiv kom txhob muaj kuab paug Thawj zaug Nairobi, 6 Lub kaum hli ntuj 2022 thiab Bangkok, Thaib teb. https://www.unep.org/oewg1.2-ssp-chemicals-waste-pollution

United Nations lub ad hoc open-ended ua hauj lwm pab pawg (OEWG) ntawm ib tug science-policy vaj huam sib luag los pab txhawb ntxiv rau lub suab tswj cov tshuaj thiab pov tseg thiab tiv thaiv kom txhob muaj kuab paug nyob rau hauv Bangkok, los ntawm 30 Lub ib hlis ntuj mus rau 3 Lub ob hlis ntuj 2023. Thaum lub rooj sib tham , teeb meem 5 / 8, United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) tau txiav txim siab tias yuav tsum tsim kom muaj kev tshawb fawb-txoj cai tswjfwm los pab txhawb ntxiv rau kev tswj xyuas cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab pov tseg thiab tiv thaiv kev ua qias tuaj. UNEA tau txiav txim siab ntxiv rau lub rooj sib tham, raws li qhov muaj peev txheej, OEWG los npaj cov lus pom zoo rau pawg thawj coj saib xyuas kev tshawb fawb, pib ua haujlwm hauv 2022 nrog lub hom phiaj ua kom tiav thaum kawg ntawm 2024. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm zaum kawg los ntawm lub rooj sib tham tuaj yeem yog pom no.

Wang, Z. et al. (2021) Peb xav tau lub ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb-txoj cai lub cev ntawm cov tshuaj thiab pov tseg. Kev tshawb fawb. 371 (6531) E: 774-776. DOI: 10.1126/science.abe9090 | Alternative link: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abe9090

Ntau lub teb chaws thiab cov koom haum nom tswv hauv cheeb tsam muaj kev tswj hwm thiab txoj cai tswj hwm cov tshuaj thiab cov pov tseg cuam tshuam nrog tib neeg kev ua ub no kom txo qis kev puas tsuaj rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig. Cov txheej txheem no tau ua tiav thiab nthuav dav los ntawm kev sib koom tes thoob ntiaj teb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj feem xyuam rau cov pa phem uas dhau mus ntev kev thauj mus los ntawm huab cua, dej, thiab biota; txav mus thoob teb chaws ciam teb los ntawm kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov peev txheej, khoom, thiab pov tseg; los yog muaj nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws (1). Qee qhov kev vam meej tau ua tiav, tab sis Lub Ntiaj Teb Tshuaj Outlook (GCO-II) los ntawm United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) (1) tau hu kom "txhim kho [ing] kev tshawb fawb-txoj cai cuam tshuam thiab siv kev tshawb fawb hauv kev soj ntsuam kev nce qib, kev teeb tsa tseem ceeb, thiab kev tsim txoj cai thoob plaws lub neej ntawm cov tshuaj thiab pov tseg. " Nrog rau UN Environment Assembly (UNEA) sai sai no lub rooj sib tham los tham txog yuav ua li cas ntxiv dag zog rau kev tshawb fawb-txoj cai cuam tshuam txog tshuaj thiab pov tseg (2), peb txheeb xyuas cov toj roob hauv pes thiab cov lus pom zoo los tsim kom muaj lub cev muaj zog ntawm cov tshuaj thiab pov tseg.

United Nations Environment Program (2020). Kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov kev xaiv rau kev ntxiv dag zog rau Science-Policy Interface nyob rau theem thoob ntiaj teb rau lub suab tswj cov tshuaj thiab khib nyiab. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/33808/ OSSP.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Qhov kev xav tau ceev ceev los ntxiv dag zog rau kev tshawb fawb-txoj cai cuam tshuam ntawm txhua theem los txhawb thiab txhawb kev tshawb fawb hauv zos, teb chaws, cheeb tsam thiab thoob ntiaj teb kev nqis tes ua ntawm kev tswj xyuas cov tshuaj zoo thiab pov tseg dhau xyoo 2020; siv kev tshawb fawb hauv kev saib xyuas kev nce qib; kev teeb tsa tseem ceeb thiab kev tsim txoj cai thoob plaws lub neej ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov pov tseg, suav nrog cov khoob thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb hauv kev tsim lub tebchaws.

Fadeeva, Z., & Van Berkel, R. (2021, Lub Ib Hlis). Xauv kev lag luam ncig rau kev tiv thaiv cov pa phem hauv hiav txwv: Kev tshawb fawb ntawm G20 txoj cai thiab kev pib. Phau ntawv Journal of Environmental Management. 277(111457). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111457

Muaj kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb loj hlob ntawm cov khib nyiab hauv hiav txwv thiab rov xav txog peb txoj hauv kev rau cov yas thiab ntim khoom, thiab qhia txog kev ntsuas rau kev ua kom muaj kev hloov pauv mus rau kev lag luam ncig uas yuav tawm tsam ib leeg-siv plastics thiab lawv cov kev tsis zoo sab nraud. Cov kev ntsuas no ua raws li txoj cai pom zoo rau G20 lub teb chaws.

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3.3 Basel Convention Plastic Waste Kho Kho

United Nations Environment Programme. (2023). Basel Convention. United Nations. http://www.basel.int/Implementation/Plasticwaste/Overview/ tabid/8347/Default.aspx

Qhov kev txiav txim no tau txhawb nqa los ntawm Lub Rooj Sab Laj ntawm Cov Koom Haum rau Basel Convention tau txais kev txiav txim siab BC-14/12 los ntawm qhov uas nws tau hloov kho Annexes II, VIII thiab IX rau lub Convention nyob rau hauv relation to plastics pov tseg. Cov kev sib txuas muaj txiaj ntsig suav nrog daim ntawv qhia zaj dab neeg tshiab ntawm 'Plastic pov tseg thiab Basel Convention' uas muab cov ntaub ntawv pom los ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab thiab infographics los piav qhia lub luag haujlwm ntawm Basel Convention Plastic Waste Amendments hauv kev tswj hwm kev txav mus los, ua kom muaj kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig zoo, thiab txhawb kev tiv thaiv thiab txo qis ntawm cov khoom pov tseg yas.

United Nations Environment Programme. (2023). Tswj kev txav mus los ntawm cov khib nyiab pov tseg thiab lawv pov tseg. Basel Convention. United Nations. http://www.basel.int/Implementation/Plasticwastes/PlasticWaste Partnership/tabid/8096/Default.aspx

Plastic Waste Partnership (PWP) tau tsim nyob rau hauv Basel Convention, los txhim kho thiab txhawb kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig zoo (ESM) ntawm cov khib nyiab yas thiab tiv thaiv thiab txo qis nws tiam. Qhov kev zov me nyuam tau saib xyuas lossis txhawb nqa 23 qhov kev sim ua haujlwm los txhawb kev ua haujlwm. Cov phiaj xwm no yog tsim los txhawb kev tiv thaiv pov tseg, txhim kho kev sau cov khib nyiab, hais txog kev txav mus los ntawm cov pov tseg yas, thiab muab kev kawm thiab txhawb kev paub txog cov pa phem uas yog cov khoom siv phom sij.

Benson, E. & Mortsensen, S. (2021, Kaum Hli 7). Basel Convention: Los ntawm cov pov tseg puas tsuaj mus rau cov pa phem. Center for Strategic & International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/basel-convention-hazardous-waste-plastic-pollution

Kab lus no ua haujlwm zoo ntawm kev piav qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm Basel lub rooj sib tham rau cov neeg tuaj saib. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm CSIS suav nrog kev tsim tsa Basel Convention hauv xyoo 1980s los daws cov pov tseg pov tseg. Basel Convention tau kos npe los ntawm 53 lub xeev thiab European Economic Community (EEC) los pab tswj kev lag luam ntawm cov khib nyiab pov tseg thiab txo qis kev thauj mus los ntawm kev xa khoom lom uas tsoomfwv tsis pom zoo kom tau txais. Tsab ntawv xov xwm ntxiv muab cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm ntau cov lus nug thiab cov lus teb nrog rau leej twg tau kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus, dab tsi yuav cuam tshuam los ntawm kev hloov kho yas, thiab dab tsi los tom ntej. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Basel tau tsim lub ntsiab lus pib los daws cov kev pov tseg zoo ib yam, txawm tias qhov no tsuas yog ib feem ntawm lub tswv yim loj dua uas xav tau los ua kom tiav kev lag luam ncig.

US Environmental Protection Agency. (2022, Lub Rau Hli 22). Tshiab International Requirements rau Export thiab Ntshuam ntawm yas Recyclables thiab pov tseg. EPA. https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/new-international-requirements-export-and-import-plastic-recyclables-and-waste

Thaum lub Tsib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 2019, 187 lub teb chaws tau txwv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb hauv cov khoom pov tseg / cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab los ntawm Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal. Pib txij Lub Ib Hlis 1st, 2021 cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab thiab cov pov tseg tsuas yog tso cai rau xa mus rau cov teb chaws nrog kev tso cai ua ntej ntawm lub teb chaws tuaj txawv teb chaws thiab txhua lub tebchaws. Lub tebchaws United States tsis yog ib lub koom haum tam sim no ntawm Basel Convention, txhais tau hais tias txhua lub tebchaws uas yog tus kos npe rau Basel Convention tsis tuaj yeem ua lag luam Basel-txheej pov tseg nrog US (tsis yog tog) thaum tsis muaj kev pom zoo ntawm cov tebchaws. Cov kev cai no txhawm rau hais txog kev pov tseg cov yas pov tseg tsis raug thiab txo cov kev xa mus rau ib puag ncig. Nws tau ua ib qho kev coj ua rau cov teb chaws tsim kho kom xa lawv cov yas mus rau cov teb chaws tsim, tab sis cov kev txwv tshiab tau ua rau qhov nyuaj dua.

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4. Kev lag luam ncig

Gorrasi, G., Sorrentino, A., & Lichtfouse, E. (2021). Rov qab mus rau cov pa phem yas hauv lub sijhawm COVID. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 19 (pp.1-4). HAL Qhib Science. https://hal.science/hal-02995236

Qhov kev kub ntxhov thiab kev kub ntxhov tshwm sim los ntawm COVID-19 kis thoob qhov txhia chaw tau ua rau cov fossil roj tau los ntawm cov yas loj heev uas feem ntau tsis quav ntsej cov qauv teev tseg hauv ib puag ncig cov cai. Tsab ntawv xov xwm no qhia meej tias cov kev daws teeb meem rau kev lag luam ruaj khov thiab ncig ncig yuav tsum muaj kev tsim kho tshiab, kev kawm rau cov neeg siv khoom thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev txaus siab rau nom tswv.

Kev lag luam linear, kev lag luam rov siv dua, thiab Kev lag luam ncig — Gorrasi, G., Sorrentino, A., & Lichtfouse, E. (2021). *Rov qab mus rau cov pa phem yas hauv lub sijhawm COVID*. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 19 (pp.1-4). HAL Qhib Science. https://hal.science/hal-02995236

Center for International Environmental Law. (2023, Peb. Tshaj Tawm Txog Kev Rov Ua Dua: Rov xam nrog cov yas hauv kev lag luam ncig. Center for International Environmental Law. https://www.ciel.org/reports/circular-economy-analysis/

Sau rau cov neeg tsim txoj cai, tsab ntawv ceeb toom no sib cav txog kev txiav txim siab ntau ntxiv thaum tsim cov cai lij choj hais txog yas. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tus kws sau ntawv tau sib cav tias yuav tsum tau ua ntau ntxiv txog cov tshuaj toxicity ntawm cov yas, nws yuav tsum tau lees paub tias kev kub hnyiab ntawm cov yas tsis yog ib feem ntawm kev lag luam ncig, kev tsim kev nyab xeeb tuaj yeem suav tias yog ncig, thiab kev txhawb nqa tib neeg txoj cai yog tsim nyog. ua kom muaj kev lag luam ncig. cov cai lossis cov txheej txheem txheej txheem uas yuav tsum tau ua kom txuas ntxiv thiab nthuav dav ntawm cov khoom siv plastics tsis tuaj yeem sau npe ncig, thiab lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob suav tias yog kev daws teeb meem rau lub ntiaj teb plastics ntsoog. Thaum kawg, tus kws sau ntawv tau sib cav hais tias ib qho kev pom zoo thoob ntiaj teb tshiab ntawm plastics, piv txwv li, yuav tsum tau ua raws li kev txwv ntawm kev tsim cov yas thiab kev tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom hauv cov khoom siv plastics.

Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2022, Kaum Ib Hlis 2). Daim Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Ua Haujlwm Thoob Ntiaj Teb 2022. United Nations Environment Programme. https://emf.thirdlight.com/link/f6oxost9xeso-nsjoqe/@/#

Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas pom tau hais tias cov hom phiaj los ntawm cov tuam txhab kom ua tiav 100% rov siv tau, rov ua dua, lossis ntim khoom ntim tau los ntawm 2025 yuav luag tsis tau ua tiav thiab yuav plam qhov tseem ceeb 2025 lub hom phiaj rau kev lag luam ncig. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm tau sau tseg tias kev nce qib muaj zog tau ua tiav, tab sis qhov kev cia siab tsis ua raws li lub hom phiaj txhawb ntxiv qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom nrawm nrawm thiab sib cav rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev lag luam loj hlob los ntawm kev ntim khoom siv nrog rau kev txiav txim tam sim los ntawm tsoomfwv los txhawb kev hloov pauv. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm no yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau cov uas tab tom nrhiav kom nkag siab txog lub xeev tam sim no ntawm tuam txhab kev cog lus los txo cov yas thaum muab cov kev thuam uas xav tau rau cov lag luam kom ua ntxiv.

Greenpeace. (2022, Kaum Ib Hlis 14). Circular Claims poob Flat dua. Greenpeace Cov Lus Qhia. https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/reports/circular-claims-fall-flat-again/

Raws li kev hloov tshiab rau Greenpeace Txoj Kev Kawm 2020, cov kws sau ntawv tshuaj xyuas lawv qhov kev thov yav dhau los uas tus tsav tsheb nyiaj txiag rau kev sau, txheeb xyuas, thiab rov ua dua tom qab cov khoom siv yas yuav ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntxiv vim tias cov khoom yas nce ntxiv. Cov kws sau ntawv pom tias ob xyoos dhau los no qhov kev thov no tau raug pov thawj tseeb nrog tsuas yog qee hom lub raj mis yas tau raug cai rov ua dua tshiab. Cov ntawv tom qab ntawd tau tham txog cov laj thawj vim li cas kev siv tshuab thiab tshuaj lom neeg rov ua tsis tau suav nrog kev khib nyiab thiab tshuaj lom cov txheej txheem rov ua dua tshiab thiab nws tsis yog kev lag luam. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj yuav tsum tau ua tam sim ntawd los daws qhov teeb meem loj zuj zus ntawm cov pa phem yas.

Hocevar, J. (2020, Lub Ob Hlis 18). Daim Ntawv Qhia: Circular Claims Fall Flat. Greenpeace. https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Greenpeace-Report-Circular-Claims-Fall-Flat.pdf

Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov khoom pov tseg yas tam sim no, txheeb xyuas, thiab rov ua dua tshiab hauv Asmeskas los txiav txim siab seb cov khoom puas tuaj yeem raug hu ua "recyclable". Kev tshuaj xyuas pom tau tias yuav luag txhua yam khoom siv yas tsis zoo, suav nrog cov khoom noj khoom haus siv ib zaug thiab cov khoom siv yooj yim, tsis tuaj yeem rov ua dua rau ntau qhov laj thawj los ntawm cov nroog sau tab sis tsis rov ua dua tshiab rau cov hnab yas hauv lub raj mis ua rau lawv tsis tuaj yeem rov ua dua tshiab. Saib saum toj no rau daim ntawv tshaj tawm tshiab 2022.

Tshaj Plastics (2022, Tsib Hlis). Daim ntawv qhia: Qhov tseeb tiag txog US Plastics Recycling Rate. Lub Xeem Beach Cleanup. https://www.lastbeachcleanup.org/_files/ ugd/dba7d7_9450ed6b848d4db098de1090df1f9e99.pdf

Tam sim no 2021 US cov khoom siv yas rov siv dua yog kwv yees li ntawm 5 thiab 6%. Kev cuam tshuam rau qhov poob ntxiv uas tsis ntsuas, xws li cov pov tseg yas khaws cia raws li kev ua piv txwv ntawm "kev rov ua dua tshiab" uas raug hlawv, hloov pauv, US qhov tseeb ntawm cov yas rov ua dua tshiab yuav qis dua. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias cov nqi ntawm cov duab los qhia thiab cov hlau yog ntau dua. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm tom qab ntawd muab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov pov tseg yas, kev xa tawm, thiab cov nqi rov ua dua tshiab hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab sib cav txog kev nqis tes ua uas txo cov khoom siv yas xws li txwv tsis pub siv cov yas siv ib zaug, cov chaw ntim dej ntxiv, thiab cov thawv rov qab siv tau. cov kev pab cuam.

Tshiab Plastics Economy. (2020). Lub zeem muag ntawm kev lag luam ncig rau yas. PDF

XNUMX yam uas xav tau kom ua tiav kev lag luam ncig yog: (a) tshem tawm cov teeb meem lossis tsis tsim nyog yas; (b) cov khoom siv rov siv dua los txo qhov xav tau ntawm cov yas siv ib zaug; (c) tag nrho cov yas yuav tsum yog reusable, recyclable, los yog compostable; (d) tag nrho cov ntim khoom siv rov qab siv dua, rov ua dua, lossis ua kom sib xyaw ua ke; (e) yas yog decoupled los ntawm kev noj cov khoom siv finite; (f) tag nrho cov ntim yas tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov cai ntawm txhua tus neeg raug hwm. Cov ntaub ntawv ncaj nraim yog nyeem nrawm rau txhua tus neeg xav tau txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws rau kev lag luam ncig yam tsis muaj kev nthuav dav ntxiv.

Nunez, C. (2021, Cuaj hlis 30). Plaub lub tswv yim tseem ceeb los tsim kev lag luam ncig. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/paid-content-four-key-ideas-to-building-a-circular-economy-for-plastics

Cov kws tshaj lij thoob plaws cov haujlwm pom zoo tias peb tuaj yeem tsim kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua qhov uas cov ntaub ntawv rov qab siv dua. Xyoo 2021, Lub Koom Haum American Beverage Association (ABA) tau tsim ib pab pawg kws tshaj lij, suav nrog cov thawj coj ntawm ib puag ncig, tus tsim txoj cai, thiab cov neeg tsim kho tshiab, los tham txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov yas ntim khoom, kev tsim khoom yav tom ntej, thiab cov txheej txheem rov ua dua tshiab, nrog rau lub hauv paus loj dua. kev txiav txim siab ntawm adaptable ncig kev lag luam daws teeb meem.

Meys, R., Frick, F., Westhues, S., Sternberg, A., Klankermayer, J., & Bardow, A. (2020, Kaum Ib Hlis). Mus rau ib puag ncig kev lag luam rau cov khoom ntim yas pov tseg - ib puag ncig muaj peev xwm ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab. Resources, Kev txuag thiab Recycling. 162 (105010). DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105010.

Keijer, T., Bakker, V., & Slootweg, JC (2019, Lub Ob Hlis 21). Circular chemistry los pab kom muaj kev lag luam ncig. Ntuj Chemistry. 11 (190-195). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-019-0226-9

Txhawm rau txhim kho kev ua haujlwm tau zoo thiab ua kom lub voj kaw, tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam, cov khoom siv linear ces pov tseg kev lag luam yuav tsum tau hloov. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, cov khoom lag luam qhov kev txiav txim siab ruaj khov yuav tsum suav nrog nws tag nrho lub neej voj voog thiab lub hom phiaj los hloov txoj hauv kev sib tw nrog cov chemistry ncig.

Spalding, M. (2018, Plaub Hlis 23). Tsis txhob cia yas nkag rau hauv dej hiav txwv. Lub Ocean Foundation. earthday.org/2018/05/02/dont-let-the-plastic-get-into-the-ocean

Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ua tiav rau Kev Sib Tham rau Kev Xaus Plastic Pollution ntawm Embassy of Finland tau hais txog qhov teeb meem ntawm cov yas hauv dej hiav txwv. Spalding tham txog cov teeb meem ntawm plastics nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv, yuav ua li cas ib leeg-siv plastics plays lub luag hauj lwm, thiab qhov twg cov plastics tuaj. Kev tiv thaiv yog qhov tseem ceeb, tsis txhob ua ib feem ntawm qhov teeb meem, thiab kev ua ntawm tus kheej yog qhov pib zoo. Rov siv dua thiab txo cov pov tseg yog qhov tseem ceeb.

Rov qab mus rau sab saum toj

5. Ntsuab Chemistry

Tan, V. (2020, Lub Peb Hlis 24). Puas yog Bio-plastics yog kev daws teeb meem? TEDx Tham. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Kjb7AlYOSgo.

Bio-plastics tuaj yeem yog cov kev daws teeb meem rau roj av raws li cov khoom siv yas, tab sis bioplastics tsis txwv cov teeb meem yas pov tseg. Bioplastics tam sim no kim dua thiab tsis yooj yim dua piv rau cov khoom siv roj av. Tsis tas li ntawd, bioplastics tsis tas yuav zoo dua rau ib puag ncig dua li cov roj av-raws li plastics vim qee cov bioplastics yuav tsis degrade hauv ib puag ncig. Bioplastics ib leeg tsis tuaj yeem daws peb cov teeb meem yas, tab sis lawv tuaj yeem yog ib feem ntawm kev daws. Peb xav tau kev cai lij choj ntau dua thiab kev lav phib xaub uas suav nrog kev tsim khoom yas, kev siv, thiab pov tseg.

Tickner, J., Jacobs, M. thiab Brody, C. (2023, Lub Ob Hlis 25). Chemistry Tseem Ceeb Yuav Tsum Tau Tsim Cov Khoom Siv Zoo. Scientific American. www.scientificamerican.com/article/chemistry-urgently-needs-to-develop-safer-materials/

Cov kws sau ntawv sib cav hais tias yog tias peb yuav xaus qhov teeb meem tshuaj lom neeg txaus ntshai uas ua rau tib neeg thiab ecosystems mob, peb yuav tsum hais txog tib neeg txoj kev vam khom rau cov tshuaj no thiab cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tsim nyog los tsim lawv. Qhov xav tau yog cov nqi-zoo, ua tau zoo, thiab cov kev daws teeb meem ruaj khov.

Neitzert, T. (2019, Lub Yim Hli 2). Yog vim li cas compostable plastics yuav tsis zoo rau ib puag ncig. Cov Kev Sib Tham. theconversation.com/why-compostable-plastics-may-be-no-better-for-the-environment-100016

Raws li lub ntiaj teb tab tom hloov pauv ntawm cov yas siv ib zaug, cov khoom tshiab biodegradable lossis compostable zoo li yog lwm txoj hauv kev zoo dua rau cov yas, tab sis lawv yuav ua rau ib puag ncig tsis zoo. Ntau qhov teeb meem nyob nrog cov lus hais, tsis muaj kev rov ua dua lossis kev tsim cov khoom siv composting, thiab cov tshuaj lom ntawm cov yas degradable. Tag nrho cov khoom lag luam yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam ua ntej nws tau sau npe tias yog lwm txoj hauv kev zoo rau cov yas.

Gibbens, S. (2018, Kaum Ib Hlis 15). Yam Koj Yuav Tsum Paub Txog Plastics Plant-based Plastics. National Geographic. nationalgeographic.com.au/nature/what-you-need-to-know-about-plant-based-plastics.aspx

Ntawm ib sab, bioplastics zoo li zoo li lwm txoj hauv kev rau plastics, tab sis qhov tseeb yog qhov nyuaj dua. Bioplastic muaj kev daws teeb meem los txo cov pob txha siv hluav taws xob, tab sis tej zaum yuav qhia ntau cov pa phem los ntawm cov chiv thiab ntau thaj av raug hloov los ntawm kev tsim khoom noj. Bioplastics kuj tau kwv yees ua me ntsis hauv kev txwv cov yas nkag mus rau hauv dej.

Steinmark, I. (2018, Kaum Ib Hlis 5). Nobel nqi zog muab khoom plig rau Evolving Green Chemistry Catalysts. Royal Society of Chemistry. eic.rsc.org/soundbite/nobel-prize-awarded-for-evolving-green-chemistry-catalysts/3009709.article

Frances Arnold yog ib qho ntawm xyoo no Nobel Laureates hauv chemistry rau nws txoj haujlwm hauv Directed Evolution (DE), ntsuab chemistry biochemical hack uas cov proteins / enzymes tau hloov pauv ntau zaus dhau los, tom qab ntawd tshuaj xyuas kom paub tias qhov twg ua haujlwm zoo tshaj. Nws tuaj yeem txhim kho kev lag luam chemical.

Greenpeace. (2020, Cuaj hlis 9). Kev dag ntxias los ntawm Tus lej: American Chemistry Council thov hais txog kev siv tshuaj lom neeg rov ua dua tshiab tsis tuaj yeem tswj xyuas. Greenpeace. www.greenpeace.org/usa/research/deception-by-the-numbers

Cov pab pawg, xws li American Chemistry Council (ACC), tau tawm tswv yim rau kev siv tshuaj lom neeg los ua ib qho kev daws teeb meem rau cov teeb meem yas, tab sis kev muaj peev xwm ntawm kev siv tshuaj lom neeg tseem muaj lus nug. Tshuaj recycling los yog "advanced recycling" yog hais txog cov yas-rau-roj, khib nyiab-rau-roj, los yog yas-rau-yas thiab siv ntau cov kuab tshuaj los degrade yas polymers rau hauv lawv cov tsev tsim. Greenpeace pom tias tsawg dua 50% ntawm ACC cov haujlwm rau kev rov ua dua tshiab yog cov haujlwm uas muaj peev xwm rov ua dua tshiab thiab cov khoom siv yas-rau-yas rov ua dua tshiab qhia tau tias yuav ua tiav tsawg heev. Txog niaj hnub no cov neeg them se tau muab tsawg kawg yog $ 506 lab hauv kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov haujlwm no ntawm qhov tsis paub tseeb. Cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov neeg tsim khoom yuav tsum paub txog cov teeb meem ntawm kev daws teeb meem - zoo li kev siv tshuaj lom neeg rov ua dua tshiab - uas yuav tsis daws teeb meem cov pa phem.

Rov qab mus rau sab saum toj

6. Yas thiab Dej Hiav Txwv Health

Miller, EA, Yamahara, KM, French, C., Spingarn, N., Birch, JM, & Van Houtan, KS (2022). Ib lub tsev qiv ntawv Raman spectral ntawm cov muaj peev xwm anthropogenic thiab lom dej hiav txwv polymers. Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, 9(1), 1-9. DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01883-5

Microplastics tau pom nyob rau qib siab hauv marine ecosystems thiab zaub mov webs, txawm li cas los xij, txhawm rau daws qhov teeb meem thoob ntiaj teb no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim cov txheej txheem los txheeb xyuas cov polymer muaj pes tsawg leeg. Cov txheej txheem no - coj los ntawm Monterey Bay Aquarium thiab MBARI (Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute) - yuav pab taug qab cov peev txheej ntawm cov pa phem los ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv qhib Raman spectral. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb vim tias tus nqi ntawm txoj kev tso cov teeb meem ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm polymer spectra rau kev sib piv. Cov kws tshawb nrhiav cia siab tias cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab cov tsev qiv ntawv siv no yuav pab txhawb kev nce qib hauv ntiaj teb cov teeb meem yas paug.

Zhao, S., Zettler, E., Amaral-Zettler, L., thiab Mincer, T. (2020, Cuaj hlis 2). Microbial Carrying Capacity thiab Carbon Biomass ntawm Plastic Marine Debris. Lub ISME Journal. 15, 67-77 : kuv. DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00756-2

Dej hiav txwv cov khib nyiab pov tseg tau pom los thauj cov kab mob nyob thoob plaws hiav txwv thiab mus rau thaj chaw tshiab. Txoj kev tshawb no pom tau hais tias cov yas nthuav tawm ntau qhov chaw rau microbial colonization thiab ntau ntawm biomass thiab lwm yam kab mob muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam rau biodiversity thiab ecological functions.

Abbing, M. (2019, Plaub Hlis Ntuj). Plastic Soup: Ib qho Atlas ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Kev Ua Phem. Island Xovxwm.

Yog tias lub ntiaj teb txuas ntxiv mus rau nws txoj kev tam sim no, yuav muaj cov yas hauv dej hiav txwv ntau dua li cov ntses los ntawm 2050. Thoob ntiaj teb, txhua feeb muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tsheb thauj khoom ntawm cov thoob khib nyiab pov rau hauv dej hiav txwv thiab tus nqi ntawd nce. Plastic Soup saib qhov ua rau thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kuab paug yas thiab yuav ua li cas thiaj li txwv tsis pub nws.

Spalding, M. (2018, Lub Rau Hli). Yuav ua li cas kom tsis txhob plastics polluting peb dej hiav txwv. Ntiaj teb no ua rau. globalcause.co.uk/plastic/how-to-stop-plastics-polluting-our-ocean/

Yas nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv poob rau hauv peb pawg: marine debris, microplastics, thiab microfibres. Tag nrho cov no yog kev puas tsuaj rau marine txoj sia thiab tua indiscriminately. Txhua tus neeg txoj kev xaiv yog qhov tseem ceeb, ntau tus neeg yuav tsum tau xaiv cov yas hloov pauv vim tias kev hloov pauv tus cwj pwm zoo yuav pab tau.

Attenborough, Sir D. (2018, Lub Rau Hli). Sir David Attenborough: yas thiab peb cov dej hiav txwv. Ntiaj teb no ua rau. globalcause.co.uk/plastic/sir-david-attenborough-plastic-and-our-oceans/

Sir David Attenborough tham txog nws txoj kev txaus siab rau dej hiav txwv thiab seb nws yog ib qho khoom siv tseem ceeb uas yog "tseem ceeb rau peb txoj sia nyob." Qhov teeb meem plastics tuaj yeem "tsis yog qhov hnyav dua." Nws hais tias tib neeg n6.1eed xav ntau ntxiv txog lawv cov kev siv yas, kho cov yas nrog kev hwm, thiab "yog tias koj tsis xav tau, tsis txhob siv nws."

Rov qab mus rau sab saum toj

6.1 Dab iav

National Oceanic thiab Atmospheric Administration. (2023). Derelict Nuv Ntses Gear. NOAA Marine Debris Program. https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/types/derelict-fishing-gear

Lub National Oceanic thiab Atmospheric Administration txhais cov khoom siv nuv ntses derelict, qee zaum hu ua "ghost gear," hais txog ib qho khoom pov tseg, ploj, lossis tso tseg cov cuab yeej nuv ntses hauv ib puag ncig marine. Txhawm rau daws qhov teeb meem no, NOAA Marine Debris Program tau sau ntau dua 4 lab phaus ntawm dab iav, txawm li cas los xij, txawm hais tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sau dab ntxwg nyoog no tseem ua rau qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov pa phem hauv dej hiav txwv, qhia txog qhov xav tau kev ua haujlwm ntxiv los tawm tsam. qhov kev hem thawj no rau ib puag ncig marine.

Kuczenski, B., Vargas Poulsen, C., Gilman, EL, Musyl, M., Geyer, R., & Wilson, J. (2022). Plastic iav poob kwv yees los ntawm kev soj ntsuam tej thaj chaw deb ntawm kev lag luam nuv ntses. Ntses thiab Nuv Ntses, 23, 22–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12596

Cov kws tshawb fawb nrog Lub Txiaj Ntsim Txiaj Ntsig thiab University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB), koom tes nrog Pelagic Research Group thiab Hawaii Pacific University, tau tshaj tawm txoj kev tshawb fawb nthuav dav uas muab thawj qhov kev kwv yees thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov pa phem los ntawm kev lag luam nuv ntses. Hauv kev kawm, Plastic iav poob kwv yees los ntawm kev soj ntsuam tej thaj chaw deb ntawm kev lag luam nuv ntses, cov kws tshawb fawb tau txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm Ntiaj Teb Nuv Ntses Saib Xyuas thiab Lub Koom Haum Saib Xyuas Khoom Noj thiab Kev Ua Liaj Ua Teb ntawm United Nations (FAO) los xam cov nplai ntawm kev lag luam nuv ntses. Kev sib txuas cov ntaub ntawv no nrog cov qauv kev siv nuv ntses thiab cov tswv yim tseem ceeb los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij kev lag luam, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tuaj yeem kwv yees lub sab sauv thiab sab qis ntawm cov pa phem los ntawm kev lag luam nuv ntses. Raws li nws qhov kev tshawb pom, ntau tshaj 100 lab phaus ntawm cov pa phem yas nkag mus rau hauv dej hiav txwv txhua xyoo los ntawm dab iav. Txoj kev tshawb no muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb hauv paus uas yuav tsum tau ua kom nkag siab txog qhov teeb meem dab tsi thiab pib hloov kho thiab ua tiav cov kev hloov pauv tsim nyog.

Giskes, I., Baziuk, J., Pragnell-Raasch, H. and Perez Roda, A. (2022). Qhia txog cov kev coj ua zoo los tiv thaiv thiab txo cov khib nyiab hauv hiav txwv los ntawm kev ua nuv ntses. Rome thiab London, FAO thiab IMO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb8665en

Daim ntawv tshaj tawm no muab cov ntsiab lus piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas tso tseg, ploj, lossis pov tseg cov cuab yeej nuv ntses (ALDFG) plagues nyob rau hauv dej thiab ntug hiav txwv dej thiab contextualizes nws nws kim heev kev cuam tshuam thiab pab rau lub thoob ntiaj teb no teeb meem ntawm marine plastic pollution. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tiav ALDFG, raws li tau teev tseg hauv daim ntawv no, yog ua raws cov lus qhia uas tau kawm los ntawm cov haujlwm uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau lwm qhov hauv ntiaj teb, thaum pom tias txhua lub tswv yim tswj xyuas tsuas yog siv nrog kev xav zoo ntawm cov xwm txheej hauv zos / xav tau. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm GloLitter no nthuav tawm kaum qhov kev tshawb fawb uas ua piv txwv cov kev coj ua tseem ceeb rau kev tiv thaiv, txo qis, thiab kho ALDFG.

Dej hiav txwv Outcomes. (2021, Lub Xya Hli 6). Dab Gear Legislation Analysis. Lub Ntiaj Teb Ghost Gear Initiative, Ntiaj Teb Thoob Ntiaj Teb Nyiaj Txiag rau Xwm, thiab Kev txuag dej hiav txwv. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/ 5b987b8689c172e29293593f/t/60e34e4af5f9156374d51507/ 1625509457644/GGGI-OC-WWF-O2-+LEGISLATION+ANALYSIS+REPORT.pdf

Lub Ntiaj Teb Ghost Gear Initiative (GGGI) tau tsim tawm xyoo 2015 nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev txwv tsis pub cov khoom siv dej hiav txwv tuag. Txij li xyoo 2015, 18 lub tebchaws tseemfwv tau koom nrog GGGI kev sib koom ua ke uas qhia txog kev xav tau los ntawm cov tebchaws los daws lawv cov teeb meem dab phem. Tam sim no, txoj cai feem ntau ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov iav muaj kuab paug yog cov cim iav, thiab cov cai siv tsawg tshaj plaws yog qhov yuav tsum tau rov qab cov iav poob thiab lub teb chaws dab iav cov phiaj xwm. Mus rau pem hauv ntej, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yuav tsum yog kev tswj hwm ntawm cov cai dab qhuas uas twb muaj lawm. Zoo li tag nrho cov pa phem yas, dab iav yuav tsum muaj kev sib koom tes thoob ntiaj teb rau qhov teeb meem ntawm cov pa phem hla ciam teb.

Yog vim li cas vim li cas nuv ntses iav raug tso tseg los yog ploj — Dej hiav txwv Outcomes. (2021, Lub Xya Hli 6). Dab Gear Legislation Analysis. Lub Ntiaj Teb Ghost Gear Initiative, Ntiaj Teb Thoob Ntiaj Teb Nyiaj Txiag rau Xwm, thiab Kev txuag dej hiav txwv.

World Wide Fund for Nature. (2020, Lub kaum hli ntuj). Nres Ghost Gear: Daim Ntawv Tuag Ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Dej Nkoj Marine. WWF International. https://wwf.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Stop-Ghost-Gear_Advocacy-Report.pdf

Raws li United Nations muaj ntau tshaj 640,000 tons ntawm dab iav nyob rau hauv peb dej hiav txwv, ua 10% ntawm tag nrho cov dej hiav txwv cov pa phem. Dab iav yog qhov qeeb thiab mob tuag rau ntau tus tsiaj thiab cov iav ntab dawb tuaj yeem ua rau cov chaw nyob ze ntawm ntug dej thiab cov chaw nyob hauv hiav txwv. Cov neeg nuv ntses feem ntau tsis xav plam lawv cov iav, tseem 5.7% ntawm tag nrho cov nuv ntses nets, 8.6% ntawm cov ntxiab thiab lauj kaub, thiab 29% ntawm tag nrho cov nuv ntses kab siv thoob ntiaj teb raug tso tseg, poob, los yog muab pov tseg rau hauv ib puag ncig. Kev ua txhaum cai, tsis tshaj tawm, thiab tsis tswj hwm kev nuv ntses hauv hiav txwv tob yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov khoom pov tseg ntawm dab. Yuav tsum muaj cov tswv yim tswj xyuas lub sijhawm ntev los tsim cov tswv yim tiv thaiv kev poob zoo. Lub caij no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los tsim cov khoom tsis muaj tshuaj lom, muaj kev nyab xeeb dua cov iav tsim kom txo tau kev puas tsuaj thaum poob hauv hiav txwv.

Ntiaj teb no Ghost Gear Initiative. (2022). Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm Nuv Ntses Gear Ua Ib Qhov Chaw Ntawm Marine Plastic Pollution. Kev txuag dej hiav txwv. https://Static1.Squarespace.Com/Static/5b987b8689c172e2929 3593f/T/6204132bc0fc9205a625ce67/1644434222950/ Unea+5.2_gggi.Pdf

Cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm no tau npaj los ntawm Ocean Conservancy thiab Global Ghost Gear Initiative los txhawb kev sib tham hauv kev npaj rau xyoo 2022 United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA 5.2). Teb cov lus nug ntawm dab tsi yog dab iav, qhov twg nws tuaj, thiab yog vim li cas nws puas tsuaj rau dej hiav txwv ib puag ncig, daim ntawv no qhia txog tag nrho qhov tsim nyog rau dab iav kom suav nrog hauv ib qho kev cog lus thoob ntiaj teb hais txog cov pa phem hauv hiav txwv.

National Oceanic thiab Atmospheric Administration. (2021). Kev Sib Koom Tes Hla Tebchaws: North American Net Collection Initiative. https://clearinghouse.marinedebris.noaa.gov/project?mode=View&projectId=2258

Nrog kev txhawb nqa los ntawm NOAA Marine Debris Program, Ocean Conservancy's Global Ghost Gear Initiative tab tom koom tes nrog cov koom tes hauv Mexico thiab California los tsim lub North American Net Collection Initiative, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tswj hwm zoo dua thiab tiv thaiv kev poob ntawm kev nuv ntses. Qhov kev sib tw hla ciam teb no yuav sau cov cuab yeej nuv ntses qub kom ua tiav thiab rov ua dua tshiab thiab tseem ua haujlwm nrog Asmeskas thiab Mev nuv ntses los txhawb nqa cov tswv yim sib txawv thiab txhim kho tag nrho cov kev tswj hwm ntawm cov khoom siv lossis cov nyiaj so haujlwm. Qhov project yog cia siab tias yuav khiav txij lub caij nplooj zeeg 2021 txog rau lub caij ntuj sov 2023.

Charter, M., Sherry, J., & O'connor, F. (2020, Lub Xya hli ntuj). Tsim Kev Lag Luam Hauv Kev Lag Luam Los Ntawm Cov Nkoj Nkoj Nkoj Nkoj: Cov Sijhawm Rau Cov Qauv Ua Lag Luam Circular Thiab Cov Tsim Vaj Huam Sib Luag Muaj feem cuam tshuam rau nuv ntses iav. Blue Circular Economy. Rov qab los ntawm Https://Cfsd.Org.Uk/Wp-Content/Uploads/2020/07/Final-V2-Bce-Master-Creating-Business-Opportunities-From-Waste-fishing-Nets-July-2020.Pdf

Tau txais nyiaj los ntawm European Commission (EC) Interreg, Blue Circular Economy tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv tshaj tawm no los hais txog qhov teeb meem thoob plaws thiab muaj sia nyob ntawm cov khoom pov tseg nuv ntses hauv dej hiav txwv thiab nthuav tawm cov kev lag luam ntsig txog hauv thaj av Northern Periphery thiab Arctic (NPA). Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas no tshuaj xyuas qhov cuam tshuam uas qhov teeb meem no tsim rau cov neeg koom nrog hauv cheeb tsam NPA, thiab muab kev sib tham dav dav ntawm cov qauv kev lag luam ncig tshiab, Cov Txheej Txheem Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Tawm uas yog ib feem ntawm EC's Single Use Plastics Directive, thiab lub voj voog tsim ntawm cov khoom siv nuv ntses.

Cov Hindu. (2020). Kev cuam tshuam ntawm 'dab' cov cuab yeej nuv ntses ntawm dej hiav txwv tsiaj qus. YouTube. https://youtu.be/9aBEhZi_e2U.

Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tuag hauv marine lub neej yog dab iav. Dab iav ntxiab thiab entangles loj marine tsiaj qus rau ntau xyoo tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau tib neeg nrog rau kev hem thiab muaj kev phom sij ntawm whales, dolphins, seals, sharks, vaub kib, rays, ntses, thiab lwm yam. entangled prey. Dab iav yog ib qho kev hem thawj tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom siv yas, vim tias nws yog tsim los rau kev ntxiab thiab tua ntawm marine lub neej.

Rov qab mus rau sab saum toj

6.2 Qhov cuam tshuam rau Marine Life

Eriksen, M., Cowger, W., Erdle, LM, Coffin, S., Villarrubia-Gómez, P., Moore, CJ, Carpenter, EJ, Hnub, RH, Thiel, M., & Wilcox, C. (2023 ). Kev loj hlob ntawm cov smog yas, tam sim no kwv yees tias muaj ntau dua 170 trillion cov khoom yas ntab hauv ntiaj teb cov dej hiav txwv - Cov kev daws teeb meem ceev. PLOS IB. 18(3), e0281596. DOI: 10.1371 / phau ntawv xov xwm.pone.0281596

Raws li ntau tus neeg paub txog qhov teeb meem ntawm cov pa phem yas, xav tau cov ntaub ntawv ntau ntxiv los ntsuam xyuas seb cov cai siv tau zoo. Cov kws sau ntawv ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no ua haujlwm los daws qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv lub sijhawm thoob ntiaj teb-series uas kwv yees qhov nruab nrab suav thiab loj ntawm cov yas me me hauv dej hiav txwv txheej txheej los ntawm 1979 txog 2019. Lawv pom tias niaj hnub no, muaj kwv yees li 82-358 trillion. cov khoom yas hnyav 1.1-4.9 lab tonnes, rau tag nrho ntau dua 171 trillion cov khoom yas ntab hauv ntiaj teb dej hiav txwv. Cov kws sau ntawv ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb tau sau tseg tias tsis muaj kev soj ntsuam lossis kuaj pom qhov tshwm sim kom txog rau thaum xyoo 1990 thaum muaj cov khoom yas loj zuj zus mus txog rau tam sim no. Qhov no tsuas yog qhia txog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj zog ua kom sai li sai tau txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov xwm txheej kom nrawm ntxiv.

Pinheiro, L., Agostini, V. Lima, A, Ward, R., thiab G. Pinho. (2021, Lub Rau Hli 15). Txoj hmoo ntawm cov khib nyiab yas nyob rau hauv Estuarine Compartments: Ib qho kev nthuav dav ntawm Kev Paub Txog Tam Sim No rau Cov Teeb Meem Hla Dhau Los Qhia Kev Ntsuas Yav Tom Ntej. Environmental Pollution, Vol 279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116908

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov dej ntws thiab cov estuaries nyob rau hauv kev thauj cov yas yog tsis to taub tag nrho, tab sis lawv yuav ua tau raws li ib tug loj conduit rau dej hiav txwv cov pa phem. Microfibers tseem yog hom yas ntau tshaj plaws, nrog rau cov kev tshawb fawb tshiab tsom rau cov kab mob micro estuarine, microfibers nce / dab dej raws li kev txiav txim los ntawm lawv cov yam ntxwv polymer, thiab spatial-temporal fluctuations nyob rau hauv prevalence. Kev tsom xam ntxiv yog xav tau tshwj xeeb rau thaj chaw estuarine, nrog rau kev ceeb toom tshwj xeeb ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam uas yuav cuam tshuam rau kev tswj hwm txoj cai.

Brahney, J., Mahowald, N., Prank, M., Cornwall, G., Kilmont, Z., Matsui, H. & Prather, K. (2021, Plaub Hlis 12). Constraining atmospheric limb ntawm lub voj voog yas. Cov txheej txheem ntawm National Academy of Sciences ntawm Tebchaws Meskas. 118(16) e2020719118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020719118

Microplastic, nrog rau cov khoom thiab cov fibers tam sim no muaj ntau heev uas tam sim no yas muaj nws lub voj voog ntawm huab cua nrog cov khoom yas tawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb mus rau qhov chaw thiab rov qab los dua. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm pom tias cov microplastics pom nyob rau hauv huab cua hauv cheeb tsam ntawm kev kawm (teb chaws As Mes Lis Kas sab hnub poob) feem ntau yog muab los ntawm cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab nrog rau txoj kev (84%), dej hiav txwv (11%), thiab cov plua plav av ua liaj ua teb (5%). ). Txoj kev tshawb no tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv uas nws ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb zuj zus ntxiv txog cov pa phem yas los ntawm txoj kev thiab cov log tsheb.

Rov qab mus rau sab saum toj

6.3 Plastic Pellets (Nurdles)

Faber, J., van den Berg, R., & Raphaël, S. (2023, Peb Hlis). Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Txhaum Cai ntawm Cov Plastics: Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tswj Xyuas Cov Kev Cai. CE Delft. https://cedelft.eu/publications/preventing-spills-of-plastic-pellets/

Yas pellets (tseem hu ua 'nurdles') yog cov khoom me me ntawm cov yas, feem ntau ntawm 1 mus rau 5 hli inch, uas yog tsim los ntawm kev lag luam petrochemical uas ua haujlwm rau kev lag luam plastics los tsim cov khoom yas. Nrog rau qhov ntau ntawm nurdles raug thauj los ntawm hiav txwv thiab muab qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim, muaj cov piv txwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov pellet leaks uas ua rau muaj kuab paug rau hauv dej hiav txwv. Txhawm rau hais txog qhov no Lub Koom Haum Thoob Ntiaj Teb Maritime tau tsim ib pawg neeg saib xyuas los txiav txim siab txog cov cai los daws thiab tswj cov pellet leaks.

Fauna & Flora International. (2022). Stemming the tide: tso qhov kawg rau cov yas pellet muaj kuab paug. https://www.fauna-flora.org/app/uploads/2022/09/FF_Plastic_Pellets_Report-2.pdf

Yas pellets yog cov khoom me me ntawm cov yas uas tau yaj ua ke los tsim yuav luag txhua yam khoom yas hauv lub neej. Raws li cov khoom noj khoom haus rau kev lag luam plastics thoob ntiaj teb, pellets raug thauj mus los thoob ntiaj teb thiab yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov pa phem microplastic; Nws tau kwv yees tias ntau lab tus tib neeg cov pellets nkag mus rau hauv dej hiav txwv txhua xyoo vim yog cov dej nchuav rau hauv av thiab hauv hiav txwv. Txhawm rau daws qhov teeb meem no tus kws sau ntawv tau sib cav rau qhov kev hloov pauv sai sai rau kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm nrog cov kev xav tau uas yuav tsum tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov qauv nruj thiab cov txheej txheem ntawv pov thawj.

Tunnell, JW, Dunning, KH, Scheef, LP, & Swanson, KM (2020). Ntsuas cov yas pellet (nurdle) ntau ntawm cov ntug dej hiav txwv thoob plaws hauv Gulf of Mexico siv cov kws tshawb fawb pej xeem: Tsim lub platform rau kev tshawb fawb txog txoj cai. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 151 (110794). DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110794

Ntau cov nurdles (me me pellets) tau pom tias ntxuav ntawm Texas ntug hiav txwv dej. Ib txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm pub dawb-tsav pej xeem kev tshawb fawb, "Nurdle Patrol," tau tsim. 744 tus neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb tau ua 2042 kev tshawb fawb pej xeem los ntawm Mexico mus rau Florida. Tag nrho 20 ntawm tus qauv zoo tshaj plaws suav tau raug kaw ntawm qhov chaw hauv Texas. Txoj cai teb cov lus teb yog complex, ntau-scaled, thiab ntsib obstacles.

Karlsson, T., Brosché, S., Alidoust, M. & Takada, H. (2021, Kaum Ob Hlis Ntuj). Yas pellets pom ntawm ntug hiav txwv dej thoob plaws ntiaj teb muaj cov tshuaj lom. International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN). ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/ipen-beach-plastic-pellets-v1_4aw.pdf

Cov yas los ntawm txhua qhov chaw kuaj pom muaj tag nrho kaum soj ntsuam benzotriazole UV stabilizers, suav nrog UV-328. Cov yas los ntawm txhua qhov chaw kuaj kuj muaj tag nrho kaum peb cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas polychlorinated biphenyls. Cov concentrations tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws African, txawm tias lawv tsis yog cov neeg tsim khoom loj ntawm cov tshuaj lossis cov yas. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias nrog cov pa phem yas kuj tseem muaj tshuaj lom neeg. Cov txiaj ntsig tseem qhia tau tias cov yas tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev thauj mus los ntev ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg.

Maes, T., Jefferies, K., (2022, Plaub Hlis Ntuj). Marine Plastic Pollution - Puas yog Nurdles Cov Ntaub Ntawv Tshwj Xeeb rau Txoj Cai?. GRID-Arendal. https://news.grida.no/marine-plastic-pollution-are-nurdles-a-special-case-for-regulation

Cov lus pom zoo los tswj cov tsheb thauj khoom ua ntej tsim cov yas pellets, hu ua "nurdle," yog nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem rau Lub Koom Haum Ntiaj Teb Maritime Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Tiv Thaiv thiab Teb Chaws Sub-Committee (PPR). Cov lus luv luv no muab cov keeb kwm yav dhau los, txhais cov nurdles, piav qhia seb lawv tau mus rau thaj chaw marine li cas, thiab sib tham txog kev hem thawj rau ib puag ncig los ntawm nurdles. Qhov no yog ib qho chaw zoo rau ob tus neeg tsim cai thiab cov pej xeem uas xav tau kev piav qhia tsis yog kev tshawb fawb.

Bourzac, K. (2023, Lub Ib Hlis). Grappling nrog qhov loj tshaj plaws marine yas nchuav hauv keeb kwm. C&EN Ntiaj teb no Enterprise. 101 (3), 24–31. DOI: 10.1021/cen-10103-cov

Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 2021, lub nkoj thauj khoom, X-Press Pearl, ntes tau hluav taws thiab poob tawm ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Sri Lanka. Lub nkoj tawg tau nthuav tawm cov ntaub ntawv 1,680 metric tons ntawm cov yas pellets thiab suav tsis txheeb cov tshuaj lom neeg tawm ntawm Sri Lanka tus ntug dej hiav txwv. Cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom kawm txog qhov kev huam yuaj, qhov loj tshaj plaws uas paub txog cov hluav taws kub nyhiab thiab cov dej nchuav, los pab ua ntej kev nkag siab txog kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb tsis zoo no. Ntxiv nrog rau kev soj ntsuam seb cov nurdles puas tawg dhau lub sijhawm, yam tshuaj lom neeg li cas hauv cov txheej txheem thiab kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig ntawm cov tshuaj no, cov kws tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb hauv kev hais txog qhov tshwm sim tshuaj lom neeg thaum cov yas nurdles hlawv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv hloov pauv hauv nurdles ntxuav ntawm Sarakkuwa puam ze ntawm lub nkoj tawg, ib puag ncig tus kws tshawb fawb Meththika Vithanage pom cov lithium siab hauv dej thiab ntawm cov nurdles (Sci. Total Environ. 2022, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154374; Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2022, TSI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114074). Nws pab neeg kuj tseem pom muaj lwm yam tshuaj lom neeg, uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov nroj tsuag loj hlob qeeb, ua rau cov ntaub so ntswg puas tsuaj rau cov tsiaj hauv dej, thiab ua rau lub cev tsis ua haujlwm hauv tib neeg. Qhov kev puas tsuaj tom qab txuas ntxiv mus ua si hauv Sri Lanka, qhov chaw muaj kev lag luam thiab kev nom kev tswv muaj teeb meem rau cov kws tshawb fawb hauv zos thiab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab los xyuas kom muaj kev puas tsuaj rau ib puag ncig, thaj tsam uas tseem tsis tau paub.

Bǎlan, S., Andrews, D., Blum, A., Diamond, M., Rojello Fernández, S., Harriman, E., Lindstrom, A., Reade, A., Richter, L., Sutton, R. , Wang, Z., & Kwiatkowski, C. (2023, Lub Ib Hlis). Optimizing Chemicals Management nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States thiab Canada los ntawm qhov tseem ceeb-Siv Approach. Environmental Science & Technology. 57 (4), 1568-1575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05932

Cov txheej txheem tswj hwm uas twb muaj lawm tau ua pov thawj tias tsis txaus rau kev ntsuam xyuas thiab tswj xyuas ntau txhiab tus tshuaj hauv kev lag luam. Ib txoj hauv kev sib txawv yog xav tau sai. Tus kws sau ntawv tau pom zoo txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv cov ntsiab lus uas cov tshuaj muaj kev txhawj xeeb yuav tsum tau siv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas lawv txoj haujlwm hauv cov khoom tshwj xeeb yog tsim nyog rau kev noj qab haus huv, kev nyab xeeb, lossis kev ua haujlwm ntawm zej zog thiab thaum muaj kev hloov pauv tsis tau.

Wang, Z., Walker, GR, Muir, DCG, & Nagatani-Yoshida, K. (2020). Mus rau Kev nkag siab thoob ntiaj teb ntawm Kev Ua Phem Txhaum Cai: Kev Ntsuas Ua Ntej Ua Ntej ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Tshuaj Hauv Tebchaws thiab Lub Tebchaws. Environmental Science & Technology. 54(5), 2575–2584. DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b06379

Hauv tsab ntawv tshaj tawm no, 22 cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg los ntawm 19 lub teb chaws thiab cheeb tsam tau txheeb xyuas kom ua tiav thawj qhov kev pom zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tam sim no hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam luam tawm yog thawj kauj ruam tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj kuab lom. Ntawm qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb yog qhov ntsuas tsis tau dhau los thiab tsis pub leej twg paub ntawm cov tshuaj tau sau npe hauv kev tsim khoom. Raws li xyoo 2020, ntau dua 350 000 cov tshuaj thiab cov tshuaj sib xyaw tshuaj tau sau npe rau kev tsim thiab siv. Cov khoom muag no yog peb npaug ntau dua li qhov tau kwv yees ua ntej kev kawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov cim ntawm ntau cov tshuaj tseem tsis paub rau pej xeem vim lawv tau lees tias tsis pub leej twg paub (tshaj 50 000) lossis piav qhia tsis meej (txog 70 000).

OECD. (2021). Kev Pom Zoo Tshuaj Rau Kev Tsim Nrog Cov Plastics Sustainable: Lub Hom Phiaj, Kev Txiav Txim thiab Kev Lag Luam. OECD Publishing, Paris, Fabkis. doi.org/10.1787/f2ba8ff3-en.

Daim ntawv tshaj tawm no nrhiav kom muaj kev tsim cov khoom lag luam yas uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke kev xav txog kev xav hauv cov txheej txheem tsim. Los ntawm kev siv lub lens tshuaj thaum lub sij hawm xaiv cov khoom siv yas, cov neeg tsim qauv thiab cov kws tsim qauv tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los txiav txim siab siv cov yas ruaj khov thaum tsim lawv cov khoom. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm muab kev sib koom ua ke rau kev xaiv cov yas ruaj khov los ntawm kev xav tshuaj lom neeg, thiab txheeb xyuas cov txheej txheem ntawm cov qauv tsim qauv tsim, kev xav txog lub neej thiab kev lag luam tawm.

Zimmermann, L., Dierkes, G., Ternes, T., Völker, C., & Wagner, M. (2019). Benchmarking nyob rau hauv Vitro Toxicity thiab tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom siv yas. Environmental Science & Technology. 53(19), 11467-11477. DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b02293

Plastics paub qhov chaw ntawm kev raug tshuaj lom neeg thiab ob peb, tseem ceeb cov tshuaj uas cuam tshuam nrog cov yas yog paub - xws li bisphenol A - txawm li cas los xij, ib qho kev qhia dav dav ntawm cov tshuaj sib tov sib xyaw uas muaj nyob hauv cov yas yog xav tau. Cov kws tshawb nrhiav pom 260 cov tshuaj tau kuaj pom suav nrog cov monomers, additives, thiab tsis txhob txwm ntxiv cov tshuaj, thiab ua ntej 27 tshuaj. Extracts ntawm polyvinyl chloride (PVC) thiab polyurethane (PUR) induced lub siab tshaj plaws toxicity, whereas polyethylene terephthalate (PET) thiab high-density polyethylene (HDPE) ua rau tsis muaj los yog tsawg toxicity.

Aurisano, N., Huang, L., Milà i Canals, L., Jolliet, O., & Fantke, P. (2021). Cov tshuaj muaj kev txhawj xeeb hauv cov khoom ua si yas. Ib puag ncig International. 146, 106194. DOI: ib. 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106194

Cov yas hauv cov khoom ua si tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo rau menyuam yaus, los daws qhov no cov kws sau ntawv tau tsim cov txheej txheem thiab tshuaj ntsuam kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg hauv cov khoom ua si yas thiab tau teeb tsa ib txoj hauv kev los ntsuam xyuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom ua si. Tam sim no muaj 126 cov tshuaj muaj kev txhawj xeeb uas pom muaj feem ntau hauv cov khoom ua si, qhia tias xav tau cov ntaub ntawv ntau ntxiv, tab sis ntau qhov teeb meem tseem tsis tau paub thiab xav tau kev cai ntau ntxiv.

Rov qab mus rau sab saum toj

7. Yas thiab tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv

Center for International Environmental Law. (2023, Peb. Ua pa yas: Kev noj qab haus huv cuam tshuam ntawm Invisible Plastics hauv huab cua. Center for International Environmental Law. https://www.ciel.org/reports/airborne-microplastics-briefing/

Microplastic tau dhau los ua ubiquitous, tau pom nyob txhua qhov chaw uas cov kws tshawb fawb nrhiav nws. Cov khoom me me no yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau tib neeg noj cov yas mus txog 22,000,000 microplastic thiab nanoplastics txhua xyoo nrog tus lej no yuav tsum nce. Txhawm rau tawm tsam qhov no, daim ntawv pom zoo kom ua ke "cocktail" cov nyhuv ntawm cov yas ua ntau yam teeb meem hauv huab cua, dej, thiab hauv av, uas yuav tsum tau muaj kev cai lij choj tam sim los tawm tsam qhov teeb meem loj hlob no, thiab txhua txoj kev daws teeb meem yuav tsum daws tag nrho lub neej. lub voj voog ntawm cov yas. Yas yog ib qho teeb meem, tab sis kev ua phem rau tib neeg lub cev tuaj yeem raug txwv nrog nrawm thiab txiav txim siab.

Baker, E., Thygesen, K. (2022, Lub Yim Hli 1). Yas hauv Kev Ua Liaj Ua Teb - Kev Sib Tw Environmental. Foresight Luv. Ceeb Toom Thaum Ntxov, Cov Teeb Meem Tshiab thiab Yav Tom Ntej. United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.unep.org/resources/emerging-issues/plastics-agriculture-environmental-challenge

Lub tebchaws United Nations muab cov lus qhia luv luv tab sis qhia luv luv txog qhov teeb meem loj zuj zus ntawm cov pa phem yas hauv kev ua liaj ua teb thiab qhov nce ntxiv ntawm cov pa phem yas. Daim ntawv qhia tshwj xeeb rau kev txheeb xyuas qhov chaw ntawm cov yas thiab tshuaj xyuas txoj hmoo ntawm cov yas residue hauv cov av ua liaj ua teb. Qhov luv luv no yog thawj zaug hauv qhov kev cia siab uas npaj los tshawb txog kev txav ntawm cov yas ua liaj ua teb los ntawm qhov chaw mus rau hiav txwv.

Wiesinger, H., Wang, Z., & Hellweg, S. (2021, Lub Rau Hli 21). Nkag mus tob rau hauv cov yas Monomers, Additives, thiab Processing Aids. Environmental Science & Technology. 55(13), 9339-9351. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00976

Muaj kwv yees li ntawm 10,500 chemicals nyob rau hauv plastics, 24% ntawm cov uas muaj peev xwm sib sau nyob rau hauv tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu thiab muaj tshuaj lom los yog carcinogenic. Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, European Union, thiab Nyij Pooj, ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm cov tshuaj tsis raug tswj hwm. Ntau tshaj 900 ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj peev xwm tau pom zoo hauv cov tebchaws no siv rau hauv cov thawv ntim khoom noj yas. Ntawm 10,000 chemicals, 39% ntawm lawv tsis tuaj yeem muab cais tawm vim tias tsis muaj "kev faib tawm phom sij." Cov tshuaj toxicity yog ob qho tib si marine thiab pej xeem kev noj qab haus huv ntsoog xav txog qhov sheer ntim ntawm cov pa phem yas.

Ragusa, A., Svelatoa, A., Santacroce, C., Catalano, P., Notarstefano, V., Carnevali, O., Papa, F., Rongioletti, M., Baioccoa, F., Draghia, S., D'Amorea, E., Rinaldod, D., Matta, M., & Giorgini, E. (2021, Lub Ib Hlis). Plasticenta: Thawj Pov Thawj ntawm Microplastics hauv Tib Neeg Placenta. Environmental International. 146 (106274). DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106274

Thawj zaug microplastics tau kuaj pom hauv tib neeg placentas, qhia tias cov yas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau tib neeg ua ntej yug. Qhov no yog qhov teeb meem tshwj xeeb vim tias microplastics tuaj yeem muaj cov tshuaj uas ua rau endocrine cuam tshuam uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem rau tib neeg mus ntev.

Flaws, J. (2020, Kaum Ob Hlis). Plastics, EDCs, & Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv: Phau ntawv qhia rau cov koom haum nyiam pej xeem thiab cov tsim txoj cai ntawm Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals & Yas. Lub Koom Haum Endocrine & IPEN. https://www.endocrine.org/-/media/endocrine/files/topics/edc_guide_2020_v1_6bhqen.pdf

Ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg feem ntau uas tawm los ntawm cov yas yog lub npe hu ua Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs), xws li bisphenols, ethoxylates, brominated nplaim taws retardants, thiab phthalates. Cov tshuaj uas yog EDCs tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau tib neeg kev yug me nyuam, metabolism, thyroids, lub cev tsis muaj zog, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub paj hlwb. Hauv kev teb, Endocrine Society tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv tshaj tawm txog kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj leaching los ntawm yas thiab EDCs. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm hu xov tooj rau kev siv zog ntxiv los tiv thaiv tib neeg thiab ib puag ncig los ntawm EDCs uas tsim kev puas tsuaj hauv cov yas.

Teles, M., Balasch, J., Oliveria, M., Sardans, J., thiab Peñuel, J. (2020, Lub Yim Hli). Kev nkag siab txog Nanoplastics cuam tshuam rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv. Cov ntawv xov xwm Science. 65 (23). DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.08.003

Raws li cov yas degrades nws tau tawg mus rau hauv cov khoom me me thiab cov khoom me me uas yuav tau noj los ntawm cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg. Cov kws tshawb fawb pom tias kev noj cov yas nano-plastics cuam tshuam rau kev muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov neeg hauv plab hnyuv microbiome cov zej zog thiab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob, tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab endocrine paj hlwb. Thaum txog li 90% ntawm cov yas uas tau noj tau raug tshem tawm sai, qhov kawg 10% - feem ntau me me ntawm nano-yas - tuaj yeem nkag mus rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm tes thiab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj los ntawm inducing cytotoxicity, ntes cell cycles, thiab nce kev qhia ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. qhov pib ntawm inflammatory kev tshwm sim.

Plastic Soup Foundation. (2022, Lub Plaub Hlis). Yas: Cov khoom xyaw zais kev zoo nkauj. Yeej Lub Microbead. Beatthemicrobead.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/2022/06/Plastic-Thehiddenbeautyingredients.Pdf

Daim ntawv tshaj tawm no muaj thawj qhov kev tshawb fawb loj ntawm microplastics nyob rau hauv ntau tshaj xya txhiab yam khoom siv tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab kev tu tus kheej. Txhua xyoo ntau tshaj 3,800 tons ntawm microplastics raug tso tawm rau hauv ib puag ncig los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce niaj hnub thiab cov khoom siv kho mob hauv Tebchaws Europe. Raws li European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) npaj los hloov kho lawv cov ntsiab lus ntawm microplastics, daim ntawv tshaj tawm qhia dav dav no nthuav dav rau thaj chaw uas qhov kev thov no txhais tau, xws li nws tsis suav nrog nanoplastics, poob luv luv thiab cov txiaj ntsig uas yuav ua raws li nws txoj kev saws me nyuam.

Zanolli, L. (2020, Lub Ob Hlis 18). Cov thawv yas puas muaj kev nyab xeeb rau peb cov zaub mov? Tus Saib Xyuas. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/feb/18/are-plastic-containers-safe-to-use-food-experts

Tsis yog ib qho yas polymer lossis cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke, muaj ntau txhiab lub tebchaw pom hauv cov khoom siv yas siv hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus, thiab tsis tshua paub txog feem ntau ntawm lawv cov teebmeem rau tib neeg noj qab haus huv. Qee cov tshuaj siv hauv cov ntim khoom noj thiab lwm yam khoom noj khoom haus tuaj yeem ua rau kev ua menyuam tsis taus, mob hawb pob, mob hlwb neonatal thiab menyuam mos, thiab lwm yam teeb meem neurodevelopmental.

Munche, J. (2019, Kaum Hli 10). Plastic Health Summit. Plastic Soup Foundation. youtube.com/watch?v=qI36K_T7M2Q

Tshaj tawm ntawm Plastic Health Summit, Toxicologist Jane Munche tham txog cov tshuaj tsis zoo thiab tsis paub txog cov tshuaj hauv cov yas uas tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov zaub mov los ntawm ntim yas. Tag nrho cov yas muaj ntau pua cov tshuaj sib txawv, hu ua cov khoom tsis yog-intentionally adds, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab cov yas tawg. Feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj no tsis paub thiab tseem, lawv ua rau feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj leaching rau hauv cov zaub mov thiab dej qab zib. Tsoom fwv yuav tsum tsim kom muaj kev tshawb fawb ntxiv thiab kev saib xyuas zaub mov kom txiav txim siab txog kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov tshuaj uas tsis txhob txwm tshaj tawm.

Plastic Health Coalition. (Lub Kaum Hli 2019, 3). Plastic and Health Summit 2019. Plastic Health Coalition. plastichealthcoalition.org/plastic-health-summit-2019/

Nyob rau thawj lub rooj sib tham Plastic Health Summit muaj nyob rau hauv Amsterdam, Netherlands cov kws tshawb fawb, cov kws tsim txoj cai, cov neeg muaj kev cuam tshuam, thiab cov neeg tsim kho tshiab txhua tus tuaj koom ua ke los qhia lawv cov kev paub thiab kev paub txog cov teeb meem yas raws li nws cuam tshuam txog kev noj qab haus huv. Lub rooj sib tham tau tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm 36 tus kws tshaj lij hais lus thiab kev sib tham, uas txhua tus muaj rau pej xeem saib ntawm lawv lub vev xaib. Cov ntsiab lus yees duab suav nrog: kev taw qhia txog yas, kev sib tham txog kev tshawb fawb ntawm microplastics, kev sib tham txog kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov khoom siv ntxiv, txoj cai thiab kev tawm tswv yim, kev sib tham ntawm lub rooj sib tham, kev sib tham ntawm cov neeg muaj zog uas tau tshoov siab los tawm tsam kev siv ntau dhau ntawm cov yas, thiab thaum kawg cov koom haum thiab cov neeg tsim kho tshiab tau mob siab rau kev tsim kho kom pom tseeb. daws cov teeb meem yas.

Li, V., & Youth, I. (2019, Cuaj hlis 6). Marine plastic pollution hides ib tug neurological toxicant nyob rau hauv peb cov zaub mov. Phys Org. phys.org/news/2019-09-marine-plastic-pollution-neurological-toxin.html

Yas ua zoo li cov hlau nplaum rau methylmercury (mercury), cov yas ntawd yog siv los ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg, uas tib neeg tau noj. Methylmercury ob qho tib si bioaccumulates nyob rau hauv lub cev, txhais tau tias nws yeej tsis tawm tab sis es tsis txhob tsim nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm, thiab biomagnifies, lub ntsiab lus ntawm methylmercury muaj zog nyob rau hauv predators tshaj prey.

Cox, K., Covrenton, G., Davies, H., Dower, J., Juanes, F., & Dudas, S. (2019, Lub Rau Hli 5). Tib neeg siv Microplastics. Environmental Science & Technology. 53(12), 7068-7074. DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b01517

Kev tsom mus rau Asmeskas kev noj zaub mov, kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov microplastic hais nyob rau hauv cov khoom noj uas nquag noj nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau lawv cov kev pom zoo noj txhua hnub.

Qhov Project Unwrapped. (2019, Lub Rau Hli). Lub Rooj Sib Tham Txog Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv ntawm Plastics thiab Food Packaging Chemicals Conference. https://unwrappedproject.org/conference

Lub rooj sib tham tau tham txog Plastic Exposed project, uas yog kev sib koom tes thoob ntiaj teb los nthuav tawm tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov yas thiab lwm yam ntim khoom noj.

Rov qab mus rau sab saum toj

8. Kev Ncaj Ncees Ib puag ncig

Vandenberg, J. and Ota, Y. (eds.) (2023, Lub Ib Hlis). Mus rau thiab Kev Ncaj Ncees rau Marine Plastic Pollution: Ocean Nexus Equity & Marine Plastic Pollution Report 2022. University of Washington. https://issuu.com/ocean_nexus/docs/equity_and_marine_plastic_ pollution_report?fr=sY2JhMTU1NDcyMTE

Marine plastic pollution adversely cuam tshuam rau tib neeg thiab ib puag ncig (xws li kev ruaj ntseg zaub mov, kev ua neej nyob, kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub cev thiab lub hlwb, thiab kev coj noj coj ua thiab cov txiaj ntsig), thiab nws cuam tshuam rau lub neej thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg tsis muaj zog ntau dua. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm saib lub luag haujlwm, kev paub, kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev sib koom tes los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm tshooj thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb nrog cov kws sau ntawv hla 8 lub tebchaws, xws li Tebchaws Meskas thiab Nyij Pooj mus rau Ghana thiab Fiji. Thaum kawg, tus kws sau ntawv sib cav hais tias qhov teeb meem ntawm cov pa phem yog qhov tsis ua tiav los daws qhov tsis sib xws. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm xaus lus los ntawm kev hais kom txog thaum kev tsis sib xws raug daws thiab kev siv tib neeg thiab thaj av uas tseem tshuav cuam tshuam txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov pa phem yas raug daws tom qab ntawd yuav tsis muaj kev daws teeb meem rau cov teeb meem yas.

GRID-Arendal. (2022, Peb. Lub rooj zaum ntawm lub rooj - Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Kev Siv Khoom Siv Khoom Siv tsis raug cai hauv kev txo cov pa phem, thiab pom zoo hloov txoj cai. GRID-Arendal. https://www.grida.no/publications/863

Kev rov ua dua tshiab tsis raug cai, uas feem ntau ua los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis txaus ntseeg thiab cov neeg tsis tau sau tseg, yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem rov ua dua tshiab hauv lub ntiaj teb tsim. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm txoj cai no muab cov ntsiab lus ntawm peb txoj kev nkag siab tam sim no ntawm cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab tsis raug cai, nws cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev lag luam, cov teeb meem uas cov lag luam ntsib. Nws saib ob qho tib si thoob ntiaj teb thiab lub teb chaws kev siv zog los lees paub cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis raug cai thiab koom nrog lawv hauv cov txheej txheem kev cai thiab kev pom zoo, xws li Ntiaj Teb Plastics Treaty Daim ntawv tshaj tawm kuj tseem muab cov txheej txheem ntawm cov lus pom zoo rau qib siab suav nrog cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab tsis raug cai, ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv. thiab kev tiv thaiv cov neeg ua haujlwm rov ua dua tshiab tsis raug cai.

Cali, J., Gutiérrez-Graudiņš, M., Munguía, S., Chin, C. (2021, Plaub Hlis Ntuj). NEEGECTED: Ib puag ncig kev ncaj ncees cuam tshuam ntawm Marine Litter thiab Plastic Pollution. United Nations Environment Program & Azul. https://wedocs.unep.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/ 35417/EJIPP.pdf

Daim ntawv tshaj tawm xyoo 2021 los ntawm United Nations Environment Program thiab Azul, ib lub koom haum Kev Ncaj Ncees ib puag ncig tsis yog tsoomfwv, thov kom muaj kev lees paub ntau ntxiv ntawm cov zej zog nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm cov pov tseg yas thiab lawv suav nrog hauv kev txiav txim siab hauv zos. Nws yog thawj daim ntawv tshaj tawm thoob ntiaj teb los txuas cov dots ntawm ib puag ncig kev ncaj ncees thiab cov teeb meem ntawm cov pa phem hauv hiav txwv. Plastic pollutionately cuam tshuam rau cov zej zog marginalized nyob ze ze rau ob qho tib si cov khoom yas thiab cov chaw pov tseg. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov yas hem cov kev ua neej nyob ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv hauv hiav txwv thiab cov neeg uas haus cov nqaij nruab deg nrog cov tshuaj lom micro-thiab nano- plastics. Nyob ib ncig ntawm tib neeg, daim ntawv tshaj tawm no tuaj yeem teeb tsa theem rau cov cai thoob ntiaj teb kom maj mam tshem tawm cov pa phem thiab tsim khoom.

Creshkoff, R., & Enck, J. (2022, Cuaj hlis 23). Qhov Kev Sib Tw Kom Tsis Muaj Plastics Cog Cov qhab nia yeej tseem ceeb. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-race-to-stop-a-plastics-plant-scores-a-crucial-win/

Cov neeg tawm tsam ib puag ncig hauv St. James Parish, Louisiana yeej lub tsev hais plaub loj tawm tsam Formosa Plastics, uas tau npaj los tsim lub ntiaj teb cov cog ntoo loj tshaj plaws hauv cheeb tsam nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm tus tswv xeev, cov neeg tsim cai lij choj hauv xeev, thiab cov tuam txhab hluav taws xob hauv zos. Cov pej xeem hauv zej zog tawm tsam txoj kev loj hlob tshiab, coj los ntawm Sharon Lavigne ntawm Rise St. James thiab lwm pab pawg neeg zej zog txhawb nqa los ntawm cov kws lij choj ntawm Earthjustice, tau yaum Louisiana Lub Tsev Hais Plaub Qib Siab 19 kom tshem tawm 14 daim ntawv tso cai huab cua uas tau tso cai los ntawm lub xeev Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees uas yuav muaj. tso cai rau Formosa Plastics los tsim nws txoj kev npaj petrochemical. Petrochemicals yog siv nyob rau hauv suav tsis txheeb cov khoom, suav nrog plastics.Qhov stagnation ntawm qhov project loj no, thiab tag nrho nthuav dav ntawm Formosa Plastics, yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ncaj ncees thiab ib puag ncig. Nyob rau ntawm 85-mais stretch ntawm tus dej Mississippi lub npe hu ua "Cancer Alley," cov neeg nyob hauv St. James Parish, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov neeg tau nyiaj tsawg thiab cov neeg muaj xim, muaj kev pheej hmoo siab mob qog noj ntshav hauv lawv lub neej ntau dua li lub tebchaws. nruab nrab. Raws li lawv daim ntawv tso cai, Formosa Plastics 'txoj kev tshiab yuav tau ua rau St. James Parish ntxiv rau 800 tons ntawm cov pa phem huab cua phem, ob npaug lossis tripling qib ntawm cov carcinogens hauv zos yuav nqus tau txhua xyoo. Txawm hais tias lub tuam txhab tau cog lus tias yuav thov rov hais dua, qhov kev yeej nyuaj no yuav cia siab tias yuav ua kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb hauv zej zog kev tawm tsam nyob rau hauv cov chaw uas cov chaw muaj kuab paug zoo sib xws tau raug thov - tsis tu ncua hauv cov zej zog cov neeg tau nyiaj tsawg ntawm cov xim.

Madapoosi, V. (2022, Lub Yim Hli). Niaj hnub nimno Imperialism nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no pov tseg lag luam: Ib tug Digital Toolkit Tshawb nrhiav cov kev sib tshuam hauv ntiaj teb pov tseg kev lag luam, (J. Hamilton, Ed.). Intersectional Environmentalist. www.intersectionalenvironmentalist.com/toolkits/global-waste-trade-toolkit

Txawm hais tias nws lub npe, kev lag luam pov tseg thoob ntiaj teb tsis yog kev lag luam, tab sis yog cov txheej txheem rho tawm hauv paus hauv imperialism. Raws li lub tebchaws imperial, Tebchaws Asmeskas tau tshaj tawm nws txoj kev tswj hwm pov tseg rau kev tsim cov tebchaws thoob plaws ntiaj teb los daws nws cov khoom pov tseg yas rov ua dua tshiab. Tshaj li qhov cuam tshuam loj ntawm ib puag ncig rau dej hiav txwv, av degradation, thiab huab cua muaj kuab paug, kev lag luam pov tseg thoob ntiaj teb ua rau muaj kev ncaj ncees ib puag ncig thiab teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv rau pej xeem, cov kev cuam tshuam uas cuam tshuam rau tib neeg thiab ecosystems ntawm kev tsim lub teb chaws. Cov cuab yeej siv digital no tshawb txog cov txheej txheem pov tseg hauv Asmeskas, cov keeb kwm yav dhau los tau koom nrog kev lag luam pov tseg thoob ntiaj teb, kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig, kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub ntiaj teb tam sim no kev tswj hwm pov tseg, thiab cov cai hauv zos, lub teb chaws thiab thoob ntiaj teb uas tuaj yeem hloov pauv.

Environmental Investigation Agency. (2021, Peb. Qhov Tseeb Tom Qab Pov Tseg: Qhov ntsuas thiab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb hauv cov khib nyiab yas. EIA. https://eia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/EIA-The-Truth-Behind-Trash-FINAL.pdf

Kev tswj cov khoom pov tseg hauv ntau lub tebchaws tau nyiaj tau los siab tau dhau los ua cov txheej txheem ntawm kev xa tawm cov pov tseg yas mus rau cov teb chaws tau nyiaj tsawg uas tseem tab tom txhim kho kev lag luam thiab ua li ntawd tau ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev sib raug zoo thiab ib puag ncig cov nqi hauv ib daim ntawv pov tseg colonialism. Raws li tsab ntawv ceeb toom EIA no, Lub teb chaws Yelemees, Nyiv thiab Asmeskas yog cov teb chaws xa khoom pov tseg ntau tshaj plaws, nrog rau txhua tus tau xa tawm ob zaug ntawm cov pov tseg yas ntawm lwm lub teb chaws txij li kev tshaj tawm pib xyoo 1988. Tuam Tshoj yog tus xa khoom pov tseg loj tshaj plaws, sawv cev 65% ntawm Kev xa tawm los ntawm 2010 txog 2020. Thaum Tuam Tshoj kaw nws ciam teb rau cov khib nyiab yas hauv xyoo 2018, Malaysia, Nyab Laj, Qaib Cov Txwv, thiab pawg neeg ua phem ua phem hauv SE Asia tau tshwm sim los ua qhov chaw tseem ceeb rau cov pov tseg yas los ntawm Nyiv, Asmeskas thiab EU. Qhov kev pab cuam meej ntawm kev lag luam pov tseg yas ua lag luam rau ntiaj teb cov pa phem yog tsis paub, tab sis nws yog qhov tseem ceeb raws li qhov tsis sib xws ntawm qhov loj me ntawm kev lag luam pov tseg thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov teb chaws tuaj txawv teb chaws. Kev xa khoom pov tseg yas thoob ntiaj teb kuj tseem ua rau cov teb chaws tau nyiaj tau los txuas ntxiv nthuav dav cov khoom siv yas yas uas tsis tau kuaj xyuas los ntawm kev tso cai rau lawv kom tsis txhob muaj qhov cuam tshuam ncaj qha ntawm lawv cov khoom siv yas. EIA International qhia tias qhov teeb meem ntawm cov yas pov tseg tuaj yeem daws tau los ntawm lub tswv yim holistic, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv cog lus tshiab thoob ntiaj teb, uas hais txog cov kev daws teeb meem saum toj kawg nkaus los txo cov yas yas thiab kev siv, ua ntej traceability thiab pob tshab ntawm cov yas pov tseg hauv kev lag luam, thiab tag nrho. txhawb nqa kev ua haujlwm zoo dua qub thiab kev nyab xeeb kev lag luam rau cov yas - kom txog rau thaum kev xa tawm tsis ncaj ncees ntawm cov pov tseg yas tuaj yeem raug txwv thoob ntiaj teb.

Ntiaj teb no Alliance For Incinerator Alternatives. (Lub Plaub Hlis 2019). Muab pov tseg: Cov zej zog nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm Ntiaj Teb Plastic Crisis. GAIA. www.No-Burn.Org/Resources/Discarded-Communities-On-The-Frontlines-Of-The-Global-Plastic-Crisis/

Thaum Tuam Tshoj kaw nws ciam teb rau cov khoom pov tseg yas hauv xyoo 2018, lub teb chaws nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Asia raug dej nyab nrog cov khib nyiab pov tseg raws li kev rov ua dua tshiab, feem ntau yog los ntawm cov tebchaws nplua nuj nyob hauv Ntiaj Teb North. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm kev tshawb fawb no nthuav tawm tias cov zej zog hauv av tau cuam tshuam li cas los ntawm kev cuam tshuam sai ntawm cov pa phem txawv teb chaws, thiab lawv tau tawm tsam li cas.

Karlsson, T, Dell, J, Gündoğdu, S, & Carney Almroth, B. (2023, Peb Hlis). Plastic Khib Lag Luam: Tus lej zais. International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN). https://ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/ipen_plastic_waste _kev_report-final-3digital.pdf

Cov txheej txheem tshaj tawm tam sim no tsis tu ncua ntsuas qhov ntim ntawm cov khib nyiab pov tseg uas tau pauv thoob ntiaj teb, ua rau muaj kev suav tsis raug ntawm cov khoom lag luam pov tseg los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb uas tso siab rau cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm no. Kev tsis ua haujlwm hauv kev suav thiab taug qab cov khoom pov tseg cov khoom pov tseg yog vim tsis muaj qhov pom tseeb ntawm cov lej lag luam pov tseg, uas tsis raug yoog raws li cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb. Kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau pom tias kev lag luam yas thoob ntiaj teb yog ntau dua 40% siab dua li qhov kev kwv yees yav dhau los, thiab txawm tias tus lej no tsis cuam tshuam txog cov duab loj ntawm cov khoom siv hauv cov ntaub ntawv, cov ntawv sib xyaw, cov khib nyiab, thiab roj hmab, tsis hais txog cov tshuaj lom. cov tshuaj siv nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yas. Txawm li cas los xij tus lej zais ntawm kev lag luam pov tseg yas yuav yog, qhov tam sim no cov khoom ntim ntau ntawm cov yas ua rau nws tsis yooj yim rau txhua lub teb chaws los tswj cov ntim loj ntawm cov khib nyiab uas tsim tawm. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshem tawm tsis yog kev lag luam pov tseg ntau dua, tab sis cov teb chaws tau nyiaj tau los siab tau ua rau lub ntiaj teb kev loj hlob nrog cov pa phem ntawm tus nqi ntau dua li tshaj tawm. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov no, cov tebchaws tau nyiaj tau los siab yuav tsum tau ua ntau dua los ua lub luag haujlwm rau cov pov tseg yas uas lawv tsim.

Karasik R., Lauer NE, Baker AE., Lisi NE, Somarelli JA, Eward WC, Fürst K. & Dunphy-Daly MM (2023, Lub Ib Hlis). Kev faib tsis ncaj ncees ntawm cov txiaj ntsig yas thiab lub nra ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev noj qab haus huv rau pej xeem. Frontiers hauv Marine Science. 9:1017247 ib. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.1017247 ib

Yas heterogeneously cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub neej, los ntawm kev noj qab haus huv rau pej xeem mus rau kev lag luam hauv zos thiab thoob ntiaj teb. Hauv kev nthuav tawm cov txiaj ntsig thiab lub nra ntawm txhua theem ntawm lub neej yas, cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov txiaj ntsig ntawm plastics yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam, thaum lub nra hnyav poob rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj qhov sib txawv tsis sib xws ntawm cov neeg uas tau ntsib cov txiaj ntsig lossis lub nra ntawm cov yas vim tias cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam tsis tshua siv los kho cov teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov yas tsim. Kev lag luam pov tseg thoob ntiaj teb tau nthuav tawm qhov tsis sib xws vim tias lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev tswj cov khib nyiab poob rau hauv cov zej zog qis hauv cov teb chaws tau nyiaj tsawg, tsis yog rau cov neeg tsim khoom hauv cov nyiaj tau los siab, cov neeg siv khoom lag luam uas tau txais txiaj ntsig ntau dua kev lag luam. Cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas cov nqi-cov txiaj ntsig ib txwm muaj uas qhia txog txoj cai tsim kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntsuas cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam ntawm cov yas hla tsis ncaj, feem ntau tsis muaj nuj nqis, tus nqi rau tib neeg thiab ib puag ncig kev noj qab haus huv.

Liboiron, M. (2021). Kev Ua qias tuaj yog Colonialism. Duke University Xovxwm.

In Kev ua qias tuaj yog Colonialism, tus sau postulates tias txhua hom kev tshawb fawb thiab kev ua haujlwm muaj kev sib raug zoo hauv av, thiab cov neeg tuaj yeem ua raws li los yog tawm tsam colonialism raws li ib daim ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm extractive, muaj cai kev sib raug zoo av. Kev tsom mus rau cov pa phem yas, phau ntawv qhia tias kev ua qias tuaj tsis yog ib qho tsos mob ntawm kev lag luam xwb, tab sis kev ua phem ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm thaj av uas tau thov nkag mus rau thaj av hauv paus txawm. Kos rau lawv txoj haujlwm hauv Civic Laboratory for Environmental Action Research (CLEAR), Liboiron qauv kev coj ua kev tshawb fawb txog kev coj noj coj ua rau thaj av, kev coj ncaj ncees, thiab kev sib raug zoo, qhia tias kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig kev tshawb fawb thiab kev ua haujlwm tsis yog ua tau xwb, tab sis tam sim no hauv kev xyaum.

Bennett, N., Alava, JJ, Ferguson, CE, Blythe, J., Morgera, E., Boyd, D., & Côté, IM (2023, Lub Ib Hlis). Ib puag ncig (hauv) kev ncaj ncees hauv dej hiav txwv Anthropocene. Tubrog nkoj txoj cai. 147 (105383). DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105383

Txoj kev tshawb fawb txog kev ncaj ncees ib puag ncig tau pib tsom mus rau qhov tsis sib xws ntawm kev faib tawm thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov pa phem thiab pov tseg pov tseg rau hauv cov zej zog uas tsis muaj keeb kwm yav dhau los. Raws li qhov chaw tsim kho, qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm ib puag ncig thiab tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv lub nra hnyav los ntawm marine ecosystems thiab cov neeg nyob hauv ntug dej hiav txwv tau txais kev pab cuam tsawg dua hauv cov ntaub ntawv kev ncaj ncees ib puag ncig. Hais txog qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tshawb fawb no, daim ntawv no nthuav dav rau tsib thaj chaw ntawm dej hiav txwv-centric ib puag ncig kev ncaj ncees: kev ua qias tuaj thiab cov khib nyiab pov tseg, plastics thiab cov khib nyiab hauv hiav txwv, kev hloov pauv huab cua, ecosystem degradation, thiab poob kev nuv ntses.

Mcgarry, D., James, A., & Erwin, K. (2022). Info-Sheet: Marine Plastic Pollution Raws li ib qho teeb meem ntawm ib puag ncig kev tsis ncaj ncees. Ib Ocean Hub. https://Oneoceanhub.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/2022/06/Information-Sheet_4.Pdf

Cov ntaub ntawv no qhia txog kev ncaj ncees ib puag ncig ntawm cov pa phem hauv hiav txwv los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv marginalized, cov teb chaws tau nyiaj tsawg nyob hauv Ntiaj Teb Sab Qab Teb, thiab cov koom nrog hauv cov teb chaws tau nyiaj tau los uas yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb rau kev tsim thiab siv cov yas uas nrhiav lawv txoj kev mus rau dej hiav txwv.

Owens, KA, & Conlon, K. (2021, Lub Yim Hli). Mopping Up lossis Tig tus kais? Environmental Injustice thiab Ethics ntawm Plastic Pollution. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.713385 ib

Kev tswj kev lag luam pov tseg tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam rau kev sib raug zoo thiab ib puag ncig nws reaps. Thaum cov chaw tsim khoom txhawb nqa cov kev daws teeb meem uas hais txog cov tsos mob ntawm cov pa phem, tab sis tsis yog lub hauv paus, lawv tsis tuav cov neeg muaj feem cuam tshuam ntawm lub luag haujlwm thiab yog li txwv tsis pub muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev kho mob. Kev lag luam plastics tam sim no thav duab cov pov tseg yas ua ib qho kev tawm sab nraud uas xav tau kev daws teeb meem thev naus laus zis. Kev xa tawm qhov teeb meem thiab kev daws teeb meem sab nraud thawb lub nra thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov pov tseg yas rau cov zej zog marginalized thoob ntiaj teb, rau cov teb chaws uas tseem txhim kho kev lag luam, thiab rau cov tiam tom ntej. Tsis yog tso cov teeb meem daws teeb meem rau cov neeg tsim teeb meem, cov kws tshawb fawb, cov tsim cai, thiab tsoomfwv tau qhia kom tsim cov ntaub ntawv pov tseg yas nrog kev hais txog kev txo qis qis, rov tsim kho dua tshiab, thiab rov siv dua, tsis yog kev tswj xyuas hauv qab.

Mas, A. (2020). Toxic legacies thiab ib puag ncig kev ncaj ncees. Nyob rau hauv Environmental Justice (1st ed.). Manchester University Press. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/978042902 9585-12/toxic-legacies-environmental-justice-alice-mah

Qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo ntawm cov haiv neeg tsawg thiab cov zej zog tau nyiaj tsawg rau cov pa phem thiab cov chaw pov tseg uas muaj kev phom sij yog qhov tseem ceeb thiab muaj kev txhawj xeeb ntev nyob hauv ib puag ncig kev ncaj ncees. Nrog suav tsis txheeb cov dab neeg ntawm kev puas tsuaj tsis ncaj ncees thoob plaws ntiaj teb, tsuas yog ib feem ntawm cov xwm txheej no tau hais txog hauv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm thaum lwm tus tseem tsis quav ntsej. Tshooj lus no tham txog cov keeb kwm ntawm cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb, kev tsis sib haum xeeb rau pej xeem cov kev saib xyuas rau ib puag ncig kev tsis ncaj ncees, thiab yuav ua li cas kev tawm tsam tshuaj lom hauv Asmeskas thiab txawv teb chaws nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb ib puag ncig kev ncaj ncees.

Rov qab mus rau sab saum toj

9. Keeb kwm ntawm yas

Lub koom haum keeb kwm Science. (2023). Keeb Kwm Yas. Lub koom haum keeb kwm Science. https://www.sciencehistory.org/the-history-and-future-of-plastics

Peb nplooj ntawv keeb kwm luv luv ntawm plastics muab cov ntsiab lus, tab sis cov ntaub ntawv muaj tseeb ntawm cov yas yog dab tsi, lawv tuaj qhov twg los, dab tsi yog thawj cov yas hluavtaws, yas lub hnub qub nyob rau hauv Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II thiab kev txhawj xeeb txog yas yav tom ntej. Cov kab lus no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau cov neeg uas xav tau ntau dua qhov dav ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov yas yam tsis tau nkag mus rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov yas.

United Nations Environment Program (2022). Peb Lub Ntiaj Teb yog Choking ntawm Yas. https://www.unep.org/interactives/beat-plastic-pollution/

United Nations Environment Program tau tsim ib lub vev xaib sib tham los pab pom qhov teeb meem loj zuj zus ntawm cov pa phem yas thiab muab keeb kwm ntawm cov yas tso rau hauv cov ntsiab lus uas tuaj yeem nkag siab tau yooj yim los ntawm cov pej xeem. Cov ntaub ntawv no suav nrog cov duab pom, cov duab sib tham sib tham, rub tawm cov lus qhia, thiab txuas mus rau cov kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb. Nplooj ntawv xaus nrog cov lus pom zoo rau cov tib neeg tuaj yeem coj los txo lawv cov khoom siv yas thiab txhawb kev tawm tswv yim rau kev hloov pauv los ntawm ib tus neeg hauv tsoomfwv hauv nroog.

Hohn, S., Acevedo-Trejos, E., Abrams, J., Fulgencio de Moura, J., Spranz, R., & Merico, A. (2020, Tsib Hlis 25). Lub sij hawm ntev Legacy ntawm Plastic Mass Production. Kev tshawb fawb ntawm tag nrho ib puag ncig. 746, 141115. DOI: ib. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141115

Ntau qhov kev daws teeb meem tau nthuav tawm los khaws cov yas los ntawm cov dej ntws thiab dej hiav txwv, txawm li cas los xij, lawv cov txiaj ntsig tseem tsis tau paub. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm no pom tias cov kev daws teeb meem tam sim no tsuas muaj kev ua tiav me me hauv kev tshem cov yas los ntawm ib puag ncig. Tib txoj hauv kev los txo cov pov tseg yas tiag tiag yog los ntawm kev txo cov emissions yas, thiab ntxiv dag zog ntxiv nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sau hauv cov dej ntws ua ntej cov yas mus txog dej hiav txwv. Kev tsim thiab kev tsim cov yas yuav txuas ntxiv muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau lub ntiaj teb cov pa roj carbon monoxide thiab ib puag ncig.

Dickinson, T. (2020, Peb Hlis 3). Yuav Ua Li Cas Loj Roj thiab Dej Soda tau khaws lub ntiaj teb ib puag ncig kev puas tsuaj tsis pub leejtwg paub ntau xyoo lawm. Dov Pob Zeb. https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/plastic-problem-recycling-myth-big-oil-950957/

Ib lub lis piam, tus neeg nruab nrab thoob plaws ntiaj teb siv ze li ntawm 2,000 cov khoom yas. Qhov ntawd yog sib npaug rau 5 grams ntawm cov yas lossis ib daim credit card tag nrho. Ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm cov yas tam sim no hauv ntiaj teb tau tsim txij li xyoo 2002, thiab cov pa phem yas tau nce mus rau ob npaug los ntawm 2030. Nrog rau kev hloov pauv tshiab thiab kev nom kev tswv los daws cov pa phem yas, cov tuam txhab lag luam tau pib ua cov kauj ruam tawm hauv cov yas tom qab ntau xyoo lawm. tsim txom.

Ostle, C., Thompson, R., Broughton, D., Gregory, L., Wootton, M., & Johns, D. (2019, Plaub Hlis Ntuj). Qhov nce hauv dej hiav txwv plastics pov thawj los ntawm 60-xyoo lub sij hawm series. Xwm Ceev Xwm. rdcu.be/bCso9

Txoj kev tshawb no nthuav tawm lub sijhawm tshiab, txij li xyoo 1957 txog 2016 thiab npog ntau dua 6.5 nautical mais, thiab yog thawj zaug kom paub meej tias muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv cov dej hiav txwv qhib hauv xyoo kaum xyoo tsis ntev los no.

Taylor, D. (2019, Lub Peb Hlis 4). Yuav ua li cas Teb Chaws Asmeskas tau ntxiv rau cov yas. Grist. grist.org/article/how-the-us-got-addicted-to-plastics/

Cork siv los ua cov khoom siv tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim khoom, tab sis tau hloov pauv sai sai thaum cov yas tuaj rau hauv qhov chaw. Plastics tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv WWII thiab Asmeskas tau vam khom rau cov yas txij thaum ntawd los.

Geyer, R., Jambeck, J., & Law, KL (2017, Lub Xya Hli 19). Kev tsim, siv, thiab txoj hmoo ntawm txhua yam yas puas tau ua. Science Advances, 3(7). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700782

Thawj qhov kev soj ntsuam thoob ntiaj teb ntawm tag nrho cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov yas puas tau tsim. Lawv kwv yees tias txij li xyoo 2015, 6300 lab metric tons ntawm 8300 lab metric tons ntawm cov yas nkauj xwb puas tau tsim los ua pov tseg yas. Ntawm qhov no, tsuas yog 9% tau rov ua dua tshiab, 12% incinerated, thiab 79% tau khaws cia hauv ib puag ncig ntuj lossis chaw pov tseg. Yog tias kev tsim khoom thiab kev tswj cov khib nyiab txuas ntxiv mus rau lawv cov qauv tam sim no, cov khoom pov tseg yas hauv qhov chaw pov tseg lossis ib puag ncig ntuj yuav ntau dua ob npaug los ntawm 2050.

Ryan, P. (2015, Lub Rau Hli 2). Keeb kwm luv luv ntawm Marine Litter Research. Marine Anthropogenic Litter: p 1-25. link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_1#enumeration

Tshooj lus no hais txog keeb kwm luv luv ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog cov khib nyiab marine li cas hauv txhua xyoo kaum xyoo pib xyoo 1960 txog rau tam sim no. Nyob rau xyoo 1960, cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm marine litter pib uas tsom mus rau kev nkag mus rau cov khoom siv yas thiab cov khoom siv yas los ntawm cov dej hiav txwv. Txij thaum ntawd los, lub hom phiaj tau hloov mus rau microplastics thiab lawv cov teebmeem ntawm lub neej organic.

Hohn, D. (2011). Moby os. Viking Xovxwm.

Tus sau Donovan Hohn muab cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm ntawm cov yas cov keeb kwm kev coj noj coj ua thiab tau txais lub hauv paus ntawm dab tsi ua cov yas pov tseg hauv thawj qhov chaw. Tom qab lub austerities ntawm WWII, cov neeg siv khoom tau mob siab rau gorge lawv tus kheej ntawm cov khoom, yog li nyob rau hauv 1950s thaum patent ntawm polyethylene tas sij hawm, cov khoom tau los ua pheej yig dua puas tau. Tib txoj kev uas cov yas molders tuaj yeem tau txais txiaj ntsig yog los ntawm kev ntxias cov neeg siv khoom pov tseg, yuav ntau dua, pov tawm, yuav ntau dua. Hauv lwm ntu, nws tshawb txog cov ncauj lus xws li cov chaw xa khoom thiab cov khoom ua si hauv Suav teb.

Bowermaster, J. (editor). (2010). oceans. Cov Neeg Koom Tes Media. 71-93 : kuv.

Tus tauj ncov loj Charles Moore nrhiav pom dab tsi tam sim no hu ua Great Pacific Garbage Patch hauv 1997. Xyoo 2009, nws rov qab mus rau thaj tsam xav tias nws yuav loj hlob me ntsis, tab sis tsis yog peb caug ntau npaum li nws tau ua tiag tiag. David de Rothschild tau tsim lub nkoj 60-foot-ntev-ntev dej hiav txwv uas tsim los ntawm lub raj mis yas uas nqa nws thiab nws pab neeg los ntawm California mus rau Australia los txhawb kev paub txog cov khib nyiab hauv hiav txwv hauv dej hiav txwv.

Rov qab mus rau sab saum toj

10. Lwm yam peev txheej

Rhein, S., & Sträter, KF (2021). Kev cog lus rau tus kheej los txo cov teeb meem yas thoob ntiaj teb: Kev rov ua dua tshiab dua li kev txo qis thiab rov siv dua. Phau ntawv Journal of Cleaner Production. 296 (126571).

Thaum sim simulate qhov kev hloov pauv mus rau kev lag luam ncig, ntau lub tebchaws tsuas yog txav mus rau kev lag luam rov ua dua tshiab uas tsis muaj kev vam meej. Txawm li cas los xij, yam tsis muaj kev pom zoo thoob ntiaj teb raws li kev cog lus, cov koom haum tau tso tseg los ua lawv tus kheej cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm kev tsim kom muaj kev vam meej. Tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus zoo ib yam thiab yuav tsum tau ua kom txo qis thiab rov siv dua yog li ntau lub koom haum tau tsom mus rau kev rov ua dua tshiab thiab tom qab kev ua qias tuaj. Kev hloov pauv tiag tiag hauv cov dej khib nyiab yas yuav xav tau kev zam tsis tu ncua ntawm kev ntim khoom ib zaug, tiv thaiv cov pa phem los ntawm nws pib. Kev cog lus hla lub tuam txhab thiab thoob ntiaj teb kev pom zoo tuaj yeem pab ua kom tiav qhov khoob, yog tias lawv tsom mus rau cov tswv yim tiv thaiv.

Surfrider. (2020). Ceev faj ntawm Plastic Fake Outs. Surfrider Europe. PDF

Kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov pa phem yog tsim los, tab sis tsis yog txhua qhov kev daws teeb meem "ib puag ncig" yuav pab tiv thaiv thiab khaws cia ib puag ncig. Nws kwv yees tias 250,000 tons ntawm cov yas ntab saum dej hiav txwv, tab sis qhov no tsuas yog 1% ntawm tag nrho cov yas hauv dej hiav txwv. Qhov no yog ib qho teeb meem raws li ntau qhov kev daws teeb meem tsuas yog hais txog cov yas ntab (xws li Seabin Project, Manta, thiab Dej Hiav Txwv Clean-up). Qhov kev daws teeb meem nkaus xwb yog kaw cov yas kais dej thiab txwv tsis pub cov yas nkag mus rau hauv dej hiav txwv thiab dej hiav txwv. Tib neeg yuav tsum tso siab rau kev lag luam, xav kom cov tub ceev xwm hauv zos ua haujlwm, tshem tawm cov yas uas lawv tuaj yeem ua tau, thiab txhawb nqa cov NGOs ua haujlwm rau qhov teeb meem.

Kuv cov ntaub ntawv NASA (2020). Dej hiav txwv Circulation Patterns: khib nyiab Patches Zaj Dab Neeg Daim Ntawv Qhia.

NASA zaj dab neeg daim duab qhia kev sib txuas cov ntaub ntawv satellite rau hauv ib qho yooj yim rau kev nkag mus rau lub vev xaib uas tso cai rau cov neeg tuaj saib xyuas cov qauv kev ncig dej hiav txwv raws li lawv cuam tshuam nrog lub ntiaj teb cov dej hiav txwv khib nyiab siv NASA cov ntaub ntawv dej hiav txwv tam sim no. Lub vev xaib no yog qhia rau cov tub ntxhais kawm qib 7-12 thiab muab cov peev txheej ntxiv thiab cov ntawv luam tawm rau cov kws qhia kom tso cai rau siv daim ntawv qhia kev kawm.

DeNisco Rayome, A. (2020, Lub Yim Hli 3, XNUMX). Peb puas tuaj yeem tua cov yas? CNET. PDF

Tus sau Allison Rayome piav qhia txog qhov teeb meem ntawm cov pa phem rau cov neeg tuaj saib. Ntau thiab ntau dua ib zaug siv yas yog tsim txhua xyoo, tab sis muaj cov kauj ruam uas tib neeg tuaj yeem ua. Tsab ntawv qhia txog qhov nce ntawm cov yas, teeb meem nrog kev rov ua dua tshiab, cov lus cog tseg ntawm kev daws teeb meem, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm (qee) yas, thiab dab tsi tuaj yeem ua los ntawm cov tib neeg kom txo cov yas (thiab txhawb nqa rov qab siv dua). Rayome lees paub thaum cov no yog cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb los txo cov pa phem, ua tiav qhov kev hloov pauv tiag tiag yuav tsum muaj kev cai lij choj.

Persson, L., Carney Almroth, BM, Collins, CD, Cornell, S., De Wit, CA, Diamond, ML, Fantke, P., Hassellöv, M., MacLeod, M., Ryberg, MW, Jørgensen, PS , Villarrubia-Gómez, P., Wang, Z., & Hauschild, MZ (2022). Sab nraum qhov chaw ua haujlwm nyab xeeb ntawm Planetary ciam teb rau Novel Entities. Environmental Science & Technology, 56(3), 1510–1521. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04158

Cov kws tshawb fawb tau xaus lus tias tib neeg tam sim no tab tom ua haujlwm sab nraum lub ntiaj teb kev nyab xeeb ciam teb ntawm cov chaw tshiab txij li kev tsim khoom txhua xyoo thiab kev tshaj tawm tau nce zuj zus ntawm lub zog uas tawm thoob ntiaj teb lub peev xwm rau kev soj ntsuam thiab saib xyuas. Daim ntawv no txhais cov chaw tshiab ntawm ciam teb nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ciam teb lub moj khaum raws li cov chaw uas yog tshiab nyob rau hauv ib tug geological kev txiav txim zoo thiab muaj tag nrho cov muaj feem xyuam rau kev hem thawj ntawm lub ntiaj teb system txheej txheem. Kev nthuav qhia cov pa phem ntawm cov yas ua ib qho kev txhawj xeeb siab, cov kws tshawb fawb pom zoo kom ua sai sai los txo cov khoom tsim tawm thiab tso tawm cov khoom tshiab, sau tseg tias txawm li cas los xij, kev pheej hmoo ntawm ntau qhov chaw tshiab xws li cov pa phem yas yuav ua rau muaj kev phom sij loj.

Lwanga, EH, Beriot, N., Corradini, F. et al. (2022, Lub Ob Hlis). Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov khoom siv microplastic, kev thauj mus los thiab kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm cov kev ntxhov siab hauv av: taug kev los ntawm cov chaw ua liaj ua teb mus rau ib puag ncig. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture. 9 (20). DOI: 10.1186/s40538-021-00278-9

Cov ntaub ntawv me me yog muaj txog kev taug kev ntawm microplastic hauv ntiaj teb thaj av ib puag ncig. Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas kev tshawb fawb no tshawb txog ntau yam kev sib cuam tshuam thiab cov txheej txheem koom nrog hauv kev thauj cov microplastics los ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb mus rau ib puag ncig ib puag ncig, suav nrog kev soj ntsuam tshiab ntawm kev thauj microplastic li cas los ntawm plastisphere (cellular) mus rau theem toj roob hauv pes.

Yooj yim heev. (Nov 2019, 7). 5 txoj hauv kev yooj yim los txo cov yas hauv tsev. https://supersimple.com/article/reduce-plastic/.

8 txoj hauv kev los txo koj cov ntawv siv yas ib zaug

United Nations Environment Programme. (2021). Environmental Justice thiab Plastic Pollution Animation (English). YouTube. https://youtu.be/8YPjYXOjT58.

Cov nyiaj tau los tsawg thiab cov neeg dub, cov neeg hauv paus txawm, cov neeg muaj xim (BIPOC) cov zej zog yog cov nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm cov pa phem yas. Cov zej zog ntawm cov xim muaj feem ntau nyob rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm dej nyab, kev lag luam degradation, thiab kev lag luam nuv ntses. Txhua kauj ruam ntawm kev tsim cov yas thaum tsis muaj kev tswj hwm thiab tsis saib xyuas tuaj yeem ua rau lub neej hauv hiav txwv, ib puag ncig, thiab cov zej zog nyob ze. Cov zej zog marginalized no feem ntau yuav raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev tsis sib xws, thiab yog li ntawd yuav tsum tau nyiaj ntau dua thiab kev tiv thaiv kev saib xyuas.

TEDx. (2010). TEDx Great Pacific khib nyiab thaj - Van Jones - Kev Ncaj Ncees Ib puag ncig. YouTube. https://youtu.be/3WMgNlU_vxQ.

Hauv xyoo 2010 Ted tham qhia txog qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau cov zej zog txom nyem los ntawm cov khoom pov tseg yas, Van Jones nyuaj rau peb txoj kev vam khom rau kev pov tseg "kom pov tseg lub ntiaj teb koj yuav tsum pov tseg tib neeg." Cov neeg tau nyiaj tsawg tsis muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev lag luam los xaiv kev noj qab haus huv lossis kev xaiv tsis muaj yas uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau ntxiv rau cov tshuaj lom neeg yas. Cov neeg pluag kuj ris lub nra vim lawv tsis sib haum xeeb ze rau qhov chaw pov tseg. Cov tshuaj lom neeg tsis txaus ntseeg tau tawm mus rau hauv cov zej zog txom nyem thiab cov neeg txom nyem uas ua rau muaj ntau yam cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv. Peb yuav tsum muab cov suab lus los ntawm cov zej zog nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm txoj cai lij choj kom muaj kev hloov pauv hauv zej zog tiag tiag.

Center for International Environmental Law. (2021). Ua pa ntawm huab cua - Ua Tsis Tau Los Ntawm Txoj Cai Plastic Pollution. Center for International Environmental Law. YouTube. https://youtu.be/liojJb_Dl90.

Txoj Cai Lij Choj Dawb Los Ntawm Yas muaj qhov tshwj xeeb rau kev ncaj ncees ib puag ncig kev sib cav tias "thaum koj tsa tib neeg hauv qab, koj tsa sawv daws." Cov tuam txhab Petrochemical tsis sib haum xeeb ua rau cov neeg muaj xim thiab cov zej zog tau nyiaj tsawg los ntawm kev tsim thiab pov tseg cov pov tseg yas hauv lawv cov zej zog. Peb yuav tsum ua kom tsis txhob muaj kev vam khom yas kom ua tiav kev ncaj ncees hauv cov zej zog marginalized cuam tshuam los ntawm kev tsim cov pa phem.

Lub Ntiaj Teb Plastics Treaty Dialogues. (2021, Lub Rau Hli 10). Ocean Plastics Leadership Network. YouTube. https://youtu.be/GJdNdWmK4dk.

Tan, V. (2020, Lub Peb Hlis 24). Puas yog Bio-plastics yog kev daws teeb meem? TEDx Tham. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Kjb7AlYOSgo.

Scarr, S. (2019, Cuaj hlis 4). Drowning hauv Plastic: Pom lub ntiaj teb kev quav tshuaj rau cov hwj yas. Reuters Graphics. Tshawb los ntawm: graphics.reuters.com/ENVIRONMENT-PLASTIC/0100B275155/index.html

Thoob plaws ntiaj teb, yuav luag 1 lab lub raj mis yas muag txhua feeb, 1.3 billion fwj raug muag txhua hnub, uas yog sib npaug rau ib nrab ntawm qhov loj ntawm Eiffel Ntauwd. Tsawg dua 6% ntawm tag nrho cov yas puas tau ua tau raug siv dua. Txawm hais tias tag nrho cov pov thawj ntawm kev hem thawj yas yog rau ib puag ncig, kev tsim khoom yog nce.

Ib qho infographic ntawm yas mus rau hauv dej hiav txwv

Rov qab mus rau sab saum toj

Rov qab mus rau Kev Tshawb Fawb

Peb siv cov ncuav qab zib nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav muab koj qhov zoo tshaj plaws kev paub nyob rau ntawm peb lub website. Los ntawm txuas ntxiv siv cov xaib no, koj pom zoo rau peb kev siv cov ncuav qab zib.

txais

Nyeem ntxiv…

Yas hauv Dej Hiav Txwv

Table of Contents

Peb tab tom cuam tshuam kev tsim khoom ruaj khov thiab siv cov yas.

1. Introduction

Dab tsi yog qhov teeb meem ntawm plastics?

Cov yas xaus li cas hauv dej hiav txwv?

Vim li cas cov yas hauv dej hiav txwv yog qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb?

2. US Plastics Policy

2.1 Txoj Cai Sub-National

2.2 Txoj Cai Hauv Tebchaws

3. Txoj Cai Thoob Ntiaj Teb

3.1 Ntiaj teb no Treaty

3.2 Science Policy Vaj Huam Sib Luag

3.3 Basel Convention Plastic Waste Kho Kho

4. Kev lag luam ncig

5. Ntsuab Chemistry

6. Yas thiab Dej Hiav Txwv Health

6.1 Dab iav

6.2 Qhov cuam tshuam rau Marine Life

6.3 Plastic Pellets (Nurdles)

7. Yas thiab tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv

8. Kev Ncaj Ncees Ib puag ncig

9. Keeb kwm ntawm yas

10. Lwm yam peev txheej

Nyeem ntxiv

Thawj kauj ruam

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Accountability & Transparency