Blue Economy

Global

1. Okwu Mmalite
2. Gịnị bụ Blue Economy?
3. Mmetụta akụ na ụba
4. Aquaculture na Azụ
5. Njem nlegharị anya, ụgbọ mmiri, na ịkụ azụ ihe ntụrụndụ
6. Technology na Blue Economy
7. Uto Blue
8. Gọọmenti Mba na Ọrụ Nhazi Mba Nile

Pịa n'okpuru ka ịmatakwu banyere usoro akụ na ụba na-adịgide adịgide anyị:

1. Okwu Mmalite

Ọchịchị gbadoro ụkwụ kpamkpam na nrigbu nke ihe ndị sitere n'okike, yana ịzụ ahịa ngwa ahịa (textiles, ngwa nri, chinaware), na (ọ dị mwute) ndị ohu ma dabere n'oké osimiri maka njem. Ọbụna mgbanwe mgbanwe nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe bụ mmanụ sitere n'oké osimiri, n'ihi na ọ bụrụ na mmanụ spermaceti na-agbanye mmanụ ndị ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmepụta agaghị agbanwe agbanwe. Ewubere ndị ọchụnta ego, ndị na-akọ nkọ, na ụlọ ọrụ inshọransị ọhụrụ (Lloyd's nke London) sitere na ikere òkè n'ahịa oké osimiri nke mba ụwa na ngwa nri, mmanụ whale, na ọla ndị dị oké ọnụ ahịa.

Ya mere, itinye ego na akụ na ụba oké osimiri fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ agadi ka akụ na ụba oké osimiri n'onwe ya. Ya mere, gịnị mere anyị ji ekwu okwu ka à ga-asị na e nwere ihe ọhụrụ? Gịnị mere anyị ji na-echepụta okwu ahụ bụ "Economy na-acha anụnụ anụnụ?" Gịnị kpatara anyị ji chee na enwere ohere uto ọhụrụ site na "akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ?"

Economy (ọhụrụ) Blue Economy na-ezo aka na mmemme akụ na ụba nke dabere na ya, na nke na-arụsi ọrụ ike maka oke osimiri, n'agbanyeghị na nkọwa dị iche iche. Ọ bụ ezie na echiche nke Blue Economy na-aga n'ihu na-agbanwe ma na-agbanwe agbanwe, a pụrụ ịmepụta mmepe akụ na ụba n'oké osimiri na ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ka ọ bụrụ ihe ndabere maka mmepe na-adịgide adịgide gburugburu ụwa.

N'isi nke echiche ọhụrụ Blue Economy bụ nkwụsị nke mmepe mmekọrịta akụ na ụba site na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi ... akụkụ nke akụ na ụba nke oke osimiri dum nke nwere ọrụ mmeghari na mweghachi nke na-eduga n'ịkwalite ahụike na ọdịmma mmadụ, gụnyere nchekwa nri na okike. nke adigide ndụ.
Mark J. Spalding | Febụwarị, 2016

Azụ n'elu

2. Gịnị bụ Blue Economy?

Spalding, MJ (2021, Mee 26) itinye ego na akụ na ụba Blue ọhụrụ. The Ocean Foundation. Ewepụtara: https://youtu.be/ZsVxTrluCvI

The Ocean Foundation bụ onye mmekọ na onye ndụmọdụ nke Rockefeller Capital Management, na-enyere aka ịmata ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze ndị ngwaahịa na ọrụ ha na-egbo mkpa mmekọrịta mmadụ na oke osimiri. Onye isi oche TOF Mark J. Spalding na-atụle mmekọrịta a na itinye ego na akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-adigide na webinar 2021 na-adịbeghị anya.

Wenhai L., Cusack C., Baker M., Tao W., Mingbao C., Paige K., Xiaofan Z., Levin L., Escobar E., Amon D., Yue Y., Reitz A., Neves AAS , O'Rourke E., Mannarini G., Pearlman J., Tinker J., Horsburgh KJ, Lehodey P., Pouliquen S., Dale T., Peng Z. na Yufeng Y. (2019, June 07). Ihe atụ gbasara akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-aga nke ọma na-emesi ike na echiche mba ụwa. Oke na Sayensị Marine 6 (261). E si na: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00261

Economy Blue na-eje ozi dị ka usoro na amụma maka ọrụ akụ na ụba mmiri na-adigide yana teknụzụ ọhụrụ dabere na mmiri. Akwụkwọ a na-enye nkọwa zuru oke yana usoro ọmụmụ ihe na ihe gbasara ụwa n'ezie na-anọchite anya mpaghara ụwa dị iche iche iji nye nkwenye nke Blue Economy n'ozuzu ya.

Banos Ruiz, I. (2018, Julaị 03). Economy Blue: Ọ bụghị naanị maka azụ. Deutsche Welle. E si na: https://p.dw.com/p/2tnP6.

Na nkenke okwu mmeghe na Blue Economy, onye mgbasa ozi mba ụwa nke Deutsche Welle Germany na-enye nkọwa ziri ezi gbasara akụ na ụba Blue nwere ọtụtụ ihu. N'ịtụle ihe iyi egwu dị ka igbubiga azụ, mgbanwe ihu igwe, na mmetọ rọba, onye odee ahụ na-arụ ụka na ihe ọjọọ dị n'oké osimiri dị njọ nye ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ na a ka nwere ọtụtụ ebe dị mkpa maka ịnọgide na-emekọ ihe ọnụ iji chebe nnukwu akụ na ụba nke oké osimiri.

Keen, M., Schwarz, AM, Wini-Simeon, L. (February 2018). Maka ịkọwapụta akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ: nkuzi bara uru sitere na ọchịchị ọchịchị oke osimiri Pasifik. Iwu mmiri. Vol. 88pg. 333 - ibe. 341. Ewepụtara ya: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.03.002

Ndị ode akwụkwọ ahụ mepụtara usoro echiche iji lebara ụdị okwu dị iche iche metụtara Blue Economy anya. E gosipụtara usoro a n'ihe ọmụmụ gbasara azụ azụ atọ dị na Solomon Islands: obere ọnụ ahịa, ahịa obodo mepere emepe, na mmepe ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa site na nhazi tuna nke dị n'ikpere mmiri. N'ọkwa ala, a ka nwere ihe ịma aka sitere na nkwado obodo, nha anya nwoke na nwanyị na mpaghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo nke na-emetụta nkwado nke Blue Economy.

Ụkpụrụ Ego Ego Ụwa (2018) maka nkọwapụta akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-adịgide adịgide. Ego World Wildlife Fund. Ewepụtara: https://wwf.panda.org/our_work/oceans/publications/?247858/Principles-for-a-Sustainable-Blue-Economy

Ụkpụrụ nke World Wildlife Fund's Principles for a Sustainable Blue Economy bu n'obi ịkọwapụta nkenke echiche nke Blue Economy iji hụ na mmepe akụ na ụba nke oke osimiri na-enye aka na ezi ọganihu. Edemede ahụ na-arụ ụka na a ga-achịkwa Economy Blue Economy site na usoro ọha na nke onwe nke gụnyere, ihe ọmụma nke ọma, na-eme mgbanwe, na-aza ajụjụ, nghọta, holistic, na ngwa ngwa. Iji mezuo ebumnuche ndị a, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ọha na eze ga-esetịpụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ a na-atụle, nyochaa ma kwupụta ọrụ ha, nye iwu na mkpali zuru oke, na-achịkwa iji ohere mmiri eme ihe nke ọma, ịzụlite ụkpụrụ, ghọta mmetọ mmiri na-esitekarị na ala, ma na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji kwalite mgbanwe. .

Grimm, K. na J. Fitzsimmons. (2017, Ọktoba 6) Nnyocha na ndụmọdụ gbasara nkwurịta okwu banyere Blue Economy. Ọkụ ọkụ. PDF

Spitfire mepụtara nyocha nke odida obodo na nzikọrịta ozi gbasara Blue Economy maka ọgbakọ 2017 Mid-Atlantic Blue Ocean Economy 2030. Nyocha ahụ gosipụtara nsogbu na-eduga ka enweghị nkọwa na ihe ọmụma na ụlọ ọrụ ma n'etiti ọha na eze na ndị na-eme iwu. N'ime ndụmọdụ iri na abuo agbakwunyere gosipụtara otu isiokwu na mkpa maka ozi usoro na itinye aka n'ọrụ.

Òtù nri na ọrụ ugbo nke United Nations. (2017, Mee 3). Charter Uto Blue na Cabo Verde. United Nations. Ewepụtara: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cmw4kvfUnZI

Otu United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation na-akwado steeti ndị na-emepe emepe obere Island site n'ọtụtụ ọrụ gburugburu ụwa, gụnyere Charter Growth Blue. A họọrọ Cape Verde dị ka ọrụ pilot nke Blue Growth Charter iji kwalite amụma na itinye ego metụtara mmepe oke osimiri na-adigide. Vidiyo a na-akọwapụta akụkụ dị iche iche nke Blue Economy gụnyere ramifications maka ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ anaghị egosipụtakarị na nkọwa buru ibu nke Blue Economy.

Spalding, MJ (2016, Febụwarị). Economy Blue ọhụrụ: Ọdịnihu nke nkwado. Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Ocean and Coastal Economics. Ewepụtara: http://dx.doi.org/10.15351/2373-8456.1052

Economy Blue ọhụrụ bụ okwu emepụtara iji kọwaa ihe omume na-akwalite mmekọrịta dị mma n'etiti mbọ mmadụ, ọrụ akụ na ụba, na mbọ nchekwa.

UN Environment Programme Finance Initiative. (2021, Maachị). Ịtụgharị ebili mmiri: Otu esi enweta ego maka mgbake oké osimiri na-adigide: Ntuziaka bara uru maka ụlọ ọrụ ego iji duga mgbake oké osimiri. Enwere ike ibudata ebe a na webụsaịtị a.

Ntuziaka seminarị a nke UN Environment Program Finance Initiative nyere bụ ngwa ahịa-nke mbụ bara uru maka ụlọ ọrụ ego iji kwalite ọrụ ha maka ịkwado akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-adigide. Ezubere maka ụlọ akụ, ndị na-ahụ maka mkpuchi na ndị na-etinye ego, ntuziaka ahụ na-akọwapụta otu esi zere na ibelata ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mmetụta, yana ịkọwapụta ohere, mgbe ị na-enye ụlọ ọrụ ego ma ọ bụ ọrụ n'ime akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. A na-enyocha akụkụ ise dị mkpa n'oké osimiri, ahọpụtara maka njikọ ha guzosiri ike na ego nkeonwe: nri oke osimiri, mbupu, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, njem nlegharị anya n'ụsọ osimiri na mmiri na ume ume ọhụrụ nke mmiri, ọkachasị ikuku nke oke osimiri.

Azụ n'elu

3. Mmetụta akụ na ụba

Ụlọ akụ mmepe Asia / International Finance Corporation na mmekorita ya na International Capital Market Association (ICMA), United National Environment Program Finance Initiative (UNEP FI), na United Nations Global Compact (UNGC) (2023, Septemba). Nkwekọrịta iji kwado akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-adịgide adịgide: ntuziaka onye ọrụ. https://www.icmagroup.org/assets/documents/Sustainable-finance/Bonds-to-Finance-the-Sustainable-Blue-Economy-a-Practitioners-Guide-September-2023.pdf

Ntuziaka ọhụrụ na agbụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ iji nyere aka mepee ego maka akụ na ụba oké osimiri na-adigide | International Capital Market Association (ICMA) yana International Finance Corporation (IFC) - onye so na World Bank Group, United Nations Global Compact, Asia Development Bank na UNEP FI ewepụtala ntuziaka ndị ọkachamara n'ụwa niile maka agbụ iji kwado ego ga-adigide. acha anụnụ anụnụ. Ntuzi aka afọ ofufo a na-enye ndị sonyere n'ahịa njikwa doro anya, omume, na ihe atụ maka ịgbazinye ego na mbipụta "blue bond". Na-anakọta ntinye sitere na ahịa ego, ụlọ ọrụ oké osimiri na ụlọ ọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, ọ na-enye ozi gbasara isi ihe ndị dị na ịmepụta "njikọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ," otu esi enyocha mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ntinye ego "blue bond"; na usoro ndị dị mkpa iji kwado azụmahịa na-echekwa iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ahịa.

Spalding, MJ (2021, Disemba 17). Ịtụ itinye ego n'oké osimiri na-adịgide adịgide. Wilson Center. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/measuring-sustainable-ocean-economy-investing

Itinye ego na akụ na ụba oke osimiri na-adigide abụghị naanị ịkwọ ụgbọ ala na-agbanwe ihe egwu dị elu, kamakwa maka inye nchekwa na mweghachi nke akụrụngwa na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-adịghị ahụkebe. Anyị na-atụpụta usoro ntinye ego akụ na ụba na-adịgide adịgide na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, nke dị na ọkwa dịgasị iche iche ma nwee ike ịnabata ego ọha na eze ma ọ bụ nke onwe, ịkwụ ụgwọ ụgwọ, ọrụ enyemaka na ụzọ ego ndị ọzọ. Nkeji asaa ndị a bụ: nkwụsi ike nke akụ na ụba n'ụsọ osimiri na mmekọrịta ọha na eze, ịkwalite njem ụgbọ mmiri, ike mmeghari nke oke osimiri, itinye ego nri sitere n'oké osimiri, teknụzụ biotechnology, ihicha oke osimiri, na ọrụ ndị a na-atụ anya na ọ ga-eme n'oké osimiri. Ọzọkwa, ndị ndụmọdụ itinye ego na ndị nwe ihe onwunwe nwere ike ịkwado itinye ego na akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, gụnyere site na itinye aka na ụlọ ọrụ na ịdọrọ ha n'omume, ngwaahịa na ọrụ ka mma.

Metroeconomica, The Ocean Foundation, na WRI Mexico. (2021, Jenụwarị 15). Ọnụ ahịa akụ na ụba nke gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri na mpaghara MAR na ngwa ahịa na ọrụ ha na-enye, mkpesa ikpeazụ. Inter-American Development Bank. PDF.

Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System (MBRS ma ọ bụ MAR) bụ gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri kachasị ukwuu na America na nke abụọ kachasị n'ụwa. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ tụlere ọrụ inye, ọrụ omenala, na ọrụ nhazi nke usoro gburugburu ebe obibi na mpaghara MAR na-enye, wee chọpụta na njem nlegharị anya na ihe ntụrụndụ nyere 4,092 nde USD na Mesoamerican Region, na ịkụ azụ na-enye 615 nde USD ọzọ. Uru kwa afọ nke nchebe oke osimiri ruru nde USD 322.83-440.71. Akụkọ a bụ ngwụcha nke nnọkọ ọrụ ịntanetị anọ na Jenụwarị 2021 nwere ihe karịrị ndị bịara 100 na-anọchite anya mba MAR anọ: Mexico, Belize, Guatemala na Honduras. Nchịkọta Executive nwere ike ịbụ chọtara ebe a, na infographic nwere ike ịhụ n'okpuru:

Bara uru akụ na ụba nke gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri na mpaghara MAR yana ngwa ahịa na ọrụ ha na-enye

Voyer, M., van Leeuwen, J. (2019, Ọgọst). "Ikikere mmekọrịta iji rụọ ọrụ" na Blue Economy. Amụma akụrụngwa. (62) 102-113. E si na: https://www.sciencedirect.com/

The Blue Economy dị ka ihe atụ akụ na ụba dabeere na oké osimiri na-akpọ maka mkparịta ụka banyere ọrụ nke ikike mmadụ iji rụọ ọrụ. Edemede a na-arụ ụka na akwụkwọ ikike mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, site na nkwado nke ndị obodo na ndị na-etinye aka na ya, na-emetụta uru otu ọrụ metụtara Blue Economy.

Mgbakọ Economy Blue. (2019) .Kwapụta akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-adịgide adịgide na Caribbean. Mgbakọ Economy Blue, Roatan, Honduras. PDF

Mbulite n'ofe Caribbean amalitela ịtụgharị gaa na nsonye, ngalaba na mmepụta ihe na-adigide gụnyere ma atụmatụ ụlọ ọrụ na ọchịchị. Akụkọ ahụ gụnyere ọmụmụ ihe abụọ gbasara mbọ na Grenada na Bahamas na akụrụngwa maka ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara atumatu lekwasịrị anya na mmepe na-adigide na mpaghara Caribbean zuru oke.

Attri, VN (Nọvemba 2018, 27).). Ohere itinye ego ọhụrụ na nke na-apụta n'okpuru akụ na ụba Blue na-adịgide adịgide. Nzukọ Azụmahịa, Ọgbakọ Economy Blue Sustainable. Nairobi, Kenya. PDF

Mpaghara Oke Osimiri India na-enye ohere itinye ego dị ukwuu maka Economy Blue na-adigide. Enwere ike ịkwado itinye ego site n'igosi njikọ guzosiri ike n'etiti arụmọrụ nkwado ụlọ ọrụ na arụmọrụ ego. Nsonaazụ kacha mma maka ịkwalite itinye ego na-adịgide adịgide n'Oké Osimiri India ga-abịa na ntinye aka nke gọọmentị, ngalaba nkeonwe na òtù dị iche iche.

Mwanza, K. (2018, Nọvemba 26). Obodo Azụ Azụ Afrịka na-eche ihu "mkpọchapụ" ka akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-eto: ndị ọkachamara." Thomas Reuters Foundation. Ewepụtara: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-oceans-blueeconomy/african-fishing-communities-face-extinction-as-blue-economy-grows-experts-idUSKCN1NV2HI

Enwere ihe egwu na mmemme mmepe Blue Economy nwere ike mebie obodo ịkụ azụ mgbe mba na-ebute njem nlegharị anya, ịkụ azụ̀ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ego nchọgharị ụzọ. Edemede dị mkpirikpi a gosipụtara nsogbu nke mmụba mmepe na-enweghị echiche maka nkwado.

Caribank. (2018, Mee 31). Ọmụmụ ihe: Ịkwanye akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ- Ohere mmepe Caribbean. Developmentlọ Ọrụ Development Caribbean. E si na: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2O1Nf4duVRU

The Caribbean Development Bank kwadoro nzukọ ọmụmụ na Nzukọ Kwa Afọ 2018 na "Ịkwado Economy Blue- Ohere mmepe Caribbean." Ọmụmụ ihe a na-atụle ma usoro ime na nke mba ụwa ejiri iji kwado ụlọ ọrụ, kwalite usoro maka atụmatụ akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, ma kwalite ohere itinye ego n'ime Blue Economy.

Sarker, S., Bhuyan, Md., Rahman, M., Md. Islam, Hossain, Md., Basak, S. Islam, M. (2018, Mee 1). Site na Sayensị ruo n'omume: Inyocha ikike nke akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ maka ịkwalite nkwado akụ na ụba na Bangladesh. Njikwa oke osimiri na oke osimiri. (157) 180-192. E si na: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii

A na-enyocha Bangladesh dị ka ihe ọmụmụ banyere ike nke Blue Economy, ebe enwere ike dị ukwuu, ma ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka ndị ọzọ ka dị, karịsịa na azụmahịa na azụmahịa ndị metụtara oké osimiri na ụsọ oké osimiri. Akụkọ ahụ chọpụtara na Blue Growth, nke isiokwu ahụ kọwara dị ka ụbara ọrụ akụ na ụba n'oké osimiri, agaghị achụpụ nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi maka uru akụ na ụba dị ka a hụrụ na Bangladesh.

Nkwuwapụta nke ụkpụrụ ego gbasara akụ na ụba na-adịgide adịgide. (2018 Jenụwarị 15). European Commission. E si na: https://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/sites/maritimeaffairs/files/ declaration-sustainable-blue-economy-finance-principles_en.pdf

Ndị nnọchi anya ngalaba ọrụ ego na ndị otu anaghị akwụ ụgwọ gụnyere European Commission, European Investment Bank, World Wide Fund for Nature, na Prince of Wales's International Sustainability Unit mepụtara ụkpụrụ Blue Economy Investment Principles. Ụkpụrụ iri na anọ ahụ gụnyere ịpụta ìhè, ịma ihe ize ndụ, mmetụta, na dabere na sayensị mgbe ị na-etolite Economy Blue. Ebumnuche ha bụ ịkwado mmepe nke na inye usoro maka akụ na ụba na-adịgide adịgide nke oké osimiri.

Blue Economy Caribbean. (2018). Ihe omume. BEC, Ihe Omume Ike Ọhụrụ. E si na: http://newenergyevents.com/bec/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/11/BEC_5-Action-Items.pdf

Ihe infographic nke gosipụtara usoro dị mkpa iji gaa n'ihu na-emepe akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na Caribbean. Ndị a gụnyere idu ndú, nhazi, nkwado ọha, ihe na-achọsi ike, na nleba anya.

Blue Economy Caribbean (2018). Caribbean Blue Economy: Echiche OECS. Ihe ngosi. BEC, Ihe Omume Ike Ọhụrụ. Ewepụtara: http://newenergyevents.com/blue-economy-caribbean/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2018/11/BEC_Showcase_OECS.pdf

Òtù nke Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) gosipụtara na Blue Economy na Caribbean gụnyere nchịkọta nke mkpa akụ na ụba na ndị isi egwuregwu na mpaghara ahụ. Ọhụụ ha na-elekwasị anya na gburugburu ebe mmiri mmiri dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Caribbean dị mma na nke dị iche iche nke a na-ejikwa nke ọma mgbe ha na-eche echiche n'ịkwalite mmepe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba maka ndị bi na mpaghara ahụ.

Gọọmentị Anguilla. (2018) Ịkpata ego Anguilla's 200 Mile EFZ Ewepụtara ya na Caribbean Blue Economy Conference, Miami. PDF

Na-ekpuchi ihe karịrị 85,000 sq. km, Anguilla's EFZ bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ukwuu na Caribbean. Ihe ngosi a na-enye nkọwapụta n'ozuzu nke mmejuputa iwu ikike ịkụ azụ n'ụsọ osimiri na ihe atụ nke uru gara aga maka mba ndị dị n'agwaetiti. Nzọụkwụ iji mepụta akwụkwọ ikike gụnyere ịnakọta na nyocha data azụ̀ azụ, imepụta usoro iwu iji nye ikike n'ụsọ osimiri na inye nlekota na onyunyo.

Hansen, E., Holthus, P., Allen, C., Bae, J., Goh, J., Mihailescu, C., na C. Pedregon. (2018). Ụyọkọ Oké Osimiri/Oké Osimiri: Nduzi na imekọ ihe ọnụ maka mmepe na-adịgide adịgide nke osimiri na imezu ebumnuche mmepe na-adịgide adịgide.. World Ocean Council. PDF

Ụyọkọ Ocean/Maritime bụ mkpokọta mpaghara nke ụlọ ọrụ mmiri nwere njikọ na-ekekọrịta ahịa na-arụ ọrụ nso site na ọtụtụ netwọkụ. Ụyọkọ ndị a nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwalite mmepe nke oke osimiri site na ijikọta ihe ọhụrụ, asọmpi-arụpụta-uru na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi.

Humphrey, K. (2018). Blue Economy Barbados, Ministry of Maritime Affairs and the Blue Economy. PDF

Ụkpụrụ Economy Blue Barbados nwere ogidi atọ: njem na ngwa agha, ụlọ na ile ọbịa, na ahụike na nri. Ebumnuche ha bụ ichekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, bụrụ ume ọhụrụ 100%, machibido plastik, na melite amụma njikwa mmiri.

Parsan, N. na A. Fraịde. (2018). Nhazi nhazi maka uto na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na Caribbean: Ọmụmụ ihe sitere na Grenada. Ihe ngosi na Blue Economy Caribbean. PDF

Ajọ Ifufe Ivan mebiri akụ na ụba Grenada na 2004 wee mechaa nwee mmetụta nke nsogbu ego na-eduga na ọnụego enweghị ọrụ 40%. Nke a nyere ohere ịzụlite Blue Growth maka mmeghari akụ na ụba. Ịmata ụyọkọ ọrụ itoolu nke ụlọ akụ ụwa kwadoro usoro a na ebumnuche maka St. George ka ọ bụrụ isi obodo mbụ nwere amamihe ihu igwe. Enwere ike ịchọta ozi ndị ọzọ na atụmatụ Grenada's Blue Growth Master plan Ebe a.

Ram, J. (2018) The Blue Economy: A Caribbean Development Opportunity. Ụgwọ nke ụlọ ọrụ Caribbean Development Bank. PDF

Onye isi nchịkwa akụ na ụba na Caribbean Development Bank gosipụtara na 2018 Blue Economy Caribbean na ohere maka ndị na-etinye ego na mpaghara Caribbean. Ngosipụta a gụnyere ụdị ntinye ego ọhụrụ dị ka Blended Finance, Blue Bonds, Recoverable Grants, Debt-for-Nature Swaps, na leba anya ozugbo itinye ego na nzuzo na Blue Economy.

Klinger, D., Eikeset, AM, Davíðsdóttir, B., Winter, AM, Watson, J. (2017, Ọktoba 21). Mechanics of Blue Growth: njikwa nke Oceanic Natural Resource ojiji na otutu, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri. Iwu mmiri (87). 356-362.

Uto na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-adabere na njikwa agbakwunyere nke ọtụtụ ngalaba akụ na ụba iji jiri nke ọma na-eji akụrụngwa sitere na oke osimiri. N'ihi ọdịdị siri ike nke oke osimiri ebe ahụ ma mmekorita yana iro, n'etiti njem nlegharị anya na mmepụta ike nke oke osimiri, na n'etiti obodo dị iche iche na mba dị iche iche na-agba mbọ maka ihe onwunwe dị oke.

Spalding, MJ (2015 Ọktoba 30). Na-ele anya na nkọwa nta. Blọọgụ gbasara nzụkọ nke isiokwu ya bụ "Oké Osimiri na Akaụntụ Inye Akaụntụ Mba: Ịchọ Nkwenye na Nkọwa na Ụkpụrụ". The Ocean Foundation. Ịnweta July 22, 2019. https://oceanfdn.org/looking-at-the-small-details/

Akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ (ọhụrụ) abụghị maka teknụzụ ọhụrụ na-apụta, mana ọrụ akụ na ụba nke na-adigide vs. enweghị ike. Agbanyeghị, koodu nhazi ụlọ ọrụ enweghị ọdịiche nke omume ga-adigide, dịka nzuko “The Oceans National Income Account” siri kpebie na Asilomar, California. Koodu nhazi nkwubi okwu blọọgụ Onye isi ala Mark Spalding na-enye metrik data bara uru dị mkpa maka nyocha mgbanwe n'ime oge yana maka ịkọ amụma.

Mmemme akụnụba oke osimiri nke mba. (2015). Data ahịa. Middlebury Institute of International Studies na Monterey: Center for the Blue Economy. Ewepụtara: http://www.oceaneconomics.org/market/coastal/

Middlebury's Center for the Blue Economy na-enye ọtụtụ ọnụ ọgụgụ na ụkpụrụ akụ na ụba maka ụlọ ọrụ dabere na azụmahịa ahịa na oke osimiri na akụ na ụba dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Kewara site na afọ, steeti, ógbè, ngalaba ụlọ ọrụ, yana mpaghara na ụkpụrụ dị n'ikpere mmiri. Ọnụ ọgụgụ data ha bara uru nke ukwuu n'igosi mmetụta nke oke osimiri na ụlọ ọrụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na akụnụba ụwa.

Spalding, MJ (2015). Nkwado oke osimiri na njikwa akụrụngwa zuru ụwa ọnụ. Blọọgụ na “Ocean Sustainability Science Symposium”. The Ocean Foundation. Ịnweta July 22, 2019. https://oceanfdn.org/blog/ocean-sustainability-and-global-resource-management

Site na rọba ruo Ocean Acidification ụmụ mmadụ na-akpata mbibi nke ugbu a na ndị mmadụ ga-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ iji meziwanye ọnọdụ oke osimiri ụwa. Onye isi oche TOF Mark Spalding blọọgụ na-akwado omume ndị na-adịghị emerụ ahụ, mepụta ohere maka mweghachi oké osimiri, ma wepụ nrụgide ahụ n'oké osimiri dị ka ihe na-ekekọrịta.

Ngalaba ọgụgụ isi nke Economist. (2015). Akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ: Uto, Ohere, na Akụnụba Oké Osimiri Na-adịgide adịgide. The Economist: mpempe akwụkwọ nkọwa maka Summit World Ocean Summit 2015. Ewepụtara: https://www.woi.economist.com/content/uploads/2018/ 04/m1_EIU_The-Blue-Economy_2015.pdf

Na mbido akwadoro maka Summit World Ocean Summit 2015, The Economist's Intelligence Unit na-eleba anya na mpụta nke akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, nguzozi nke akụ na ụba na nchekwa, na n'ikpeazụ nwere ike itinye atụmatụ itinye ego. Akwụkwọ a na-enye nkọwa sara mbara nke ọrụ akụ na ụba dabere n'oké osimiri ma na-enye mkparịta ụka gbasara ọdịnihu ọrụ akụ na ụba metụtara ụlọ ọrụ lekwasịrị anya oke osimiri.

BenDor, T., Lester, W., Livengood, A., Davis, A. na L. Yonavjak. (2015). Na-eme atụmatụ nha na mmetụta nke akụ na ụba mweghachi nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Akwụkwọ Ọbá Akwụkwọ Ọbá Akwụkwọ 10 (6): e0128339. E si na: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0128339

Nnyocha na-egosi na mweghachi nke gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka ngalaba, na-ebute ahịa ihe ruru ijeri $9.5 kwa afọ yana ọrụ 221,000. Enwere ike ịkpọ mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụzọ sara mbara dị ka ọrụ akụ na ụba nke na-enyere aka n'ịlaghachite gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnọdụ ahụike ka mma yana ịrụ ọrụ zuru oke. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ a bụ nke mbụ gosipụtara uru dị ukwuu dị na mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi na ọkwa mba.

Kildow, J., Colgan, C., Scorse, J., Johnston, P., na M. Nichols. (2014). State nke US Ocean na Coastal Economies 2014. Center for the Blue Economy: Middlebury Institute of International Studies na Monterey: National Ocean Economics Programme. Ewepụtara: http://cbe.miis.edu/noep_publications/1

Ụlọ ọrụ Monterey Institute of International Studies' Center for the Blue Economy na-enye nleba anya nke ọma na mmemme akụ na ụba, ọnụọgụ mmadụ, uru ibu, uru na mmepụta ihe sitere n'okike, mmefu gọọmentị na United States metụtara ọrụ oke osimiri na nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri. Akụkọ ahụ na-ebipụta ọtụtụ tebụl na nyocha nke na-enye nyocha ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke nke akụ na ụba oké osimiri.

Conathan, M. na K. Kroh. (June 2012). Ntọala nke akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ: CAP na-ewepụta oru ngo ọhụrụ na-akwalite ụlọ ọrụ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide. Center maka ọganihu America. Ewepụtara: https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/report/2012/06/ 27/11794/thefoundations-of-a-blue-economy/

The Center for American Progress weputara nkenke na oru ngo Economy Blue ha nke lekwasiri anya na mmekorita nke gburugburu ebe obibi, aku na uba, na ulo oru ndi dabere ma bi n'osimiri, oke osimiri, na nnukwu ọdọ mmiri. Akụkọ ha na-egosi mkpa ọ dị maka ọmụmụ ihe ka ukwuu nke mmetụta akụ na ụba na ụkpụrụ ndị na-apụtaghị mgbe niile na nyocha data ọdịnala. Ndị a gụnyere uru akụ na ụba nke chọrọ gburugburu oke osimiri dị ọcha ma dị mma, dị ka uru azụmahịa nke ihe onwunwe dị n'akụkụ mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe eji eme ihe na-enweta site n'ịga ije n'akụkụ osimiri.

Azụ n'elu

4. Aquaculture na Azụ

N'okpuru ebe a, ị ga-ahụ nkọwa zuru oke banyere aquaculture na ịkụ azụ site na oghere nke Blue Economy zuru oke, maka ọmụmụ ihe zuru ezu, biko hụ ibe akụ nke Ocean Foundation na Aquaculture nwere ike ịkwado na Ngwa na atụmatụ maka njikwa azụ azụ dị irè karị.

Bailey, KM (2018). Ihe nkuzi ịkụ azụ: Azụ azụ nka na ọdịnihu nke oke osimiri anyị. Chicago na London: Mahadum Chicago Press.

Ịkụ azụ̀ dị nta na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu n'ọrụ n'ụwa nile, ha na-enye otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ na ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke azụ̀ azụ̀ zuru ụwa ọnụ ma na-etinye 80-90% nke ndị ọrụ azụ̀ n'ụwa nile, ọkara n'ime ha bụ ụmụ nwanyị. Ma nsogbu ka dị. Ka mmepụta mmepụta ihe na-eto eto, ọ na-esiri ndị na-akụ azụ̀ obere ike ịnọgide na-enwe ikike ịkụ azụ̀, karịsịa ka ebe a na-ebubigara ya ókè. N'iji akụkọ onwe onye sitere n'aka ndị ọkụ azụ gburugburu ụwa, Bailey na-ekwu maka ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ zuru ụwa ọnụ yana mmekọrịta dị n'etiti obere azụ azụ na gburugburu ebe obibi.

Òtù nri na ọrụ ugbo nke United Nations. (2018). Obodo nke Azụ Azụ na Aquaculture Ụwa: Imezu ebumnuche mmepe na-adịgide adịgide. Rome. PDF

Akuko United Nations 2018 gbasara ịkụ azụ n'ụwa nyere nyocha zuru oke nke sitere na data dị mkpa iji jikwaa akụrụngwa mmiri na Blue Economy. Akuko a gosiputara nnukwu ihe ịma aka gụnyere nkwado na-aga n'ihu, ụzọ jikọtara ọnụ n'ọtụtụ ngalaba, ịgbasa biosecurity, na akụkọ ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ziri ezi. Ozi zuru ezu dị Ebe a.

Allison, EH (2011). Aquaculture, Azụ azụ, ịda ogbenye na nchekwa nri. A họpụtara maka OECD. Penang: WorldFish Center. PDF

Akuko nke WorldFish Center na-atụ aro na atumatu na-adigide na azụ azụ na aquaculture nwere ike inye nnukwu uru na nchekwa nri na obere ịda ogbenye na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe. A ghaghị imejuputa atumatu atumatu yana omume na-adigide ka ọ dị ogologo oge. Ịkụ azụ̀ na omume aquaculture nke ọma na-abara ọtụtụ obodo uru ma ọ bụrụhaala na agbanwere ha gaa na mpaghara na mba nke ọ bụla. Nke a na-akwado echiche na omume na-adigide nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na akụ na ụba n'ozuzu ya ma na-enye nduzi maka mmepe ịkụ azụ na Blue Economy.

Mills, DJ, Westlund, L., de Graaf, G., Kura, Y., Willman, R. na K. Kelleher. (2011). Akọpụtachaghị na enweghị ọnụ ahịa: Azụ obere azụ na mba ndị na-emepe emepe na R. Pomeroy na NL Andrew (eds.), Ijikwa Obere Azụ Azụ: Frameworks and Approaches. UK: CABI. E si na: https://www.cabi.org/bookshop/book/9781845936075/

Site na “snapshot” ọmụmụ ihe Mills na-eleba anya na ọrụ mmekọrịta akụ na ụba nke ịkụ azụ na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe. N'ozuzu, a na-ejighị obere azụ̀ azụ̀ n'ọkwa mba karịsịa gbasara mmetụta azụ̀ na-enwe na nchekwa nri, ibelata ịda ogbenye na inye ihe e ji ebi ndụ, yana okwu metụtara ọchịchị azụ̀ n'ọkwa obodo n'ọtụtụ mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe. Azụ azụ bụ otu n'ime akụkụ kachasị ukwuu nke akụ na ụba oke osimiri na nyocha zuru oke a na-enye aka na-akwado mmepe ezi uche na nke ga-adigide.

Azụ n'elu

5. Njem nlegharị anya, ụgbọ mmiri, na ịkụ azụ ihe ntụrụndụ

Conathan, M. (2011). Azụ na Fraịde: Ahịrị nde iri na abụọ n'ime mmiri. Center maka ọganihu America. E si na: https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/news/2011/ 07/01/9922/fishon-fridays-twelve-million-lines-in-the-water/

Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọganihu America na-enyocha nchoputa na ịkụ azụ ntụrụndụ, nke gụnyere ihe karịrị nde 12 ndị America kwa afọ, na-eyi ọtụtụ ụdị azụ dị egwu na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-enweghị oke ma e jiri ya tụnyere ịkụ azụ ahịa. Omume kachasị mma iji gbochie mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na ịkụ azụ gabiga ókè gụnyere ịgbaso iwu ikike yana ịme njide na ịtọhapụ. Nyocha akụkọ a nke omume kacha mma na-enyere aka ịkwalite njikwa na-adigide nke Blue Economy.

Zappino, V. (2005 Jun). Njem nlegharị anya na mmepe nke Caribbean: Nchịkọta [Akụkọ ikpeazụ]. Akwụkwọ mkparịta ụka nke 65. European Center for Development Policy Management. Ewepụtara: http://ecdpm.org/wpcontent/uploads/2013/11/DP-65-Caribbean-Tourism-Industry-Development-2005.pdf

Njem nlegharị anya na Caribbean bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ kachasị mkpa na mpaghara ahụ, na-adọta ọtụtụ nde ndị njem nlegharị anya kwa afọ site na ebe ntụrụndụ na dịka ebe njem ụgbọ mmiri. N'ime ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụ na ụba metụtara mmepe na Blue Economy, Zappino na-eleba anya na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke njem nlegharị anya wee nyochaa atụmatụ njem nlegharị anya na-adigide na mpaghara ahụ. Ọ na-atụ aro ka itinyekwu n'ọrụ ntuziaka mpaghara maka omume na-adigide na-erite uru na mpaghara obodo dị mkpa maka mmepe Blue Economy.

Azụ n'elu

6. Technology na Blue Economy

Ngalaba ike nke US. (April 2018). Ịkwado akụkọ Economy Blue. Ngalaba Ike US, Ọfịs nke arụmọrụ ike yana ume ọhụrụ. https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/downloads/powering-blue-economy-report

Site na nyocha ọkwa dị elu nke ohere ahịa nwere ike, Ngalaba Energy US na-ele anya ike maka ikike ọhụrụ na mmepe akụ na ụba na ike mmiri. Akuko a na-eleba anya n'ike maka ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị n'ikpere mmiri na nke dị nso gụnyere ike ịsa mmiri, nkwụsi ike n'ụsọ oké osimiri na mgbake ọdachi, aquaculture nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na usoro ike maka obodo ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. Ozi nkowa mgbakwunye na isiokwu nke marine power including marine algae, desalination, coastal resiliency and solated power systems can be found. Ebe a.

Michel, K. na P. Noble. (2008). Ọganihu teknụzụ na njem ụgbọ mmiri. Akwa 38:2, 33-40 .

Michel na Noble na-atụle ọganihu teknụzụ na nnukwu ihe ọhụrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mbupu azụmahịa nke mmiri. Ndị ode akwụkwọ kwusiri ike mkpa ọ dị maka omume enyi na gburugburu ebe obibi. Isi akụkụ nke mkparịta ụka na isiokwu ahụ gụnyere omume ụlọ ọrụ ugbu a, imepụta ụgbọ mmiri, ịnyagharị, na mmejuputa teknụzụ na-eme nke ọma. Mbupu na ịzụ ahịa bụ isi ihe na-ebuwanye ibu nke oke osimiri na ịghọta njem ụgbọ mmiri dị mkpa maka inweta akụ na ụba Blue na-adigide.

Azụ n'elu

7. Uto Blue

Soma, K., van den Burg, S., Hoefnagel, E., Stuiver, M., van der Heide, M. (2018 Jenuarị). Innovation Social- Ụzọ Ọdịnihu maka Uto Blue? Iwu mmiri. Mpịakọta 87: pg. 363- ibe. 370. E si na: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/

Ọganihu na-acha anụnụ anụnụ dị ka atụmatụ nke European Union chọrọ na-achọ ịdọta nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ na echiche ndị nwere mmetụta dị ala na gburugburu ebe obibi, ma na-eburu n'uche mmekọrịta mmekọrịta dị mkpa maka omume na-adịgide adịgide. N'ihe ọmụmụ banyere aquaculture na Dutch North Sea ndị nchọpụta chọpụtara omume ndị nwere ike irite uru site na ihe ọhụrụ ma na-atụlekwa àgwà, kwalite mmekorita, na nyocha nke ogologo oge na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka ka dị, gụnyere ịzụrụ n'aka ndị na-emepụta obodo, isiokwu ahụ na-eme ka ọ dị mkpa nke akụkụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ.

Lillebø, AI, Pita, C., Garcia Rodrigues, J., Ramos, S., Villasante, S. (2017, Julaị) Olee otú Ọrụ Ecosystem Marine ga-esi kwado Agenda Growth Blue? Iwu mmiri (81) 132-142. E si na: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0308597X16308107?via%3Dihub

Atumatu Uto Blue nke European Union na-eleba anya na inye ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri mmiri karịsịa na mpaghara aquaculture, nkà na ụzụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, ike na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na ntinye anụ ahụ nke mmịpụta nke akụrụngwa mmiri na njem nlegharị anya. Akụkụ ndị a niile na-adabere na gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma nke mmiri na oke osimiri nke ga-ekwe omume naanị site na nhazi na nlekọta kwesịrị ekwesị nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-arụ ụka na ohere Blue Growth chọrọ ịnyagharị ahia-offs n'etiti oke akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ bụ ezie na mmepe ga-erite uru na iwu nchịkwa ọzọ.

Virdin, J. na Patil, P. (eds.). (2016). Maka akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ: nkwa maka uto na-adịgide adịgide na Caribbean. Ụlọ akụ ụwa. Ewepụtara: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/ 10986/25061/Demystifying0t0the0Caribbean0Region.pdf

Ezubere maka ndị na-eme iwu n'ime mpaghara Caribbean, akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-eje ozi dị ka nkọwa zuru ezu nke echiche nke Blue Economy. Steeti na ókèala Caribbean nwere njikọ chiri anya na akụrụngwa sitere n'okike nke oke osimiri Caribbean na nghọta na ịtụ mmetụta akụ na ụba dị mkpa maka uto na-adigide ma ọ bụ nha nhata. Akụkọ ahụ bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ n'ịtụle ezi ikike nke oke osimiri dị ka oghere akụ na ụba na injin maka uto, ebe ọ na-atụkwa aro atumatu iji jikwaa iji oke osimiri na oké osimiri eme ihe nke ọma.

Ego World Wildlife Fund. (2015, Eprel 22). Ịtụte akụ na ụba oke osimiri. Mmepụta WWF International. E si na: https://www.worldwildlife.org/publications/reviving-the-oceans-economy-the-case-for-action-2015

Oke osimiri bụ nnukwu ihe na-enye aka na akụ na ụba ụwa na a ga-emerịrị ihe iji kwalite nchekwa dị mma nke osimiri na ebe obibi mmiri na mba niile. Akụkọ ahụ gosipụtara omume asatọ akọwapụtara nke ọma gụnyere, mkpa ọ dị ịnabata ebumnuche United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, belata ikuku iji lebara acidification nke oke osimiri, jikwaa nke ọma ma ọ dịkarịa ala 10 pasent nke mpaghara mmiri na mba ọ bụla, ghọta nchebe ebe obibi na njikwa azụ, usoro mba ụwa kwesịrị ekwesị maka. mkparita uka na imekọ ihe ọnụ, ịzụlite mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke onwe ndị na-atụle ọdịmma obodo, na-emepe akwụkwọ ndekọ ego nke ọma na nke ọha na eze nke uru oké osimiri, na n'ikpeazụ ịmepụta ikpo okwu mba ụwa iji kwado na ịkekọrịta ihe ọmụma oké osimiri dabere na data. Ngwakọta omume ndị a nwere ike ịtụte akụ na ụba oke osimiri wee bute mweghachi oke osimiri.

Azụ n'elu

8. Gọọmenti Mba na Ọrụ Nhazi Mba Nile

Africa Blue Economy Forum. (June 2019). Ntụle echiche echiche Africa Blue Economy Forum. Ụlọ ọrụ Blue Jay Communication Ltd., London. PDF

Ụdị Economy Blue nke Africa nke abụọ lekwasịrị anya na ihe ịma aka na ohere dị na akụ na ụba oke osimiri na-eto eto n'Africa, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ ọdịnala na nke na-apụta, na ịkwalite nkwado site na mmepe nke akụ na ụba okirikiri. Otu isi ihe ekwuru bụ oke mmetọ oke osimiri. Ọtụtụ ndị mmalite ọhụrụ amalitela ileba anya n'okwu gbasara mmetọ oke osimiri, mana ndị a anaghị enwekarị ego iji kwalite ụlọ ọrụ.

Commonwealth Blue Charter. (2019). Akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Ewepụtara: https://thecommonwealth.org/blue-economy.

Enwere njikọ chiri anya n'etiti oke osimiri, mgbanwe ihu igwe, na ọdịmma nke ndị obodo na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè na a ghaghị ime ihe. Ụdị Economy Blue na-achọ ịkwalite ọdịmma mmadụ na nha anya ọha mmadụ, ebe ọ na-ebelata ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi na ụkọ ihe ndị dị ndụ. Weebụsaịtị a na-akọwapụta ebumnuche Blue Charter iji nyere mba dị iche iche aka ịzụlite ụzọ jikọtara ọnụ maka iwulite akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ.

Kọmiti nka nka ogbako Economy Blue na-adịgide adịgide. (2018, Disemba). Akuko ikpeazụ ogbako Economy Blue Sustainable Blue Economy. Nairobi, Kenya Nọvemba 26-28, 2018. PDF

Nzukọ Economy Sustainable Blue Economy zuru ụwa ọnụ, nke e mere na Nairobi, Kenya, lekwasịrị anya na mmepe na-adigide nke gụnyere oke osimiri, oke osimiri, ọdọ mmiri, na osimiri dịka 2030 United Nations Agenda. Ndị so na ya sitere na ndị isi obodo na ndị nnọchianya nke òtù mba ụwa na mpaghara azụmahịa na ndị isi obodo, gosipụtara na nyocha na ịga forums. Nsonaazụ nke ọgbakọ ahụ bụ imepụta nkwupụta nke ebumnuche Nairobi maka ịkwalite akụ na ụba Blue Sustainable Blue.

Ụlọ akụ ụwa. (2018, Ọktoba 29). Mwepụta nkwekọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ: Ajụjụ a na-ajụkarị. Òtù Ụlọ Akụ Ụwa. E si na: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2018/10/29/ sovereign-blue-bond-issuance-frequently-asked-questions

Nkwekọrịta Blue bụ ụgwọ gọọmentị na ụlọ akụ mmepe na-ewepụta iji bulie isi obodo site na ndị na-etinye ego na-etinye ego iji kwado ọrụ mmiri na oke osimiri nwere uru gburugburu, akụ na ụba na ihu igwe. Republic of Seychelles bụ onye mbụ nyere Blue Bond, ha guzobere $3 nde Blue Grant Fund na $12 nde Blue Investment Fund iji kwalite ịkụ azụ na-adigide.

Africa Blue Economy Forum. (2018). Akụkọ ikpeazụ nke Africa Blue Economy Forum 2018. Ụgwọ nke ụlọ ọrụ Blue Jay Communication Ltd. London. PDF

Nzukọ a gbadoro ụkwụ na Lọndọn kpọkọtara ndị ọkachamara mba ụwa na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị iji kwalite atụmatụ mba Africa dị iche iche nke Blue Economy n'ihe gbasara Agenda 2063 nke African Union na United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Isiokwu ndị a na-akparịta ụka gụnyere ịkụ azụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na nke a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa, nchekwa ụgbọ mmiri, ọchịchị oke osimiri, ume, azụmahịa, njem nlegharị anya na ihe ọhụrụ. Nzukọ ahụ kwụsịrị site n'ịkpọ oku maka imejuputa omume na-adigide bara uru.

European Commission (2018). Akụkọ gbasara akụ na ụba nke afọ 2018 na EU Blue Economy. European Union Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. Ewepụtara: https://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/sites/maritimeaffairs/files/ 2018-annual-economic-report-on-blue-economy_en.pdf

Akụkọ kwa afọ na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu nke nha na oke akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ gbasara European Union. Ebumnuche nke akụkọ a bụ ịchọpụta na ijikwa ikike oke osimiri, oke osimiri na oke osimiri nke Europe maka uto akụ na ụba. Akụkọ ahụ gụnyere mkparịta ụka gbasara mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze kpọmkwem, ngalaba na-adịbeghị anya na nke na-apụta, nchọpụta ikpe sitere na mba ndị otu EU gbasara ọrụ akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ.

Ezi, Francois. (2017 Mee 28). Ka mba Africa ga-esi nweta nnukwu oke osimiri ha. Ihe Mkparita uka. Ewepụtara: http://theconversation.com/how-african-countries-can-harness-the-huge-potential-of-their-oceans-77889.

Ihe gbasara ọchịchị na nchekwa dị mkpa maka mkparịta ụka gbasara Blue Economy site na mba Africa iji nweta uru akụ na ụba siri ike. Mpụ dị ka ịkụ azụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, ndị ohi n'oké osimiri, na ịpụnara ngwa ọgụ, mbugharị na mbugharị iwu na-akwadoghị na-eme ka ọ ghara ikwe omume mba mba ịghọta ikike nke oke osimiri, oke osimiri na oke osimiri ha. Na nzaghachi, e mepụtala ọtụtụ atụmatụ gụnyere imekọ ihe ọnụ n'ofe oke mba yana ịhụ na etinyere iwu obodo yana kwekọọ na nkwekọrịta United Nations na nchekwa oke osimiri.

Otu Bank World na UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2017). Enwere ike nke akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ: ịba ụba uru ogologo oge nke iji akụrụngwa mmiri na-adịgide adịgide maka steeti ndị na-emepe emepe obere agwaetiti na mba ndị kacha emepe emepe n'ụsọ oké osimiri. International Bank for The Construction and Development, World Bank. Ewepụtara: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/ 10986/26843/115545.pdf

Enwere ụzọ dị iche iche maka akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-adabere na ma ihe ndị dị n'ime obodo na nke mba. A na-enyocha ihe ndị a site na nyocha nke Bank World maka ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala akụ na ụba nke Blue Economy na akwụkwọ akụkọ ha na mba ndị mepere emepe nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na obere steeti ndị na-emepe emepe.

United Nations. (2016). Economy Blue Africa: Akwụkwọ ntuziaka. Economic Commission for Africa. E si na: https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/blue-eco-policy-handbook_eng_1nov.pdf

Mba iri atọ na asatọ n'ime mba iri ise na anọ n'Afrịka bụ steeti dị n'ụsọ osimiri ma ọ bụ agwaetiti na ihe karịrị pasentị 90 nke mbubata na mbupụ nke Africa na-ebute site n'oké osimiri na-eme ka kọntinent ahụ dabere kpamkpam n'oké osimiri. Akwụkwọ ntuziaka a na-ewe usoro nkwado iji hụ na njikwa na ichekwa akụrụngwa nke mmiri na mmiri na-echebara ihe iyi egwu dị ka adịghị ike ihu igwe, enweghị nchebe n'oké osimiri, na ezughị oke ịnweta akụrụngwa nkekọrịta. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ gosipụtara ọtụtụ ihe ọmụmụ na-egosi omume ndị mba Africa na-eme ugbu a iji kwalite mmepe akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Akwụkwọ ntuziaka a gụnyekwara ntụzịaka nzọụkwụ site n'usoro maka mmepe amụma Economy Blue, nke gụnyere nhazi usoro, nhazi, iwulite ikike nke mba, ibu ụzọ na ngalaba, nhazi amụma, mmejuputa atumatu, na nleba anya na nleba anya.

Neumann, C. na T. Bryan. (2015). Kedu ka ọrụ nchekwa gburugburu mmiri si akwado ebumnuche mmepe na-adịgide adịgide? N'ime oke osimiri na anyị - Kedu ka usoro gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma na-akwado mmezu nke ebumnuche mmepe nke UN Sustainable Development. Ndị Christian Neumann, Lindwood Pendleton, Anne Kaup na Jane Glavan deziri ya. United Nations. Peeji nke 14-27. PDF

Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri na-akwado ọtụtụ ebumnuche United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) site na akụrụngwa na ebe obibi ruo n'ibelata ịda ogbenye yana belata ahaghị nhata. Site na nyocha so ihe osise eserese, ndị odee na-arụrịta ụka na oke osimiri dị mkpa n'ịkwado ụmụ mmadụ na kwesịrị ịbụ ihe kacha mkpa mgbe ha na-arụ ọrụ maka ebumnuche mmepe mmepe nke UN. Ọtụtụ mba kwere nkwa na SDG abụrụla ihe na-ebuli elu na Economy Blue na mmepe na-adigide gburugburu ụwa.

Cicin-Sain, B. (2015 Eprel). Ebumnuche 14—Chekwa ma jiri oke osimiri, oke osimiri na akụrụngwa mmiri maka mmepe na-adigide. Akụkọ UN, Vol. LI (No.4). E si na: http://unchronicle.un.org/article/goal-14-conserve-and-sustainably-useoceans-seas-and-marine-resources-sustainable/

Ebumnobi 14 nke United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) na-akọwa mkpa ọ dị maka ichekwa oke osimiri na iji akụrụngwa mmiri na-adịgide adịgide. Nkwado kachasi ike maka njikwa oke osimiri sitere na obere agwaetiti ndị na-emepe emepe na mba ndị mepere emepe na-emetụta oke nleghara anya oke osimiri. Mmemme na-ekwu maka ebumnuche 14 na-ejekwa ozi iji zute ebumnuche UN SDG asaa ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịda ogbenye, nchekwa nri, ike, uto akụ na ụba, akụrụngwa, mbelata ahaghị nhata, obodo na ebe obibi mmadụ, oriri na mmepụta na-adigide, mgbanwe ihu igwe, ụdị dị iche iche, na ụzọ mmejuputa ya. na mmekorita.

The Ocean Foundation. (2014). Nchịkọta sitere na mkparịta ụka okirikiri na Uto Blue (blọgụ na tebụl gburugburu na Ụlọ Sweden). The Ocean Foundation. Nabata July 22, 2016. https://oceanfdn.org/summary-from-the-roundtable-discussion-on-blue-growth/

Ịhazi ọdịmma mmadụ na azụmahịa iji mepụta uto mweghachi yana data dị mkpa dị mkpa iji gaa n'ihu na Blue Growth. Akwukwo a bu nchikota otutu nzuko na ogbako banyere onodu oke osimiri nke uwa nke ndi ochichi Sweden na mmekorita ya na The Ocean Foundation kwadoro.