LAghachi n'ime nchọpụta

Tebulu ọdịnaya

1. Okwu Mmalite
2. Ihe ndabere nke Ocean Acidification
3. Mmetụta dị n'oké osimiri Acidification na obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri
4. Acidification oké osimiri na mmetụta ya nwere ike ime na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri
5. Akụrụngwa maka ndị nkuzi
6. Ntuziaka amụma na akwụkwọ gọọmentị
7. Ihe ndị ọzọ

1. Okwu Mmalite

Oké osimiri na-amịkọrọ akụkụ dị ịrịba ama nke ikuku carbon dioxide anyị, bụ́ nke na-agbanwe kemịkalụ nke oké osimiri n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ a na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya. Ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ihe ọkụkụ niile n'ime afọ 200 gara aga ka oke osimiri na-etinye uche na ya, na-eme ka mbelata pH nke oke osimiri dị ihe dị ka nkeji 0.1 - site na 8.2 ruo 8.1. Mgbanwe a ebutelarị obere oge, mmetụta mpaghara na ahịhịa na anụ ọhịa. Ihe kacha pụta, nke ga-adịte aka ga-esi n'oké osimiri acid na-arịwanye elu nwere ike amabeghị, mana ihe egwu nwere ike ịdị elu. Acid acidification nke oké osimiri bụ nsogbu na-eto eto dị ka ikuku carbon dioxide anthropogenic na-aga n'ihu na-agbanwe ikuku na ihu igwe. A na-eme atụmatụ na ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke narị afọ a, a ga-enwekwu nkwụsị nke 0.2-0.3 nkeji.

Kedu ihe bụ Acidification Ocean?

Okwu ocean acidification bụ nke a na-aghọtahiekarị n'ihi aha ya dị mgbagwoju anya. 'Enwere ike ịkọwapụta acidification nke oke osimiri dị ka mgbanwe kemịkalụ oke osimiri na-ebute site na ntinye kemịkalụ nke oke osimiri na-abanye na ikuku gụnyere carbon, nitrogen, na sulfur ogige.' N'okwu dị mfe, nke a bụ mgbe ngafe CO₂ na-agbaze n'ime oke osimiri, na-agbanwe kemịkalụ nke oke osimiri. Ihe na-akpatakarị nke a bụ n'ihi ihe omume anthropogenic dị ka ọkụ nke mmanụ ọkụ na mgbanwe iji ala na-ebupụta nnukwu CO.₂. Akụkọ dịka akụkọ IPCC Pụrụ Iche gbasara oke osimiri na Cryosphere na ihu igwe na-agbanwe agbanwe egosila na ọnụego oke osimiri na-ebuli ikuku ikuku CO.₂ abawanyela n'ime iri afọ abụọ gara aga. Ugbu a, Atmospheric CO₂ itinye uche bụ ~ 420ppmv, ọkwa a na-ahụbeghị maka opekata mpe afọ 65,000. A na-akpọkarị ihe omume a dị ka acidification oké osimiri, ma ọ bụ “CO ọzọ₂ nsogbu,” na mgbakwunye na okpomọkụ nke oké osimiri. Igwe mmiri pH zuru ụwa ọnụ agbadala karịa nkeji 0.1 kemgbe mgbanwe mgbanwe mmepụta ihe, yana Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Report on the Emissions Scenarios na-ebu amụma mbelata 0.3 ruo 0.5 pH n'ọdịnihu n'ụwa niile site na afọ 2100, n'agbanyeghị ọnụego na oke nke mbelata na-agbanwe site na mpaghara.

Oké osimiri n'ozuzu ga-anọgide na-ala alkaline, na pH n'elu 7. Ya mere, gịnị kpatara eji akpọ ya acidification oké osimiri? Kedu mgbe CO₂ na-emeghachi omume na mmiri mmiri, ọ na-aghọ carbonic acid, nke na-ejighị n'aka. Mkpụrụ ndụ a na-emeghachi omume na mmiri oké osimiri site na ịhapụ H⁺ ion ka ọ bụrụ bicarbonate. Mgbe a na-ahapụ H⁺ ion, a na-aghọ njupụta nke ya na-eme ka mbelata pH. Ya mere na-eme ka mmiri dịkwuo acidic.

Kedu ihe bụ pH Scale?

Ọnụ ọgụgụ pH bụ nlele nke ntinye nke ion hydrogen efu na ngwọta. Ọ bụrụ na enwere nnukwu ion hydrogen, a na-ewere ihe ngwọta dị ka acidic. Ọ bụrụ na enwere ntakịrị mkpokọta ion hydrogen metụtara ion hydroxide, a na-ewere ihe ngwọta dị ka isi. Mgbe ị na-ejikọta nchoputa ndị a na uru, nha pH dị na nha logarithmic (mgbanwe okpukpu 10) site na 0-14. A na-ewere ihe ọ bụla dị n'okpuru 7 dị ka isi, ma n'elu ya ka a na-ewere dị ka acidic. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ pH bụ logarithmic, otu mbelata na pH hà nhata mmụba okpukpu iri na acidity. Ihe atụ maka anyị bụ ụmụ mmadụ ịghọta nke a bụ iji ya tụnyere pH nke ọbara anyị, nke na nkezi bụ ihe dịka 7.40. Ọ bụrụ na pH anyị ga-agbanwe, anyị ga-enwe nsogbu iku ume wee malite ịrịa ọrịa. Nke a dị n'ọnọdụ yiri nke anụ ahụ dị n'ime mmiri na-enweta na egwu na-arịwanye elu nke acidification oké osimiri.

Kedu ka Acidification Ocean si emetụta ndụ mmiri?

Mmiri acidification nke oké osimiri nwere ike ịghọ ihe na-emerụ ahụ maka ụfọdụ ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị na mmiri, dị ka mollusks, coccolithophores, foraminifera, na pteropods na-emepụta biogenic calcium carbonate. Calcite na aragonite bụ isi mineral carbonate kpụrụ biogenic na-emepụta nke ihe mgbako mmiri ndị a na-emepụta. Nkwụsi ike nke mineral ndị a na-adabere na ọnụọgụ CO2 na mmiri na akụkụ okpomọkụ. Ka ọnụọgụ CO2 anthropogenic na-aga n'ihu na-arị elu, nkwụsi ike nke mineral biogenic ndị a na-ebelata. Mgbe enwere otutu H⁺ ions n'ime mmiri, otu n'ime ihe mgbochi nke calcium carbonate, ion carbonate (CO₃^2-) ga-ejikọta ya na ion hydrogen n'ụzọ dị mfe karịa ion calcium. Maka ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe owuwu calcium carbonate, ha kwesịrị ịkwado njikọ nke carbonate na calcium, nke nwere ike ịdị oke ọnụ. Ya mere, ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị ndụ na-egosipụta mbelata nke ọnụego calcification na/ma ọ bụ mmụba nke mgbasa mgbe ekpughere ọnọdụ acidification oké osimiri n'ọdịnihu.  (ozi sitere na Mahadum Plymouth).

Ọbụna ihe ndị na-abụghị ihe mgbako nwere ike imetụta site na acidification oké osimiri. Usoro nhazi acid-base nke dị mkpa iji lụso ọgụ megide mgbanwe kemịkalụ mmiri mmiri dịpụrụ adịpụ nwere ike ịdọpụ ike site na usoro ndị bụ isi, dị ka metabolism, mmeputakwa, na nghọta gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-aga n'ihu na-ahazi ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ihe ndụ iji ghọta oke oke mmetụta nwere ike ịdị na-agbanwe ọnọdụ oke osimiri na obosara nke ụdị mmiri.

N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, mmetụta ndị a nwere ike ọ gaghị ejedebe na ụdị onye ọ bụla. Mgbe nsogbu ndị dị otú a bilitere, a na-akpaghasị ihe ntanetị nri ozugbo. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ike ọ gaghị adị anyị ka ọ bụ nnukwu nsogbu n'anya anyị bụ́ ụmụ mmadụ, anyị na-adabere n'ihe ndị a na-eku ume n'ahụ́ iji mee ka ndụ anyị nwuo. Ọ bụrụ na ha anaghị akpụ ma ọ bụ na-emepụta nke ọma, mmetụta domino ga-eme na webụ nri niile, yana otu ihe ahụ na-eme. Mgbe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị na-eme nchọpụta ghọtara mmetụta ọjọọ nke acidification oké osimiri nwere ike inwe, mba, ndị na-eme iwu, na obodo kwesịrị ịgbakọ ọnụ iji gbochie mmetụta ya.

Kedu ihe Foundation Ocean na-eme gbasara Acidification Ocean?

The Ocean Foundation's International Ocean Acidification Initiative na-ewulite ikike nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị na-eme iwu, na obodo iji nyochaa, ghọta na zaghachi OA ma n'ime mpaghara yana ọnụ ọnụ n'ogo zuru ụwa ọnụ. Anyị na-eme nke a site n'ịmepụta ngwaọrụ na akụrụngwa bara uru nke emebere iji rụọ ọrụ gburugburu ụwa. Maka ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara otu Ocean Foundation si arụ ọrụ iji lebara Ocean Acidification biko gaa na International Ocean Acidification Initiative website. Anyị na-akwado ileta The Ocean Foundation kwa afọ Webụsaịtị ụbọchị Acidification Ocean. Ụlọ ọrụ Ocean Foundation Akwụkwọ ntuziaka Acidification Ocean maka ndị na-eme amụma emebere ya iji wepụta ihe atụ nke iwu na asụsụ anabatalarị iji nyere aka n'ịdepụta iwu ọhụrụ iji lebara acidification oke osimiri, Akwụkwọ ntuziaka dị mgbe a rịọrọ ya.

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2. Ihe ndị bụ isi na mmiri acidification

Ebe a na The Ocean Foundation, International Ocean Acidification Initiative anyị na-abawanye ikike nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị na-eme iwu, na obodo ịghọta na nyocha OA na mpaghara na ụwa dum. Anyị na-enwe obi ụtọ na ọrụ anyị na-amụba ikike site na ọzụzụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, nkwado ogologo oge na akụrụngwa, na nkwụnye ego iji kwado nlekota na nyocha na-aga n'ihu.

Ebumnuche anyị n'ime atụmatụ OA bụ ka obodo ọ bụla nwee usoro nleba anya na mbelata nke mba OA nke ndị ọkachamara na mkpa mpaghara na-akwalite. Ọ bụ ezie na na-ahazi ọrụ mpaghara na nke mba ụwa iji nye ọchịchị dị mkpa na nkwado ego dị mkpa iji dozie ihe ịma aka zuru ụwa ọnụ a. Site na mmepe nke atụmatụ a anyị enweela ike imezu:

• E bugara ngwa nleba anya 17 na mba iri na isii
• Duru ọzụzụ mpaghara 8 yana ihe karịrị ndị sayensị 150 bịara si n'akụkụ ụwa niile
• Ebipụtara akwụkwọ ntụzịaka zuru oke na iwu itinye acid n'oké osimiri
• Mepụtara ngwa nleba anya ọhụrụ nke belatara ọnụ ahịa nleba anya site na 90%
• Enyere ego ọrụ mweghachi abụọ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri iji mụọ ka carbon na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, dị ka mangrove na ahịhịa mmiri, nwere ike isi belata acidity nke oké osimiri na mpaghara.
• Ha na gọọmentị mba na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị dị n'etiti iji nyere aka ịhazi nnukwu ọrụ
• Enyere aka na-agafe mkpebi mpaghara abụọ site na usoro UN iji kpalie ike

Ihe ndị a bụ nanị ole na ole n'ime ọtụtụ isi ihe ndị echiche anyị nweworo ike imezu n'ime nanị afọ ole na ole gara aga. Ngwa nyocha OA, nke a na-akpọ “Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network in a Box,” abụrụla isi nkuku nke ọrụ IOAI. Ọrụ ndị a na-ewepụtakarị nlekota kemịkalụ oke osimiri mbụ na mba ọ bụla ma kwe ka ndị nyocha tinyekwuo nyocha iji mụọ mmetụta nke ụdị mmiri dị iche iche dị ka azụ na coral. Ọrụ ndị a nke GOA-ON na igbe igbe kwadoro nyere aka na nyocha ahụ dịka ụfọdụ ndị nnata nwetara akara ugo mmụta gụsịrị akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ wuo ụlọ nyocha nke ha.

Ocean Acidification na-ezo aka na mbelata pH nke oké osimiri n'ime ogologo oge, ọtụtụ iri afọ ma ọ bụ karịa. Nke a bụ n'ihi mmụba nke CO₂ site na ikuku, mana enwere ike bute ya site na mgbakwunye kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ mwepu sitere na oke osimiri. Ihe na-akpatakarị OA n'ụwa taa bụ n'ihi ihe omume anthropogenic ma ọ bụ n'okwu dị mfe, ọrụ mmadụ. Kedu mgbe CO₂ na-emeghachi omume na mmiri mmiri, ọ na-aghọ acid na-adịghị ike, na-emepụta ọtụtụ mgbanwe na kemịl. Nke a na-abawanye ion bicarbonate [HCO₃^-ma gbazere carbon inorganic (C_t), ma na-ebelata pH.

Kedu ihe bụ pH? Ihe ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ acidity nke oké osimiri nwere ike ịkọrọ site n'iji ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ dị iche iche: National Bureau of Standards (pH_NBS), mmiri mmiri (pH_sws), na mkpokọta (pH_t) akpịrịkpa. Ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru ezu (pH_t) akwadoro (Dickinson, 2007) ma bụrụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe.

Hurd, C., Lenton, A., Tilbrook, B. & Boyd, P. (2018). Nghọta ugbu a na ihe ịma aka maka oke osimiri dị elu-CO₂ ụwa. Ọdịdị. Ewepụtara na https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0211-0

Ọ bụ ezie na acidification oké osimiri bụ ihe zuru ụwa ọnụ, nnabata nke mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na mpaghara emeela ka e guzobe netwọk nleba anya. Ihe ịma aka n'ọdịnihu na elu-CO₂ ụwa gụnyere nhazi ka mma yana nnwale siri ike nke mmegharị, mbelata, na nhọrọ ntinye aka iji kwụsị mmetụta nke acidification oké osimiri.

National Caucus of Environmental Legislator. Mpempe akwụkwọ akụkọ NCEL: Acidification Ocean.

Mpempe akwụkwọ eziokwu na-akọwa isi ihe, iwu na ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara acidification oké osimiri.

Amaratunga, C. 2015. Kedu ihe ekwensu bụ oke acidification (OA) na gịnị kpatara anyị ji elekọta? Amụma na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri mmiri na netwọk nzaghachi (MEOPAR). Canada.

Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọbịa a na-ekpuchi nnọkọ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mmiri na ndị otu ụlọ ọrụ aquaculture na Victoria, BC ebe ndị isi tụlere ihe egwu dị egwu nke acidification oké osimiri na mmetụta ọ na-enwe na oke osimiri na aquaculture Canada.

Eisler, R. (2012). Oke Acidification: Nleba anya zuru oke. Enfield, NH: Ndị mbipụta sayensị.

Akwụkwọ a na-enyocha akwụkwọ na nyocha dị na OA, gụnyere nchịkọta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke pH na ikuku CO₂ Ọkwa na eke na anthropogenic isi mmalite nke CO₂. Ndị ikike ahụ bụ ikike ama ama na ntule ihe egwu kemịkalụ, akwụkwọ ahụ na-achịkọtakwa nsonaazụ n'ezie na nke a tụrụ anya ya nke acidification oké osimiri.

Gattuso, J.-P. & L. Hansson. Eds. (2012). Oke Acidification. New York: Mahadum Oxford University Press. ISBN- 978-0-19-959108-4

Ocean acidification bụ nsogbu na-eto eto na akwụkwọ a na-enyere aka ịkọwa nsogbu ahụ. Akwụkwọ a kacha dị mkpa maka ndị ọkà mmụta dịka ọ bụ ederede ọkwa nyocha na ọ na-emepụta nyocha ọhụụ banyere ihe ga-esi na OA pụta, na-ebumnuche nke ịgwa ma ihe ndị ga-eme nchọpụta n'ọdịnihu na amụma nlekọta mmiri.

Gattuso, J.-P., J. Orr, S. Pantoja. H.-O. Portner, U. Riebesell, & T. Trull (Eds.). (2009). Oke osimiri dị elu-CO2 ụwa II. Gottingen, Germany: Akwụkwọ akụkọ Copernicus. http://www.biogeosciences.net/ special_issue44.html

Esemokwu a pụrụ iche nke Biogeosciences gụnyere ihe karịrị akụkọ sayensị 20 gbasara kemistri oke osimiri yana mmetụta OA na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri.

Turley, C. na K. Boot, 2011: Ihe ịma aka nke acidification oké osimiri chere sayensị na ọha mmadụ ihu. Na: Ocean Acidification [Gattuso, J.-P. na L. Hansson (eds.)). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, p. 249-271

Mmepe mmadụ nwere ọganihu dị ukwuu na narị afọ gara aga nwere mmetụta dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-aga n'ihu na-abawanye, ụmụ mmadụ na-aga n'ihu na-emepụta ma na-emepụta teknụzụ ọhụrụ iji nọgide na-enweta akụ na ụba. Mgbe isi ihe mgbaru ọsọ bụ akụ na ụba, mgbe ụfọdụ a naghị echebara mmetụta nke omume ha echiche. Iji ihe karịrị akarị nke ihe ndị dị na mbara ala na imepụta gas agbanweela kemịlụ ikuku na oke osimiri nwere mmetụta dị egwu. N'ihi na ụmụ mmadụ dị ike nke ukwuu, mgbe ihu igwe nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, anyị na-adị ngwa ngwa ịzaghachi ma gbanwee mmebi ndị a na-emepụta ihe ọma. N'ihi ihe ize ndụ nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta ọjọọ na gburugburu ebe obibi, ekwesịrị ịme nkwekọrịta na iwu mba ụwa iji mee ka ụwa dị mma. Ndị isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwesịrị ịgbakọ ọnụ iji chọpụta mgbe ọ dị mkpa ịbanye na mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe.

Mathis, JT, JN Cross, na NR Bates, 2011: Na-ejikọta mmepụta nke bụ isi na mpụta nke terrestrial gaa na acidification nke oké osimiri na nkwụsị nke ịnweta carbonate na ọwụwa anyanwụ Bering Sea. Akwụkwọ nke Geophysical Research, 116, C02030, doi:10.1029/2010JC006453.

N'ileghachi anya na carbon organic gbazere (DIC) na ngụkọta alkalinity, enwere ike ịhụ mkpokọta dị mkpa nke mineral carbonate na pH. Ihe omuma egosiwo na calcite na aragonite emetụtala nke ukwuu site na mmiri mmiri na-asọpụta, mmepụta nke bụ isi, na mweghachi nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ihe ndị a dị mkpa carbonate erughị eru n'ime kọlụm mmiri site na ihe omume ndị a sitere na carbon dioxide anthropogenic na oke osimiri.

Gattuso, J.-P. Oke acidification. (2011) Villefranche-sur-mer Developmental Biological Laboratory.

Nlebanya dị mkpirikpi dị peeji atọ gbasara acidification oké osimiri, edemede a na-enye ndabere ndabere nke kemistri, ọnụ ọgụgụ pH, aha, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na mmetụta nke acidification oké osimiri.

Harrould-Kolieb, E., M. Hirshfield, & A. Brosius. (2009). Isi Emitters n'ime ihe kacha sie ike site na Acidification Ocean. Oceana.

Nyocha a na-enyocha ihe ọghọm na mmetụta OA nwere ike na mba dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa dabere n'ịdị ukwuu azụ na azụ azụ ha, ogo oriri mmiri ha, pasentị coral reef n'ime EEZ ha, na ọkwa a tụrụ anya na OA na ha. mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na 2050. Akụkọ ahụ na-ekwu na mba ndị nwere nnukwu akuku coral, ma ọ bụ na-ejide ma na-eri ọtụtụ azụ na azụ azụ, na ndị dị n'ebe ndị dị elu na-adịkarị mfe maka OA.

Doney, SC, VJ Fabry, RA Feely, na JA Kleypas, 2009: Ocean acidification: CO nke ọzọ₂ nsogbu. Nyocha kwa afọ nke Sayensị mmiri mmiri, 1, 169-192, doi:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834.

Ka ikuku carbon dioxide anthropogenic na-abawanye ngbanwe na kemịkalụ carbonate na-eme. Nke a na-agbanwe okirikiri biogeochemical nke ogige kemịkalụ dị mkpa dị ka aragonite na calcite, na-ebelata mmeputakwa nke ọma nke ntule siri ike. Nnwale ụlọ nyocha egosila mbelata mgbakasị ahụ na ọnụego uto.

Dickson, AG, Sabine, CL na Christian, JR (Eds.) 2007. Ntuziaka maka omume kacha mma maka nha oke osimiri CO2. PICES Mbipụta Pụrụ Iche 3, 191 pp.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ carbon dioxide bụ ntọala maka nyocha nke acidification oké osimiri. Otu n'ime ntuziaka kachasị mma maka nha bụ otu ndị sayensị nwere Ngalaba Ike US (DOE) maka ọrụ ha ime nyocha mbụ zuru ụwa ọnụ banyere carbon dioxide na oke osimiri. Taa, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration na-edobe ntuziaka a.

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3. Mmetụta dị n'oké osimiri Acidification na obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri

Acid acidification nke oke osimiri na-emetụta ọrụ bụ isi nke ndụ mmiri na gburugburu ebe obibi. Nnyocha e mere ugbu a na-egosi na acidification oké osimiri ga-enwe mmetụta dị njọ nye obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri bụ ndị na-adabere na nchebe nke oke osimiri, ịkụ azụ, na aquaculture. Dị ka acidification oké osimiri na-ebili n'oké osimiri ndị dị n'ụwa, a ga-enwe mgbanwe n'ịchịisi macroalgal, mmebi nke ebe obibi, na mfu nke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche. Obodo ndị dị n'okpomọkụ na ebe okpomọkụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ kachasị maka mbelata ego ha nwetara site na oke osimiri. Nnyocha ndị na-enyocha mmetụta nke acidification oké osimiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ ndị ekpughere na-egosi mgbanwe dị njọ na isi ísì, omume na-egbuke egbuke, na nzaghachi mgbapụ (ntụle ndị dị n'okpuru). Mgbanwe ndị a ga-emebi ntọala dị mkpa maka akụ na ụba obodo na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ ga-ahụ mgbanwe ndị a n'onwe ya, nlebara anya iji belata ọnụego CO ugbu a₂ mmụpụta ga-adapụ nke ukwuu site na ọnọdụ ọ bụla a nyochara n'elu. A na-eme atụmatụ na ọ bụrụ na mmetụta ndị a na-aga n'ihu na-enwe mmetụta ndị a na azụ, enwere ike inwe ọtụtụ narị nde dollar na-efunahụ kwa afọ site na 2060.

N'akụkụ ịkụ azụ, coral reef ecotourism na-ebute ego ọtụtụ nde dollar kwa afọ. Obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-adabere ma na-adabere na coral reef maka ibi ndụ ha. A na-eme atụmatụ na ka acidification nke oké osimiri na-aga n'ihu na-arịwanye elu, mmetụta ndị dị na coral reefs ga-esiwanye ike, ya mere na-ebelata ahụ ike ha nke ga-eme ka e mee atụmatụ na $ 870 ijeri na-efu kwa afọ site na 2100. Naanị nke a bụ mmetụta nke acidification oké osimiri. Ọ bụrụ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-agbakwụnye mmetụta jikọtara ọnụ nke nke a, na-ekpo ọkụ, deoxygenation, na ihe ndị ọzọ, nwere ike ịkpata ọbụna mmetụta ndị ọzọ na-emerụ ahụ na akụ na ụba na gburugburu ebe obibi maka obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.

Moore, C. na Fuller J. (2022). Mmetụta akụ na ụba nke acidification oké osimiri: Meta-Analysis. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Mahadum Chicago Press. Economic Resource Economics Vol. 32, Nke 2

Ọmụmụ ihe a na-egosi nyocha nke mmetụta OA na akụ na ụba. A tụlere mmetụta azụ̀, aquaculture, ntụrụndụ, nchebe oke osimiri, na ihe ngosi akụ̀ na ụba ndị ọzọ iji mụtakwuo maka mmetụta ogologo oge na-adịte aka nke acidification oké osimiri. Ọmụmụ ihe a chọpụtara mkpokọta ọmụmụ 20 dị ka nke 2021 nke nyochara mmetụta akụ na ụba nke oke acidification, agbanyeghị, naanị 11 n'ime ha siri ike nke ọma ka enyocha ya dị ka ọmụmụ ihe onwe. N'ime ndị a, ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu lekwasịrị anya na ahịa mollusk. Ndị ode akwụkwọ kwubiri ihe ọmụmụ ha site n'ịkpọsa mkpa ọ dị maka nyocha ndị ọzọ, karịsịa ọmụmụ ihe na-agụnye ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na ọnọdụ akụ na ụba, iji nweta amụma ziri ezi nke mmetụta ogologo oge nke acidification oké osimiri.

Hall-Spencer JM, Harvey BP. Oke acidification nke oke osimiri na-emetụta ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'ihi mmebi nke ebe obibi. Emerg Top Life Sci. 2019 Mee 10; 3 (2): 197-206 . doi: 10.1042/ETLS20180117. PMID: 33523154; PMCID: PMC7289009.

Oke acidification nke oké osimiri na-eweda nkwụsi ike nke ebe obibi dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri gaa n'ụyọkọ nke ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala ndị ọzọ metụtara mgbanwe ihu igwe (okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, ịrị elu oke osimiri, oke mmiri ozuzo) na-abawanye ohere nke mgbanwe ọchịchị mmiri na mfu nke ọrụ na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị oke mkpa. Ihe egwu dị na ngwa ahịa mmiri na-abawanye site na OA na-eme ka mgbanwe dị na nchịkwa macroalgal, mbibi ebe obibi, na mfu nke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche. A hụla mmetụta ndị a n'ebe dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa. Ọmụmụ ihe na CO₂ seeps ga-enwe mmetụta na azụ azụ ndị dị nso, na ebe okpomọkụ na ebe okpomọkụ ga-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ihi ọtụtụ nde mmadụ ndị na-adabere na nchebe nke oke osimiri, ịkụ azụ, na aquaculture.

Cooley SR, Ono CR, Melcer S na Roberson J (2016) Omume-Ọkwa Ogbe nwere ike ileba anya n'osimiri mmiri. N'ihu. Mar. Sci. 2:128. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2015.00128

Akwụkwọ a na-abanye n'ime omume ndị dị ugbu a nke steeti na mpaghara ndị ọzọ na-enwebeghị mmetụta nke OA mana ike gwụrụ ya maka mmetụta ya.

Ekstrom, JA et al. (2015). Ọdịda na mmegharị nke azụ azụ US na acidification nke oke osimiri. Nature. 5, 207-215, doi: 10.1038/nclimate2508

Mbelata na ngbanwe nke nwere ike ime na mpaghara dị mkpa ka achọrọ iji nagide mmetụta nke acidification oké osimiri. Edemede a na-enye nkọwapụta nke ọma gbasara ọghọm dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri na United States.

Spalding, MJ (2015). Nsogbu maka ọdọ mmiri Sherman - yana oke osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ. The Environmental Forum. 32 (2), 38-43.

Akụkọ a na-egosipụta ịdị njọ nke OA, mmetụta ọ na-enwe na ntanetị nri na isi mmalite nke protein, na eziokwu na ọ bụghị nanị ihe iyi egwu na-eto eto kama ọ bụ nsogbu dị ugbu a na nke a na-ahụ anya. Akụkọ ahụ na-atụle omume steeti US yana nzaghachi mba ụwa na OA, wee mechie na ndepụta obere usoro enwere ike ịme iji nyere aka ịlụso OA ọgụ.

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4. Acidification oké osimiri na mmetụta ya na gburugburu mmiri mmiri

Doney, Scott C., Busch, D. Shallin, Cooley, Sarah R., & Kroeker, Kristy J. Mmetụta dị n'oké osimiri Acidification na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri na obodo ndị mmadụ tụkwasịrị obi. Nyochaa gburugburu ebe obibi na akụrụngwa kwa afọ, 45 (1). Ewepụtara na https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10164807. https:// doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083019

Ọmụmụ ihe a na-elekwasị anya na mmetụta nke ịrị elu ọkwa carbon dioxide site na mmanụ ọkụ na ihe omume ndị ọzọ anthropogenic. Nnwale ụlọ nyocha na-egosi na nke a emepụtala mgbanwe na physiology anụmanụ, ọnọdụ ọnụọgụ mmadụ, na mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi. Nke a ga-etinye akụ na ụba n'ihe egwu nke dabere na oke osimiri. Azụ azụ, aquaculture, na nchebe oke osimiri so na ọtụtụ ndị ga-enweta nsonaazụ kacha njọ.

Olsen E, Kaplan IC, Ainsworth C, Fay G, Gaichas S, Gamble R, Girardin R, Eide CH, Ihde TF, Morzaria-Luna H, Johnson KF, Savina-Rolland M, Townsend H, Weijerman M, Fulton EA na njikọ JS (2018) Ọdịnihu Oke Osimiri n'okpuru Acidification Ocean, Nchekwa mmiri, na Mgbanwe Nrụgide Azụ Achọpụtara Site n'iji Suite zuru ụwa ọnụ nke Model Ecosystem. N'ihu. Mar. Sci. 5:64. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00064

Nlekọta dabere na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke a makwaara dị ka EBM, abụrụla mmasị na-arịwanye elu iji nwalee usoro nlekọta ọzọ ma nyere aka chọpụta ahia ahia iji belata ojiji mmadụ. Nke a bụ ụzọ iji nyocha ihe ngwọta maka nsogbu njikwa oke osimiri dị mgbagwoju anya iji melite ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na mpaghara dị iche iche nke ụwa.

Mostofa, KMG, Liu, C.-Q., Zhai, W., Minella, M., Vione, D., Gao, K., Minakata, D., Arakaki, T., Yoshioka, T., Hayakawa, K ., Konohira, E., Tanoue, E., Akhand, A., Chanda, A., Wang, B., na Sakugawa, H.: Nlebanya na Syntheses: Ocean acidification na mmetụta ya nwere na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri, Biogeosciences, 13 , 1767–1786, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1767-2016, 2016.

Edemede a na-abanye n'ime mkparịta ụka nke ọmụmụ dị iche iche emere iji hụ mmetụta OA na oke osimiri.

Cattano, C, Claudet, J., Domenici, P. na Milazzo, M. (2018, Mee) Ibi na ụwa CO2 dị elu: nyocha meta-nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ na-egosi nzaghachi azụ azụ na-eme ka ọtụtụ ihe na-azaghachi acidification oké osimiri. Ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi 88(3). DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1297

Azụ bụ ihe dị mkpa maka ibi ndụ n'ime obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri yana ihe bụ isi maka nkwụsi ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri. N'ihi mmetụta nrụgide metụtara OA na physiology, ọ dị mkpa ka a na-emekwu nke ọma iji mejupụta ọdịiche ọmụma na usoro eco-physiological dị mkpa ma gbasaa nyocha na mpaghara dịka okpomọkụ ụwa, hypoxia, na ịkụ azụ. N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, mmetụta dị na azụ adịghị ike, n'adịghị ka ụdị invertebrate nke a na-etinye na gradients gburugburu ebe obibi. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, enwere ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe na-egosi mmetụta dị iche iche na vertebrates na invertebrates. N'ihi mgbanwe dị iche iche, ọ dị oke mkpa na a na-eduzi ọmụmụ ihe iji hụ ọdịiche ndị a iji ghọtakwuo otú acidification oké osimiri ga-esi emetụta akụ na ụba nke obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.

Albright, R. na Cooley, S. (2019). Ntụleghachi nke ntinye aka na-atụ aro ibelata mmetụta na acidification oké osimiri na coral reefs Ọmụmụ mpaghara na sayensị mmiri mmiri, Vol. 29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2019.100612

Ọmụmụ ihe a na-abanye n'ụzọ zuru ezu ka OA siri metụta akuku coral n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. N'ime nnyocha a, ndị nchọpụta chọpụtara na coral reef nwere ike ịlọghachi azụ site na ihe omume ịcha ọcha. 

1. Ọkpụkpụ coral na-enwekarị ike ịlaghachi azụ site na ihe omume ịcha ọcha n'ụzọ dị nwayọ karịa mgbe ọ na-emetụta mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka acidification oké osimiri.
2. "Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nọ n'ihe ize ndụ sitere na OA na gburugburu ebe obibi coral reef. A na-agụkarị ọrụ inye ihe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba, mana ọrụ ndị ọzọ dịkwa oke mkpa maka obodo ndị mmadụ nọ n'ụsọ mmiri. "

Malsbury, E. (2020, Febụwarị 3) “Nlele sitere na njem njem nke narị afọ nke 19 ama ama na-ekpughe mmetụta 'na-awụ akpata oyi' nke nrịbama oke osimiri." Magazin Sayensị. AAAS. E si na: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/02/ plankton-shells-have-become-dangerously-thin-acidifying-oceans-are-blame

Ihe nlele Shell, nke anakọtara site na HMS Challenger na 1872-76, dị oke oke karịa shells nke otu ụdị a na-ahụ taa. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta mere nchọpụta a mgbe atụnyere mkpọmkpọ ebe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 150 sitere na nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke London na ụdị ụdị ọgbara ọhụrụ e nwere n'otu oge ahụ. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eji akwụkwọ ndekọ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ chọpụta kpọmkwem ụdị, ebe, na oge n’afọ, a na-achịkọta mgbọ ndị ahụ ma jiri nke a chịkọta ihe atụ ọgbara ọhụrụ. Ntụle ahụ doro anya: shells ọgbara ọhụrụ ruru 76% dị gịrịgịrị karịa ndị otu ha akụkọ ihe mere eme na nsonaazụ na-arụtụ aka na acidification nke oke osimiri dị ka ihe kpatara ya.

MacRae, Gavin (12 Eprel 2019.) "Ocean Acidification na-emegharị Webs nri mmiri." Sentinel nke Watershed. https://watershedsentinel.ca/articles/ocean-acidification-is-reshaping-marine-food-webs/

Omimi nke oke osimiri na-ebelata mgbanwe ihu igwe, mana ọ na-efu. Asidi mmiri mmiri na-abawanye ka oke osimiri na-enweta carbon dioxide site na mmanụ ọkụ.

Spalding, Mark J. (21 Jenụwarị 2019.) "Nkọwa: Oke osimiri na-agbanwe - ọ na-abawanye acidic." Akụkọ Ọwa Asia. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/ commentary/ocean-acidification-climate-change-marine-life-dying-11124114

A ga-emecha metụta ndụ niile dị n'ụwa dịka oke osimiri na-ekpo ọkụ na nke acid na-emepụta obere ikuku oxygen na-eyi ụdị dị iche iche nke mmiri na gburugburu ebe obibi egwu. Ọ dị mkpa ngwa ngwa wulite nguzogide megide acidification nke oke osimiri iji chebe ihe dị iche iche nke mmiri dị na mbara ala anyị.

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5. Akụrụngwa maka ndị nkuzi

NOAA. (2022). Mmụta na mgbasa ozi. Mmemme Acidification Ocean. https://oceanacidification.noaa.gov/AboutUs/ EducationOutreach/

NOAA nwere mmemme mmụta na mgbasa ozi site na ngalaba acidification oke osimiri ya. Nke a na-enye ndị obodo akụrụngwa ka ha ga-esi dọta uche gaa na ndị na-eme iwu ka ha malite iwere iwu OA gaa n'ọkwa ọhụrụ yana n'ọrụ. 

Thibodeau, Patrica S., Iji Data Ogologo Ogologo sitere na Antarctica na-akụzi Acidification Ocean (2020). Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Education Marine ugbu a, 34 (1), 43-45.https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles

Ụlọ ọrụ Virginia Institute of Marine Science kere atụmatụ nkuzi a iji tinye ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ n'etiti ụlọ akwụkwọ iji dozie ihe omimi: gịnị bụ oke acidification na kedu ka o si emetụta ndụ mmiri na Antarctic? Iji dozie ihe omimi ahụ, ụmụ akwụkwọ ga-esonye na ichu nta nke acidification nke oke osimiri, tụpụta echiche wee rute na nkwubi okwu nke ha site na nkọwa nke data n'ezie sitere na Antarctic. Atụmatụ nkuzi zuru ezu dị na: https://doi.org/10.25773/zzdd-ej28.

Mkpokọta Usoro ọmụmụ Acidification Ocean. 2015. Ndị Suquamish Tribe.

Ihe enyemaka dị n'ịntanetị bụ nchịkọta akụrụngwa n'efu na oke acidification maka ndị nkuzi na ndị na-ekwurịta okwu, maka akararị K-12.

Alaska Ocean Acidification Network. (2022). Oke Acidification maka ndị nkuzi. https://aoan.aoos.org/community-resources/for-educators/

Alaska's Ocean Acidification Network ewepụtala akụrụngwa sitere na PowerPoints na akụkọ akụkọ ruo na vidiyo na atụmatụ nkuzi maka ọkwa dị iche iche. Usoro ọmụmụ akwadoro na acidification oké osimiri ka ewerela na ọ dabara na Alaska. Anyị na-arụ ọrụ n'usoro ọmụmụ ndị ọzọ na-egosipụta kemistri mmiri pụrụ iche nke Alaska na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala OA.

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6. Ntuziaka amụma na akụkọ gọọmentị

Interagency Working Group on Ocean Acidification. (2022, Ọktoba, 28). Akụkọ nke isii na nyocha na mmemme nlekota oke osimiri nke Federal kwadoro. Kọmiti na-esote na Kọmitii Sayensị na Teknụzụ Teknụzụ na gburugburu ebe obibi nke National Science and Technology Council. https://oceanacidification.noaa.gov/sites/oap-redesign/Publications/SOST_IWGOA-FY-18-and-19-Report.pdf?ver=2022-11-01-095750-207

Ocean acidification (OA), mbelata nke oké osimiri pH kpatara n'ụzọ bụ isi site na ntinye nke carbon dioxide na-ewepụtara mmadụ (CO).₂) site na ikuku, bụ ihe iyi egwu nye gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri na ọrụ ndị usoro ahụ na-enye ọha mmadụ. Akwụkwọ a chịkọtara ihe omume Federal na OA na Fiscal Years (FY) 2018 na 2019. A na-ahazi ya na ngalaba kwekọrọ na mpaghara mpaghara itoolu, kpọmkwem, ọkwa ụwa, ọkwa mba, na-arụ ọrụ na United States Northeast, United States Mid -Atlantic, United States Southeast na Gulf Coast, Caribbean, United States West Coast, Alaska, US Pacific Islands, Arctic, Antarctic.

Kọmiti na gburugburu ebe obibi, ihe ndị sitere n'okike, na nkwado nke National Science and Technology Council. (2015, Eprel). Akuko nke ato na mmemme nyocha na nleba anya n'Osimiri Acidification nke Federal kwadoro.

Ndị otu Interagency Working Group on Ocean Acidification mepụtara akwụkwọ a, nke na-adụ ọdụ, na-enyere aka ma na-atụ aro n'ihe metụtara acidification oké osimiri, gụnyere nhazi nke mmemme Federal. Akụkọ a chịkọtara nyocha na nleba anya nke oke osimiri-acidification nke gọọmentị etiti kwadoro; na-enye mmefu maka mmemme ndị a, ma na-akọwa mwepụta na nso nso a nke atụmatụ nyocha atụmatụ maka nyocha Federal na nlekota nke acidification oké osimiri.

Ụlọ ọrụ NOAA na-ekwu okwu banyere oke acidification nke oke osimiri na mmiri mpaghara. National Oceanic and Atmospheric nchịkwa.

Akụkọ a na-enye nkuzi nkenke "Ocean Chemistry 101" na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ OA na nha pH. Ọ depụtakwara nchegbu gbasara oke acidification nke NOAA.

NOAA Climate Science & Services. Ọrụ Dị Mkpa nke Nlebanya Ụwa na Ịghọta Ịgbanwe Chemistry Ocean.

Akụkọ a na-akọwapụta mbọ NOAA Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) gbadoro anya iji mara, ịkọ amụma na nyochaa gburugburu oke osimiri, oke osimiri, na nnukwu ọdọ mmiri.

Kpọtụrụ Gọvanọ na Nzukọ Mgbakọ Maryland. Ndị agha na-arụ ọrụ iji mụọ mmetụta nke oke acidification nke oke osimiri na mmiri steeti. Weebụ. Ọnwa Mbụ 9, 2015.

Steeti Maryland bụ steeti dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke na-adabereghị na oke osimiri kamakwa Chesapeake Bay. Lelee akụkọ a ka ịmatakwu gbasara ihe ọmụmụ ndị ọrụ ike nke Maryland mejuputaworo site na Mgbakọ General Maryland.

Washington State Blue Ribbon Panel na Oke Acidification. Oke Acidification: Site na Ọmụma ruo Omume. Weebụ. Nọvemba 2012.

Akụkọ a na-enye nkọwapụta gbasara acidification oke osimiri yana mmetụta ya na steeti Washington. Dị ka obodo dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke dabere na ịkụ azụ na akụ mmiri, ọ na-abanye n'ime mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere na akụ na ụba. Gụọ akụkọ a ka ịmata ihe Washington na-eme ugbu a na sayensị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji luso mmetụta ndị a ọgụ.

Hemphill, A. (2015, Febụwarị 17). Maryland na-eme ihe iji lebara Acidification Ocean anya. Mid-Atlantic Regional Council na oké osimiri. Weghachite si http://www.midatlanticocean.org

Steeti Maryland nọ n'ihu steeti na-eme mkpebi siri ike iji gboo mmetụta nke OA. Maryland gafere House Bill 118, na-eke ndị ọrụ iji mụọ mmetụta OA na mmiri steeti n'oge nnọkọ 2014 ya. Ndị ọrụ ahụ lekwasịrị anya na mpaghara asaa dị mkpa iji meziwanye nghọta OA.

Upton, HF & P. ​​Folger. (2013). Nkwado Ocean (Akụkọ CRS Nọmba R40143). Washington, DC: Ọrụ nyocha nke Congressional.

Ọdịnaya gụnyere eziokwu OA bụ isi, ọnụego nke OA na-eme, mmetụta OA nwere ike ime, nzaghachi eke na nke mmadụ nwere ike igbochi ma ọ bụ belata OA, mmasị ọgbakọ na OA, yana ihe gọọmentị etiti na-eme gbasara OA. Ebipụtara na Julaị nke afọ 2013, akụkọ CRS a bụ mmelite na akụkọ CRS OA gara aga wee detuo naanị ụgwọ ewepụtara na 113th Congress (Coral Reef Conservation Act Amendments of 2013) nke ga-agụnye OA na njirisi eji enyocha atụmatụ ọrụ maka na-amụ ihe iyi egwu na coral reefs. E bipụtara akụkọ mbụ ahụ na 2009 ma enwere ike ịchọta ya na njikọ ndị a: Buck, EH & P. ​​Folger. (2009). Nkwado Ocean (Akụkọ CRS Nọmba R40143). Washington, DC: Ọrụ nyocha nke Congressional.

IGBP, IOC, SCOR (2013). Nchịkọta Acidification Oke Osimiri maka ndị na-eme amụma – Mgbakọ nke atọ na oke osimiri n'ime oke-CO₂ Ụwa. Mmemme Geosphere-Biosphere International, Stockholm, Sweden.

Nchịkọta a bụ nke ọnọdụ ihe ọmụma banyere oke acidification nke oké osimiri dabere na nchọpụta e gosipụtara na nnọkọ nke atọ na oké osimiri na High-CO.₂ Ụwa na Monterey, CA na 2012.

InterAcademy Panel na Okwu Mba Nile. (2009). Nkwupụta IAP na Acidification Ocean.

Nkwupụta nwere ibe abụọ a, nke ihe karịrị ụlọ akwụkwọ 60 kwadoro n'ụwa niile, na-akọwapụta nkenke egwu egwu ndị OA biputere, ma na-enye ndụmọdụ na oku ime ihe.

Nsonaazụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke oke mmiri acidification: iyi egwu na nchekwa nri. (2010). Nairobi, Kenya. UNEP.

Akụkọ a na-ekpuchi njikọ dị n'etiti CO₂, mgbanwe ihu igwe, na OA, mmetụta nke OA na akụrụngwa nri mmiri, wee mechie na ndepụta nke omume 8 dị mkpa iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke mmetụta nke acidification oké osimiri.

Nkwupụta Monaco na Acidification Ocean. (2008). Mgbakọ Mgbakọ Mba Nile nke Abụọ n'Oké Osimiri n'Elu.CO₂ Ụwa.

Onye isi ala Albert nke Abụọ rịọrọ mgbe mkparịta ụka mba ụwa nke abụọ na Monaco na OA, nkwupụta a, dabere na nchọpụta sayensị a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị 155 sitere na mba 26 bịanyere aka na ya, na-ewepụta ndụmọdụ, na-akpọ ndị na-eme iwu ka ha dozie nnukwu nsogbu nke acidification oké osimiri.

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7. Ihe ndị ọzọ

The Ocean Foundation kwadoro akụrụngwa ndị a maka ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara Nnyocha Acidification Ocean

1. Ọrụ NOAA Ocean
2. Mahadum nke Plymouth
3. National Marine Sanctuary Foundation

Spalding, MJ (2014) Oke Acidification na Nchekwa nri. Mahadum California, Irvine: Ndekọ ngosi ngosi ogbako Ocean Health, Global Fishing, na Nchekwa nri.

Na 2014, Mark Spalding gosipụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti OA na nchekwa nri na ogbako gbasara ahụike oke osimiri, ịkụ azụ ụwa, na nchekwa nri na UC Irvine. 

Ụlọ ọrụ Island (2017). A Climate of Change Series Film. Ụlọ ọrụ Island. https://www.islandinstitute.org/stories/a-climate-of-change-film-series/

Ụlọ ọrụ Island ewepụtala usoro dị mkpirikpi nke nwere akụkụ atọ na-elekwasị anya na mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na acidification oké osimiri na ịkụ azụ na United States. E bipụtara vidiyo ndị a na mbụ na 2017, mana ọtụtụ ozi ka dị mkpa taa.

Akụkụ nke mbụ, Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na Ọwara Maine, lekwasịrị anya na mmetụta ihu igwe na-emetụta azụ azụ nke obodo anyị. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị ọrụ nchịkwa na ndị ọkụ azụ amalitela ikwurịta otú anyị nwere ike isi na-eme atụmatụ maka ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere, ma a na-atụghị anya ya, mmetụta ihu igwe na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri. Maka akụkọ zuru ezu, pịa ebe a.

Akụkụ nke Abụọ, Oke acidification na Alaska, lekwasịrị anya n'otú ndị ọkụ azụ̀ nọ na Alaska si eme ihe banyere nsogbu na-arị elu nke acidification oké osimiri. Maka akụkọ zuru ezu, pịa ebe a.

N'akụkụ nke atọ, Dakpọ na mmegharị n'ime Azụ Azụ Oyster Apalachicola, Mainers na-aga Apalachicola, Florida, iji hụ ihe na-eme mgbe ịkụ azụ na-ada kpam kpam na ihe ndị obodo na-eme iji gbanwee ma mee ka ọ dịghachi onwe ya. Maka akụkọ zuru ezu, pịa ebe a.

Ihe Ị Pụrụ Ime

Dị ka e kwuru n'elu isi ihe na-akpata acidification oké osimiri bụ mmụba nke carbon dioxide, nke oké osimiri na-abanyekwa na ya. Ya mere, ibelata ikuku carbon bụ ihe dị mkpa na-esote nzọụkwụ iji kwụsị ụba acidification na oké osimiri. Biko gaa na International Ocean Acidification Initiative ibe maka ozi gbasara usoro Ocean Foundation na-eme gbasara Acidification Ocean.

Maka ozi ndị ọzọ na ngwọta ndị ọzọ gụnyere nyocha nke ọrụ iwepụ carbon dioxide na teknụzụ biko hụ Peeji nyocha mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe nke Ocean Foundatione, maka ozi ndị ọzọ hụ Initiative nke Blue Resilience nke Ocean Foundation. 

jiri anyị SeaGrass tolite Carbon Calculator iji gbakọọ ikuku carbon gị wee nye onyinye iji mebie mmetụta gị! The Ocean Foundation mepụtara ihe mgbako iji nyere mmadụ ma ọ bụ òtù aka gbakọọ CO kwa afọ₂ ihe na-esi na ya pụta, n'aka nke ya, chọpụta ọnụọgụ carbon na-acha anụnụ anụnụ dị mkpa iji wepụ ha (acres nke ahịhịa ahịhịa ka a ga-eweghachi ma ọ bụ ihe nhata). Enwere ike iji ego enwetara site na usoro kredit carbon na-acha anụnụ anụnụ iji kwado mbọ mweghachi, nke n'aka nke ya na-ewepụtakwu kredit. Mmemme ndị dị otú ahụ na-enye ohere maka mmeri abụọ: imepụta ọnụ ahịa ọnụ ahịa maka sistemụ ụwa nke CO₂-eme ihe omume na, nke abụọ, mweghachi nke ahịhịa ahịhịa nke na-etolite akụkụ dị oke mkpa nke gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ma nwee nnukwu mkpa mgbake.

LAghachi n'ime nchọpụta