Oké osimiri na mgbanwe ihu igwe
LAghachi n'ime nchọpụta
Tebulu ọdịnaya
1. Okwu Mmalite
2. Ihe ndabere nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na oke osimiri
3. Mbugharị ụdị osimiri na oke osimiri n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe
4. Hypoxia (mpaghara nwụrụ anwụ)
5. Mmetụta nke mmiri ọkụ
6. Mfu dị iche iche nke mmiri n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe
7. Mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na Coral Reefs
8. Mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na Arctic na Antarctic
9. Mwepụ Carbon Dioxide dabere n'oké osimiri
10. Mgbanwe ihu igwe na ụdị dị iche iche, nha anya, nsonye, na ikpe ziri ezi
11. Iwu na akwụkwọ gọọmentị
12. Ngwọta echere
13. Na-achọ ihe ọzọ? (Ihe ndị ọzọ)
Oke osimiri dị ka ihe jikọrọ aka na ngwọta ihu igwe
Mụta banyere nke anyị #ChetaOsimiri mkpọsa ihu igwe.
1. Okwu Mmalite
Oke osimiri mejupụtara 71% nke mbara ala ma na-enye obodo ndị mmadụ ọtụtụ ọrụ site na ibelata oke ihu igwe ruo n'ịmepụta oxygen anyị na-eku ume, site na imepụta nri anyị na-eri ruo na ịchekwa oke carbon dioxide anyị na-emepụta. Otú ọ dị, mmetụta nke ịba ụba nke ikuku griin haus na-eyi ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri na n'oké osimiri egwu site na mgbanwe nke okpomọkụ oké osimiri na agbaze nke ice, bụ nke n'aka nke ya na-emetụta oke osimiri, usoro ihu igwe, na ọkwa oke osimiri. Ma, n'ihi na ike ikuku carbon nke oke osimiri agafeela, anyị na-ahụkwa mgbanwe kemistri nke oké osimiri n'ihi ikuku carbon anyị. N'ezie, ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ amụbawo acidity nke oké osimiri anyị site na 30% n'ime narị afọ abụọ gara aga. (Nke a kpuchie na ibe nyocha anyị na Nkwado Ocean). Oké osimiri na mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere njikọ na-enweghị atụ.
Oké osimiri na-ekere òkè dị mkpa n'ibelata mgbanwe ihu igwe site n'ije ozi dị ka nnukwu okpomọkụ na ikuku carbon. Oké osimiri ahụ na-enwekwa nnukwu mgbanwe ihu igwe, dị ka e gosiri site na mgbanwe okpomọkụ, oke mmiri na ịrị elu oke osimiri, ihe niile na-emetụta ahụ ike nke ụdị mmiri, n'ikpere mmiri na omimi nke oke osimiri. Ka nchegbu gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe na-abawanye, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti oke osimiri na mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-amata, ghọta ma tinye n'ime amụma gọọmentị.
Kemgbe mgbanwe mgbanwe nke ụlọ ọrụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ carbon dioxide dị na ikuku anyị amụbaala ihe karịrị 35%, bụ isi site na ọkụ nke mmanụ ọkụ. Mmiri nke oké osimiri, anụmanụ oké osimiri, na ebe obibi oké osimiri na-enyere oké osimiri aka inweta akụkụ dị ịrịba ama nke carbon dioxide na-esi n'ihe omume mmadụ na-eme.
Oke osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ enweelarị mmetụta dị ukwuu nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta ya na-eso ya. Ha na-agụnye ikpo ọkụ ikuku na mmiri, mgbanwe oge nke ụdị, coral bleaching, ịrị elu oke osimiri, mmiri ozuzo n'ụsọ oké osimiri, mbuze n'ụsọ oké osimiri, okooko osisi algal na-emerụ ahụ, mpaghara hypoxic (ma ọ bụ nwụrụ anwụ), ọrịa mmiri ọhụrụ, ọnwụ nke mammals mmiri, mgbanwe na ọkwa nke mmiri. mmiri ozuzo, na ịkụ azụ̀ na-ebelata. Na mgbakwunye, anyị nwere ike ịtụ anya ihe omume ihu igwe ka njọ (oké ọkọchị, idei mmiri, oke ifufe), nke na-emetụta ebe obibi na ụdị. Iji chebe gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri anyị bara uru, anyị ga-eme ihe.
Ngwọta zuru oke maka oke osimiri na mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ ibelata nke ukwuu ikuku ikuku ikuku. Nkwekọrịta mba ụwa kachasị ọhụrụ iji dozie mgbanwe ihu igwe, nkwekọrịta Paris, abanyela na 2016. Imezu ebumnuche nke nkwekọrịta Paris ga-achọ ime ihe na ọkwa mba ụwa, mba, mpaghara, na obodo gburugburu ụwa. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, carbon na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nwere ike inye usoro maka nhazi oge na nchekwa nke carbon. “Carbon na-acha anụnụ anụnụ” bụ carbon dioxide nke oké osimiri na gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri weghaara. A na-echekwa carbon a n'ụdị biomass na sedimenti sitere na mangroves, mmiri mmiri na ala ahịhịa juru. Ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara Carbon Blue nwere ike ịbụ chọtara ebe a.
N'otu oge ahụ, ọ dị mkpa maka ahụ ike nke oke osimiri-na anyị-na a na-ezere ihe iyi egwu ndị ọzọ, nakwa na a na-ejikwa nlezianya na-elekọta ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri anyị. O dokwara anya na site n'ibelata nrụgide ozugbo site na oke ọrụ mmadụ, anyị nwere ike ịbawanye nkwụsi ike nke ụdị oké osimiri na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ụzọ dị otú a, anyị nwere ike itinye ego na ahụike nke oké osimiri na "usoro nchebe ya" site n'iwepụ ma ọ bụ ibelata ọtụtụ ọrịa ndị dị nta nke ọ na-enwe. Iweghachi ọtụtụ ụdị oké osimiri—nke mangroves, ahịhịa ahịhịa dị n’oké osimiri, nke coral, ọhịa kelp, nke ịkụ azụ̀, nke ndụ oké osimiri nile—ga-enyere oké osimiri aka ịnọgide na-enye ọrụ ndị ndụ nile dabeere na ya.
The Ocean Foundation na-arụ ọrụ na oké osimiri na mgbanwe ihu igwe kemgbe 1990; na Ocean Acidification kemgbe 2003; na ihe metụtara "carbon acha anụnụ anụnụ" kemgbe 2007. The Ocean Foundation na-akwado Blue Resilience Initiative nke na-achọ ịkwalite amụma nke na-akwalite ọrụ ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na nke oké osimiri na-egwu dị ka ikuku carbon sitere n'okike, ya bụ carbon na-acha anụnụ anụnụ ma wepụta ya mbụ Blue Carbon Offset. Ihe mgbako na 2012 iji nye onyinye carbon ọrụ ebere maka ndị na-enye onyinye, ntọala, ụlọ ọrụ, na ihe omume site na mweghachi na nchekwa nke ebe obibi dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-echekwa ma na-echekwa carbon, gụnyere ahịhịa ahịhịa, oke ọhịa mangrove, na ahịhịa ahịhịa saltmarsh. Maka ozi ndị ọzọ, biko hụ Initiative nke Blue Resilience nke Ocean Foundation maka ozi gbasara oru na-aga n'ihu yana ịmụta ka ị ga-esi mebie akara ụkwụ carbon gị site na iji TOF's Blue Carbon Offset Calculator.
Ndị ọrụ Ocean Foundation na-eje ozi na bọọdụ ndụmọdụ maka ụlọ ọrụ mmekorita maka oke osimiri, ihu igwe na nchekwa, yana The Ocean Foundation bụ onye otu Oke osimiri & ihu igwe Platform. Ebe ọ bụ na 2014, TOF enyela ndụmọdụ ọrụ aka na-aga n'ihu na Global Environment Facility (GEF) International Waters focal area nke mere ka GEF Blue Forests Project nye nyocha mbụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ụkpụrụ ndị metụtara ọrụ carbon na gburugburu ebe obibi. TOF na-eduga ugbu a ọrụ mweghachi nke oke osimiri na mangrove na Jobos Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve na mmekorita ya na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Eke na gburugburu ebe obibi Puerto Rico.
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2. Ihe ndabere nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na oke osimiri
Tanaka, K., na Van Houtan, K. (2022, Febụwarị 1). Nhazi nke oke okpomọkụ mmiri mmiri na nso nso a. PLOS ihu igwe, 1 (2), e0000007. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000007
Aquarium Monterey Bay achọpụtala na kemgbe afọ 2014, ihe karịrị ọkara nke oke okpomọkụ dị n'elu ụwa na-agarịrị na njedebe oke okpomọkụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme. N'afọ 2019, 57% nke oke osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ dekọtara oke ọkụ. N'otu aka ahụ, n'oge mgbanwe nke abụọ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, naanị 2% nke elu elu dekọrọ ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị otú ahụ. Okpomọkụ ndị a dị oke ọkụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eme na-eyi ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri egwu egwu ma na-eyi ike ha nwere inye obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri egwu.
Garcia-Soto, C., Cheng, L., Caesar, L., Schmidtko, S., Jewett, EB, Cheripka, A., … & Abraham, JP (2021, Septemba 21). Nleba anya nke ihe ngosi mgbanwe ihu igwe nke oke osimiri: Okpomọkụ dị n'elu oke osimiri, Ọdịnaya Okpomọkụ nke oke osimiri, oke mmiri pH, Mgbasa ikuku oxygen, Oke oke osimiri Arctic, ịdị arọ na olu, ọkwa oke osimiri na ike nke AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation). Oke na Sayensị Marine. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372
Ihe ngosi mgbanwe ihu igwe nke oke osimiri asaa, Okpomọkụ dị n'elu oke osimiri, Ọdịnaya Okpomọkụ oke osimiri, Oke pH, Mgbasa Oxygen Gbasara, Ogologo Oké Osimiri Arctic, Ọkpụrụkpụ, na Mpịakọta, na Ike nke Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation bụ isi usoro maka ịlele mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ịghọta ihe ngosi mgbanwe ihu igwe na akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke ugbu a dị mkpa maka ịkọ usoro n'ọdịnihu na ichebe usoro mmiri anyị site na mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe.
Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ihu Igwe Ụwa. (2021). 2021 steeti ọrụ ihu igwe: mmiri. Òtù Meteoro Ụwa. PDF.
Otu World Meteorological Organisation na-enyocha ohere na ike nke ndị na-enye ọrụ ihu igwe metụtara mmiri. Imezu ebumnuche mmegharị na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe ga-achọ nnukwu ego na akụrụngwa iji hụ na obodo ha nwere ike ime mgbanwe na mmetụta mmiri na ihe ịma aka nke mgbanwe ihu igwe. Dabere na nchoputa a na-enye ndụmọdụ isii dị mkpa iji kwalite ọrụ ihu igwe maka mmiri n'ụwa nile.
Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ihu Igwe Ụwa. (2021). United na Sayensị 2021: Nchịkọta Ọkwa dị elu nke Multi-Organizational nke Ozi Sayensị Climate Kacha ọhụrụ. Òtù Meteoro Ụwa. PDF.
Otu World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) achọpụtala na mgbanwe na-adịbeghị anya na usoro ihu igwe bụ nke a na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya na ikuku na-aga n'ihu na-arị elu na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ ahụ ike dịkwuo njọ ma na-ebutekarị ihu igwe dị egwu (lee n'elu infographic maka nchọpụta isi). Akụkọ a zuru oke na-achịkọta data nleba anya ihu igwe dị mkpa metụtara ikuku ikuku griin haus, ịrị elu okpomọkụ, mmetọ ikuku, ihe omume ihu igwe dị oke egwu, ịrị elu oke osimiri, na mmetụta dị n'akụkụ osimiri. Ọ bụrụ na ikuku ikuku griin na-aga n'ihu na-arị elu na-eso usoro a na-eme ugbu a, ịrị elu oke osimiri ga-adị n'etiti 0.6-1.0 mita site na 2100, na-akpata ọdachi nye obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.
National Academy of Sciences. (2020). Mgbanwe ihu igwe: Nwelite ihe akaebe na ihe kpatara 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25733.
Sayensị doro anya, ụmụ mmadụ na-agbanwe ihu igwe ụwa. Njikọ aka US National Academy of Sciences na UK Royal Society akụkọ na-arụ ụka na ogologo oge mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-adabere na mkpokọta CO.2 - na gas ndị ọzọ griin haus (GHGs) - na-ebute n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ. GHG dị elu ga-eduga n'oké osimiri na-ekpo ọkụ, ịrị elu nke oke osimiri, agbaze nke ice Arctic, yana ịba ụba nke ebili mmiri.
Yozell, S., Stuart, J., na Rouleau, T. (2020). Ndekọ ihe ọghọm ihu igwe na oke osimiri. Ihu igwe, ihe egwu dị n'oké osimiri, yana oru nwughari. Ebe Stimson, Mmemme Nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi. PDF.
Climate na Ocean Risk Vulnerability Index (CORVI) bụ ngwa eji achọpụta ihe egwu gbasara ego, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na-ebute obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Akụkọ a na-emetụta usoro CORVI na obodo Caribbean abụọ: Castries, Saint Lucia na Kingston, Jamaica. Castries achọtala ihe ịga nke ọma na ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ ya, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-eche ihe ịma aka ihu n'ihi nnukwu ịdabere na njem nlegharị anya yana enweghị ụkpụrụ dị irè. Obodo na-aga n'ihu mana a ga-emekwu nke ọma iji kwalite atụmatụ obodo karịsịa nke idei mmiri na mmetụta idei mmiri. Kingston nwere akụ na ụba dị iche iche na-akwado ntụkwasị obi na-abawanye, mana ime obodo ngwa ngwa na-eyi ọtụtụ ihe ngosi CORVI egwu, Kingston etinyere nke ọma iji lebara mgbanwe ihu igwe anya mana enwere ike ịkabiga ya ókè ma ọ bụrụ na a naghị edozi okwu gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mbọ mbelata ihu igwe.
Figueres, C. na Rivett-Carnac, T. (2020, Febụwarị 25). Ọdịnihu Anyị na-ahọrọ: Ịlanahụ Nsogbu ihu igwe. Mbipụta Vintage.
Ọdịnihu Anyị na-ahọrọ bụ akụkọ ịdọ aka ná ntị nke ọdịnihu abụọ maka ụwa, ihe atụ mbụ bụ ihe ga-eme ma ọ bụrụ na anyị emezughị ebumnuche nke nkwekọrịta Paris na ọnọdụ nke abụọ na-atụle ihe ụwa ga-adị ka ma ọ bụrụ na ebumnuche ikuku carbon bụ. zutere. Figueres na Rivett-Carnac mara na maka oge mbụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme anyị nwere isi obodo, nkà na ụzụ, atumatu, na nkà mmụta sayensị iji ghọta na anyị dị ka ọha mmadụ ga- ọkara anyị emissions site 2050. Ọgbọ gara aga enweghị ihe ọmụma a na ọ ga-anọrịrị maka ụmụ anyị, oge ime ihe bụ ugbu a.
Lenton, T., Rockström, J., Gaffney, O., Rahmstorf, S., Richardson, K., Steffen, W. na Schellnhuber, H. (2019, Nọvemba 27). Ọnụ ntụnye ihu igwe - Ọ dị oke egwu ịga n'ihu: Mmelite Eprel 2020. Magazin okike. PDF.
Ntụnye aka, ma ọ bụ ihe omume nke usoro ụwa enweghị ike ị nwetaghachi, nwere ike dị elu karịa echiche nwere ike ibute mgbanwe na-adịte aka na-agaghị agbanwe agbanwe. Ice ọdịda na cryosphere na Amundsen Oké Osimiri dị na West Antarctic nwere ike agafeworị ebe ntụnye ha. Isi ihe nrịbama ndị ọzọ - dị ka igbutu oke ọhịa nke Amazon na ihe omume ịcha ọcha na Great Barrier Reef nke Australia - na-abịa ngwa ngwa. Ekwesịrị ime nyocha ndị ọzọ iji meziwanye nghọta mgbanwe mgbanwe ndị a na-eme na ohere inwe mmetụta nhụsianya. Oge ime ihe bụ ugbu a tupu Ụwa agafe ebe ọ bụla na-enweghị nlọghachi.
Peterson, J. (2019, Nọvemba). Oke osimiri ọhụrụ: Atụmatụ maka ịzaghachi oke mmiri ozuzo na oke osimiri na-ebili. Island Press.
Mmetụta nke oké ifufe siri ike na oke osimiri na-arị elu bụ ihe a na-apụghị ịhụ anya na ọ ga-abụ ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume ileghara anya. Mmebi, mfu ihe onwunwe, na ọdịda akụrụngwa n'ihi oke mmiri ozuzo na oke osimiri na-ebili bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere. Agbanyeghị, sayensị enweela ọganihu nke ukwuu n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, enwere ike ime ihe ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na gọọmentị United States emee omume mmegharị ngwa ngwa na iche echiche. Oke osimiri na-agbanwe mana site n'ịbawanye ikike, imejuputa atumatu ezi uche dị na ya, na ịkwado mmemme ogologo oge enwere ike ijikwa ihe egwu dị na ya na enwere ike igbochi ọdachi.
Kulp, S. na Strauss, B. (2019, Ọktoba 29). Atụmatụ Ntụle Atọ n'Elivation Ọhụrụ nke adịghị ike zuru ụwa ọnụ n'oke oke oke osimiri yana idei mmiri. Nkwukọrịta okike 10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z
Kulp na Strauss na-atụ aro na ikuku dị elu jikọtara ya na mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-eduga n'ọkwa mmiri dị elu karịa nke a tụrụ anya ya. Ha na-eme atụmatụ na idei mmiri ga-emetụta otu ijeri mmadụ site n'afọ 2100, n'ime ha, nde 230 ga-ebi n'ime otu mita nke ahịrị oke mmiri. Ọtụtụ atụmatụ na-etinye nkezi ọkwa oke osimiri na mita 2 n'ime narị afọ na-abịa, ọ bụrụ na Kulp na Strauss ziri ezi mgbe ahụ ọtụtụ narị nde mmadụ ga-anọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịla n'iyi n'oké osimiri.
Powell, A. (2019, Ọktoba 2). Ọkọlọtọ uhie na-ebili na okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ na oke osimiri. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Harvard Gazette. PDF.
Otu Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) na-akọ banyere oké osimiri na Cryosphere - nke e bipụtara na 2019 - dọrọ aka ná ntị banyere mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe, Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkachamara Harvard zara na akụkọ a nwere ike ibelata nsogbu ahụ ngwa ngwa. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmadụ na-akọ ugbu a na ha kwenyere na mgbanwe ihu igwe Otú ọ dị, nchọpụta na-egosi na ndị mmadụ na-enwe nchegbu karị maka okwu ndị na-emekarị na ndụ ha kwa ụbọchị dị ka ọrụ, nlekọta ahụike, ọgwụ, wdg. Ọ bụ ezie na n'ime afọ ise gara aga mgbanwe ihu igwe aghọwo a Ihe kacha mkpa dị ka ndị mmadụ na-enweta oke okpomọkụ, oke mmiri ozuzo na ọkụ zuru ebe niile. Ozi ọma ahụ bụ na enwere mmata ọha na eze ugbu a karịa mgbe ọ bụla ma enwere mmegharị "ala elu" na-eto eto maka mgbanwe.
Hoegh-Goldberg, O., Caldeira, K., Chopin, T., Gaines, S., Haugan, P., Hemer, M., …, & Tyedmers, P. (2019, Septemba 23) Oke osimiri dị ka ihe ngwọta ka mgbanwe ihu igwe: Ohere ise maka ime ihe. Ogwe ọkwa dị elu maka akụ na ụba oke osimiri na-adịgide adịgide. Ewepụtara: https://dev-oceanpanel.pantheonsite.io/sites/default/files/2019-09/19_HLP_Report_Ocean_Solution_Climate_Change_final.pdf
Omume ihu igwe dabere n'oké osimiri nwere ike ịrụ nnukwu ọrụ n'ibelata akara ukwu carbon nke ụwa na-ebuga ihe ruru 21% nke mbelata ikuku griin kwa afọ dịka nkwekọrịta Paris kwere. E bipụtara ya site High-Level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy, otu ndị isi obodo iri na anọ na ndị ọchịchị na Mgbakọ Mgbakọ nke UN Secretary General's Climate Action nke akụkọ a dị omimi gosipụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti oke osimiri na ihu igwe. Akuko a gosiputara uzo ise nke ohere tinyere ike mmeghari ohuru nke oke osimiri; njem nke sitere n'oké osimiri; gburugburu osimiri na mmiri; ịkụ azụ̀, aquaculture, na nri ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe; na nchekwa carbon n'ime oke osimiri.
Kennedy, KM (2019, Septemba). Ịtinye ọnụ ahịa na carbon: Nyochaa ọnụ ahịa carbon na amụma nkwado maka ụwa 1.5 Celsius. Ụlọ ọrụ ihe onwunwe ụwa. Ewepụtara: https://www.wri.org/publication/evaluating-carbon-price
Ọ dị mkpa itinye ọnụahịa na carbon iji belata ikuku carbon na ọkwa nke nkwekọrịta Paris setịpụrụ. Ọnụ ego carbon bụ ụgwọ a na-etinye na ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-emepụta ikuku griin haus iji gbanwee ọnụ ahịa mgbanwe ihu igwe site na ọha mmadụ gaa na ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ikuku na-enye ihe mkpali iji belata ikuku. Atumatu na mmemme agbakwunyere iji kpalite ihe ọhụrụ na ime ka ndị ọzọ carbon-carbon mara mma nke akụ na ụba dịkwa mkpa iji nweta nsonaazụ ogologo oge.
Maccreadie, P., Anton, A., Raven, J., Beaumont, N., Connolly, R., Friess, D., …, & Duarte, C. (2019, Septemba 05) Ọdịnihu nke Sayensị Carbon Blue. Nkwukọrịta okike, 10(3998). E si na: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-11693-w
Ọrụ nke Carbon Blue, echiche na gburugburu ebe obibi ahịhịa ahịhịa dị n'ụsọ osimiri na-atụnye oke oke ikuku carbon zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu na mbelata na mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe mba ụwa. Sayensị Carbon Blue na-aga n'ihu na-eto na nkwado yana o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-agbasawanye n'obosara site na nleba anya na nnwale ndị ọzọ dị elu yana scalable yana mmụba ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị multidisciplinary sitere na mba dị iche iche.
Heneghan, R., Hatton, I., & Galbraith, E. (2019, Mee 3). Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri site na oghere nke ụdịdị nha nha. Isiokwu na-apụta na Sayensị Ndụ, 3(2), 233-243. E si na: http://www.emergtoplifesci.org/content/3/2/233.abstract
Mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ okwu dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-eme mgbanwe na-enweghị atụ n'ofe ụwa; karịsịa, ọ kpatala nnukwu mgbanwe na nhazi na ọrụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri. Edemede a na-enyocha ka oghere anya na-ejighị ya nke nnukwu ụdị ụdị dị iche iche nwere ike isi nye ngwaọrụ ọhụrụ maka nyochaa mmegharị gburugburu ebe obibi.
Ụlọ ọrụ Woods Hole Oceanographic. (2019). Ịghọta nrịgo elu nke oke osimiri: Ileba anya nke ọma n'ihe atọ na-enye aka na ịrị elu oke osimiri n'akụkụ US East Coast na otú ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị si amụ ihe a. Emepụtara na mmekorita ya na Christopher Piecuch, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Osisi Hole (MA): WHOI. DOI 10.1575/1912/24705
Ebe ọ bụ na narị afọ nke 20 nke oke osimiri arịgoro n'ogo isii ruo asatọ n'ụwa nile, ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ a adịghị agbanwe agbanwe. Ọdịiche dị na ịrị elu oke osimiri nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi nlọghachi azụ n'azụ, mgbanwe na mgbasa nke oke osimiri Atlantic, na agbaze nke mpempe akwụkwọ ice Antarctic. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwekọrịtara na ọkwa mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-aga n'ihu ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, mana a ga-achọkwu ọmụmụ ihe iji dozie oghere ihe ọmụma ma buru amụma nke ọma n'ókè nke ịrị elu oke osimiri n'ọdịnihu.
Rush, E. (2018). Na-ebili: Mbupu sitere na New American Shore. Canada: Mbipụta Milkweed.
N'ịbụ onye a gwara ya site n'ime onye mbụ, onye edemede Elizabeth Rush na-atụle nsonaazụ ndị obodo ndị na-adịghị ike na-eche ihu na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Akụkọ ụdị akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-akpakọ akụkọ eziokwu nke obodo ndị dị na Florida, Louisiana, Rhode Island, California, na New York bụ ndị nweworo mmetụta jọgburu onwe ya nke ajọ ifufe, oke ihu igwe, na oke mmiri na-ebili n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe.
Leiserowitz, A., Maibach, E., Roser-Renouf, C., Rosenthal, S. na Cutler, M. (2017, Julaị 5). Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Uche America: Mee 2017. Mmemme Yale na nkwukọrịta mgbanwe ihu igwe na Centerlọ Ọrụ Mahadum George Mason maka nkwukọrịta mgbanwe ihu igwe.
Nnyocha jikọrọ ọnụ nke Mahadum George Mason na Yale chọpụtara na pasent 90 nke ndị America amaghị na enwere nkwenye n'ime obodo sayensị na mgbanwe ihu igwe mmadụ kpatara bụ eziokwu. Agbanyeghị, ọmụmụ ahụ kwetara na ihe dị ka 70% nke ndị America kwenyere na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eme ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ. Naanị 17% nke ndị America “nwere oke nchegbu” maka mgbanwe ihu igwe, 57% nwere “nchegbu dịtụ,” na ihe ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ na-ahụ okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka ihe iyi egwu dị anya.
Goodell, J. (2017). Mmiri ahụ ga-abịa: oke osimiri na-arị elu, obodo ndị na-eri nri, na mweghachi nke ụwa mepere emepe. New York, New York: Obere, Brown, na Ụlọ ọrụ.
Agwara ya site na akụkọ nkeonwe, onye edemede Jeff Goodell tụlere oke mmiri na-arị elu gburugburu ụwa yana ihe ọ pụtara n'ọdịnihu. Site n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Hurricane Sandy na New York, nchọpụta Goodell na-ewega ya gburugburu ụwa iji tụlee ihe omume dị egwu dị mkpa iji mee mgbanwe na mmiri na-ebili. N'okwu mmalite, Goodell kwuru n'ụzọ ziri ezi na nke a abụghị akwụkwọ maka ndị na-achọ ịghọta njikọ dị n'etiti ihu igwe na carbon dioxide, kama ihe ahụmahụ mmadụ ga-adị ka ọkwa oke osimiri na-ebili.
Laffoley, D., & Baxter, JM (2016, Septemba). Na-akọwa okpomoku nke oke osimiri: Ihe kpatara, ogo, mmetụta, na ihe ga-esi na ya pụta. Akụkọ zuru oke. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature.
Otu International Union for Conservation of Nature na-ewepụta akụkọ gbasara eziokwu gbasara ọnọdụ oke osimiri. Akụkọ ahụ chọpụtara na okpomọkụ dị n'elu oke osimiri, kọntinenti okpomọkụ nke oke osimiri, ịrị elu nke oke osimiri, mgbaze nke glaciers na ice, ikuku CO2 na ikuku ikuku na-abawanye na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke nwere nnukwu nsonaazụ maka ụmụ mmadụ na ụdị mmiri na gburugburu ebe obibi nke oké osimiri. Akụkọ ahụ na-atụ aro ka a mata ịdị njọ nke okwu a, imekọ ihe ọnụ amụma mmekọ ọnụ maka nchekwa oke osimiri, nyocha ihe egwu emelitere, ilebara oghere dị na sayensị na mkpa ikike, ime ngwa ngwa, yana nweta mbelata dị ukwuu na gas griin haus. Okwu nke oké osimiri na-ekpo ọkụ bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya nke ga-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu, ụfọdụ nwere ike ịba uru, ma ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke mmetụta ga-adị njọ n'ụzọ ndị a na-aghọtabeghị nke ọma.
Poloczanska, E., Burrows, M., Brown, C., Molinos, J., Halpern, B., Hoegh-Goldberg, O., …, & Sydeman, W. (2016, Mee 4). Azịza nke ihe dị iche iche nke mmiri na-agbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ofe oke osimiri. Ọganihu na Sayensị Marine. Ewepụtara: doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00062
Ụdị mmiri na-anabata mmetụta nke ikuku griin haus na mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ụzọ a tụrụ anya ya. Nzaghachi ụfọdụ gụnyere ngbanwe nkesa n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ na nke miri emi, mbelata nke mgbako, ụbara ụdị mmiri ọkụ, na mfu nke gburugburu ebe obibi (dịka ọmụmaatụ coral reefs). Mgbanwe nke nzaghachi ndụ mmiri na ngbanwe na calcification, demography, n'ụba, nkesa, phenology nwere ike iduga na nhazigharị gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbanwe na ọrụ nke na-achọkwu ọmụmụ ihe.
Albert, S., Leon, J., Grinham, A., Churchka, J., Gibbes, B., na C. Woodroffe. (2016, Mee 6). Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Rise-Level Rise and Wave Exposure na Reef Island Dynamics na Solomon Islands. Akwụkwọ ozi nyocha gburugburu Vol. 11 Nke 05 .
Agwaetiti ise (otu hectare ise n'ibu) dị na Solomon Islands efuola n'ihi ịrị elu oke osimiri na mbuze n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Nke a bụ ihe akaebe sayensị mbụ nke mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na oke osimiri na ndị mmadụ. A kwenyere na ike ebili mmiri na-ekere òkè na-achọpụta mbibi nke agwaetiti ahụ. N'oge a, a na-emebisị àgwàetiti itoolu ndị ọzọ na mmiri mmiri ma yie ka ọ ga-apụ n'anya n'afọ ndị na-abịanụ.
Gattuso, JP, Magnan, A., Billé, R., Cheung, WW, Howes, EL, Joos, F., & Turley, C. (2015, Julaị 3). Ọdịnihu dị iche iche maka oke osimiri na ọha mmadụ sitere na ọnọdụ ikuku ikuku CO2 dị iche iche. Science, 349(6243). E si na: doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4722
Iji mee mgbanwe maka mgbanwe ihu igwe anthropogenic, oke osimiri ahụ agbanweela nke ukwuu physics, kemistri, ecology, na ọrụ ya. Atụmatụ ihe ndị dị ugbu a ga-agbanwe ngwa ngwa na nke ukwuu usoro gburugburu ebe obibi ndị mmadụ na-adabere na ya. Nhọrọ nchịkwa iji lebara oke osimiri na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe dị warara ka oke osimiri na-aga n'ihu na-ekpo ọkụ na acidify. Edemede a na-akọwa nke ọma mgbanwe na nso nso a na n'ọdịnihu n'oké osimiri na gburugburu ebe obibi ya, yana ngwa ahịa na ọrụ ndị gburugburu ebe obibi na-enye ụmụ mmadụ.
Ụlọ ọrụ maka mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na mmekọrịta mba ụwa. (2015, Septemba). Oke osimiri jikọtara ọnụ na ihu igwe: ihe ọ pụtara maka mkparịta ụka ihu igwe mba ụwa. Ihu igwe - Oke osimiri na mpaghara ala gbara osimiri okirikiri: Nkọwa amụma. Ewepụtara: https://www.iddri.org/en/publications-and-events/policy-brief/intertwined-ocean-and-climate-implications-international
N'inye nkọwa gbasara amụma, nkenke a na-akọwapụta njikọ dị n'etiti oke osimiri na mgbanwe ihu igwe, na-akpọ maka mbelata ikuku CO2 ozugbo. Akụkọ ahụ na-akọwa mkpa mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe ndị a dị na oke osimiri ma na-arụ ụka maka mbelata ihe ọkụkụ dị egwu na ọkwa mba ụwa, n'ihi na mmụba nke carbon dioxide ga-esiwanye ike imeri.
Stocker, T. (2015, Nọvemba 13). Ọrụ nkịtị nke oke osimiri ụwa. Science, 350(6262), 764-765. E si na: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/350/6262/764.abstract
Oke osimiri na-enye ọrụ dị oke mkpa na ụwa na ụmụ mmadụ bụ ihe bara uru zuru ụwa ọnụ, ihe niile na-abịa na ọnụ ahịa na-abawanye ụba nke ihe omume mmadụ na-eme na ụbara ikuku carbon. Onye edemede ahụ kwusiri ike na ọ dị mkpa ka ụmụ mmadụ tụlee mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na oké osimiri mgbe ha na-atụle mgbanwe na mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe nke anthropogenic, karịsịa site n'aka òtù gọọmentị etiti.
Levin, L. & Le Bris, N. (2015, Nọvemba 13). Oke osimiri miri emi n'okpuru mgbanwe ihu igwe. Sayensị, 350 (6262), 766-768. E si na: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/350/6262/766
Oké osimiri miri emi, n'agbanyeghị ọrụ ya dị oke mkpa nke gburugburu ebe obibi, a na-elegharakarị anya n'ọnọdụ mgbanwe ihu igwe na mbelata. N'ime omimi nke mita 200 na n'okpuru, oké osimiri na-amịkọrọ nnukwu carbon dioxide ma chọọ nlebara anya kpọmkwem na mmụba nyocha iji chebe iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na uru ya.
Mahadum McGill. (2013, June 14) Ọmụmụ nke Oceans' gara aga na-ewelite nchegbu banyere ọdịnihu ha. Sayensị kwa ụbọchị. Ewepụtara: sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130614111606.html
Ụmụ mmadụ na-agbanwe ọnụọgụ nitrogen dị na azụ n'oké osimiri site n'ịbawanye ọnụọgụ CO2 na ikuku anyị. Nchọpụta na-egosi na ọ ga-ewe ọtụtụ narị afọ maka oke osimiri iji dozie okirikiri nitrogen. Nke a na-ewelite nchegbu banyere ọnụego CO2 ugbu a na-abanye na ikuku anyị na ọ na-egosi ka oké osimiri nwere ike isi na-agbanwe kemịkalụ n'ụzọ anyị na-agaghị atụ anya.
Edemede dị n'elu na-enye okwu mmeghe dị nkenke n'ime mmekọrịta dị n'etiti acidification oké osimiri na mgbanwe ihu igwe, maka ozi ndị ọzọ, biko hụ ibe akụ nke Ocean Foundation na Oke acidification.
Fagan, B. (2013) Oke osimiri na-awakpo: Oge gara aga, ugbu a, na suture nke ọkwa oke osimiri na-ebili. Bloomsbury Press, New York.
Ebe ọ bụ na nke ikpeazụ Ice Age ọkwa oké osimiri bilitere 122 mita na ga-anọgide na-ebili. Fagan na-akpọrọ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ gburugburu ụwa site na Doggerland prehistoric nke dị ugbu a n'Oké Osimiri North, ruo Mesopotemia na Egypt oge ochie, Portugal colonial, China, na United States nke oge a, Bangladesh, na Japan. Ndị otu ndị dinta na-agagharị agagharị na-enwekarị ike ịkwaga ebe obibi n'ebe dị elu, mana ha chere ọgba aghara na-eto eto ka ndị mmadụ na-abawanye ụba. Taa, ọtụtụ nde mmadụ gburugburu ụwa nwere ike ị ga-akwaga ebe ọzọ n'ime afọ iri ise na-abịanụ ka ọkwa oke osimiri na-aga n'ihu.
Doney, S., Ruckelshaus, M., Duffy, E., Barry, J., Chan, F., Bekee, C., …, & Talley, L. (2012, Jenụarị). Mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na gburugburu mmiri. Nyocha kwa afọ nke sayensị mmiri, 4, 11-37. E si na: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-marine-041911-111611
N'ime gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri, mgbanwe ihu igwe na-ejikọta na mgbanwe mgbanwe okpomọkụ, mgbasa ozi, stratification, ntinye nri, ọdịnaya oxygen, na acidification oké osimiri. Enwekwara njikọ siri ike n'etiti ihu igwe na nkesa ụdị, phenology na igwe mmadụ. Ndị a nwere ike mechaa mebie ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrụ nke ụwa dabere na ya.
Vallis, GK (2012). Ihu igwe na oké osimiri. Princeton, New Jersey: Mahadum Princeton.
Enwere njikọ njikọ siri ike n'etiti ihu igwe na oke osimiri gosipụtara site n'asụsụ dị larịị na eserese nke echiche sayensị gụnyere sistemu ikuku na mmiri dị n'ime oke osimiri. Emepụtara dị ka ihe atụ atụnyere, Ihu igwe na oké osimiri na-eje ozi dị ka mmalite n'ime oke osimiri dị ka onye nhazi usoro ihu igwe nke Ụwa. Akwụkwọ ahụ na-enye ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ohere ịme mkpebi nke onwe ha, mana na ihe ọmụma iji ghọta n'ozuzu sayensị n'azụ ihu igwe.
Spalding, MJ (2011, Mee). Tupu Anyanwụ ada: Ịgbanwe Chemistry nke oke osimiri, akụrụngwa mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ na oke nke ngwa iwu anyị iji lebara mmerụ ahụ anya. Akwụkwọ akụkọ kọmitii Iwu gburugburu ụwa, 13(2). PDF.
A na-etinye carbon dioxide n'oké osimiri ma na-emetụta pH nke mmiri na usoro a na-akpọ ocean acidification. Iwu mba ụwa na iwu ụlọ na United States, n'oge edere, nwere ike itinye uwe ojii acidification oke osimiri, gụnyere UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, UN Convention on the Laws of the Sea, London Convention and Protocol. yana Iwu Nchọpụta na Nleba anya Acidification US Federal Ocean Act. Ọnụ ego nke enweghị ọrụ ga-akarịrị ọnụ ahịa akụ na ụba nke ịme ihe, yana ihe omume nke ugbu a dị mkpa.
Spalding, MJ (2011). Mgbanwe Oké Osimiri Na-ezighị ezi: Ihe Nketa Ọdịbendị n'okpuru mmiri dị n'oké osimiri na-eche mgbanwe kemịkalụ na nke anụ ahụ ihu. Nlebanya Ọdịbendị na nka nka, 2(1). PDF.
A na-eyi ebe ọdịnala ihe nketa dị n'okpuru mmiri egwu site na acidification oké osimiri na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-agbanwewanye kemistrị nke oke osimiri, ịrị elu oke osimiri, okpomoku nke oke osimiri, ikuku na-agbanwe agbanwe na mmụba ihu igwe na-abawanye; ndị a niile na-emetụta ichekwa ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke miri emi. Enwere ike imebi ihe na-enweghị atụ, Otú ọ dị, iweghachi usoro gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ibelata mmetọ nke ala, ibelata ikuku ikuku CO2, ibelata nrụgide mmiri, ịba ụba nlekota ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme na ịmepụta usoro iwu nwere ike ibelata mbibi nke saịtị ihe nketa omenala n'okpuru mmiri.
Hoegh-Goldberg, O., & Bruno, J. (2010, Jun 18). Mmetụta Mgbanwe ihu igwe na gburugburu gburugburu mmiri nke ụwa. Science, 328(5985), 1523-1528. E si na: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
Igwe ikuku ikuku na-arị elu ngwa ngwa na-ebuga oke osimiri gaa n'ọnọdụ ndị a na-ahụbeghị kemgbe ọtụtụ nde afọ ma na-ebute nsonaazụ dị egwu. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, mgbanwe ihu igwe anthropogenic ebutela nrụpụta oke osimiri, mgbanwe mgbanwe ntanetị nri, belata ọtụtụ ụdị na-akpụ ebe obibi, na-agbanwe ụdị dị iche iche, yana nnukwu ọrịa.
Spalding, MJ, & de Fontaubert, C. (2007). Mkpebi esemokwu maka ikwado mgbanwe ihu igwe na ọrụ na-agbanwe oke osimiri. Akụkọ na nyocha gbasara Iwu gburugburu. Ewepụtara: https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/ocean_climate_3.pdf
Enwere nguzozi nke ọma n'etiti nsonaazụ mpaghara yana uru zuru ụwa ọnụ, ọkachasị mgbe ị na-atụle mmetụta ọjọọ nke ọrụ ike ikuku na ebili mmiri. Ọ dị mkpa ka etinyere usoro nhazi esemokwu n'ọrụ n'akụkụ mmiri na ọrụ mmiri nke nwere ike imebi gburugburu ebe obibi mana ọ dị mkpa iji belata ịdabere na mmanụ ọkụ. A ghaghị ilebara mgbanwe ihu igwe anya na ụfọdụ ihe ngwọta ga-ewere ọnọdụ na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri na nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, iji belata mkparịta ụka esemokwu ga-agụnye ndị na-eme iwu, ndị obodo, ndị obodo, na mba ụwa iji hụ na a ga-eme ihe kachasị mma.
Spalding, MJ (2004, Ọgọst). Mgbanwe ihu igwe na oke osimiri. Otu Ndụmọdụ gbasara ụdị ndụ dị iche iche. Ewepụtara: http://markjspalding.com/download/publications/peer-reviewed-articles/ClimateandOceans.pdf
Oke osimiri na-enye ọtụtụ uru n'ihe gbasara akụrụngwa, ọnọdụ ihu igwe, na ịma mma. Otú ọ dị, a na-atụ anya na ikuku ikuku griin na-esi na ọrụ mmadụ gbanwee ga-agbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na nke mmiri ma mee ka nsogbu mmiri ọdịnala ka njọ (ịkụbiga azụ na mbibi ebe obibi). N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, enwere ohere maka mgbanwe site na nkwado ndị mmadụ iji jikọta oke osimiri na ihu igwe iji kwalite nkwụsi ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi kachasị n'ihe ize ndụ site na mgbanwe ihu igwe.
Bigg, GR, Jickells, TD, Liss, PS, & Osborn, TJ (2003, Ọgọst 1). Ọrụ nke oké osimiri na ihu igwe. Akwụkwọ akụkọ International nke Climatology, 23, 1127-1159. E si na: doi.org/10.1002/joc.926
Oké osimiri bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro ihu igwe. Ọ dị mkpa na mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na nkesa nke okpomọkụ, mmiri, gas, irighiri ihe, na ike. Ego mmefu mmiri dị ọcha nke oke osimiri na-ebelata ma bụrụ isi ihe maka ogo na ogologo ndụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe.
Dore, JE, Lukas, R., Sadler, DW, & Karl, DM (2003, Ọgọst 14). Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-ebute na ikuku ikuku CO2 na mpaghara ebe okpomọkụ dị na North Pacific Ocean. okike, 424(6950), 754-757. E si na: doi.org/10.1038/nature01885
Enwere ike imetụta oke ikuku carbon dioxide site na mmiri oke osimiri site na mgbanwe nke oke mmiri ozuzo na ikuku ikuku na-ebute site na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ebe ọ bụ na 1990, enweela mbelata dị ukwuu na ike nke CO2 sink, nke bụ n'ihi mmụba nke nrụgide akụkụ nke oke osimiri CO2 kpatara site na evaporation na ntinye uche nke solutes na mmiri.
Revelle, R., & Suess, H. (1957). Mgbanwe Carbon Dioxide n'etiti ikuku na oke osimiri na ajụjụ nke mmụba na ikuku CO2 n'ime afọ iri gara aga. La Jolla, California: Ụlọ ọrụ Scripps nke Oceanography, Mahadum California.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke CO2 na ikuku, ọnụego na usoro nke CO2 mgbanwe n'etiti oké osimiri na ikuku, na mgbanwe nke mmiri organic carbon ka amụrụ kemgbe obere oge ka mmalite nke Industrial Revolution. Mkpokọta mmanụ ọkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ kemgbe mmalite nke mgbanwe mgbanwe nke ụlọ ọrụ, ihe karịrị afọ 150 gara aga, akpatala mmụba nke nkezi okpomọkụ nke oke osimiri, mbelata nke ọdịnaya carbon nke ala, yana mgbanwe n'ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị n'oké osimiri. Akwụkwọ a jere ozi dị ka isi ihe dị mkpa na ọmụmụ banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe ma nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu ọmụmụ sayensị na ọkara narị afọ kemgbe e bipụtara ya.
Azụ n'elu
3. Mbugharị ụdị osimiri na oke osimiri n'ihi mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe
Hu, S., Sprintall, J., Guan, C., McPhaden, M., Wang, F., Hu, D., Cai, W. (2020, February 5). Ọganihu miri emi nke Mgbasa oke osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga. Ọganihu Sayensị. EAAX7727. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/6/eaax7727
Oké osimiri amalitela ịgafe ngwa ngwa n'ime afọ iri atọ gara aga. Mmụba ike ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke oke osimiri bụ n'ihi mmụba nke ikuku dị n'elu nke okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-akpali, karịsịa gburugburu ebe okpomọkụ. Usoro a dị nnọọ ukwuu karịa mgbanwe okike ọ bụla na-atụ aro ịbawanye ọsọ dị ugbu a ga-aga n'ihu n'ime ogologo oge.
Whitcomb, I. (2019, Ọgọst 12). Otutu Shark Blacktip na-agba na Long Island maka oge mbụ. LiveScience. Ewepụtara: livecience.com/sharks-vacation-in-hamptons.html
Kwa afọ, shark blacktip na-akwaga n'ebe ugwu n'oge ọkọchị na-achọ mmiri oyi. N'oge gara aga, shark ga-eji oge okpomọkụ ha dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Carolinas, ma n'ihi mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ nke oké osimiri, ha aghaghị ịgafe n'ebe ugwu ruo Long Island iji chọta mmiri dị jụụ. N'oge a na-ebipụta ya, amabeghị ma shark na-akwaga n'ebe dị anya n'ebe ugwu n'onwe ha ma ọ bụ na-eso anụ oriri ha na-aga n'ebe ugwu.
Egwu, D. (2019, Julaị 31). Mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-akpalite mmụba nwa nke nshịkọ. Mgbe ahụ, ndị na-eri anụ ga-esi na ndịda kwaga ma rie ha. The Washington Post. Ewepụtara: https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2019/07/31/climate-change-will-spark-blue-crab-baby-boom-then-predators-will-relocate-south-eat-them/?utm_term=.3d30f1a92d2e
Nshịkọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-eme nke ọma na mmiri ọkụ nke Chesapeake Bay. N'ihe na-eme ugbu a nke mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ, n'oge na-adịghị anya crabs na-acha anụnụ anụnụ agaghịzi adị mkpa ka ọ na-egwupụta n'oge oyi iji dị ndụ, nke ga-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-arị elu. Mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nwere ike ịrata ụfọdụ anụ n'ime mmiri ọhụrụ.
Furby, K. (2018, Juun 14). Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-ebugharị azụ na-agba ọsọ ọsọ karịa iwu nwere ike ijikwa, ọmụmụ na-ekwu. The Washington Post. Ewepụtara: washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/06/14/climate-change- is-moving-fish-round-faster- than-laws-can-handle-study-says
Ụdị azụ̀ ndị dị mkpa dị ka salmon na mackerel na-akwaga n'ókèala ọhụrụ na-achọ ka e nwekwuo nkwado mba ụwa iji hụ na ọ ga-aba ụba. Akụkọ ahụ na-atụgharị uche na esemokwu nke nwere ike ibilite mgbe ụdị dị iche iche na-agafe ókèala mba site n'echiche nke nchikota nke iwu, amụma, akụ na ụba, oceanography, na ecology.
Poloczanska, ES, Burrows, MT, Brown, CJ, García Molinos, J., Halpern, BS, Hoegh-Goldberg, O., … & Sydeman, WJ (2016, Mee 4). Azịza nke ihe dị iche iche nke mmiri na-agbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ofe oke osimiri. Oke na Sayensị Marine, 62. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00062
Database Change Climate Change Mmetụta (MCID) na akụkọ nyocha nke ise nke otu gọọmentị etiti na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-enyocha mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na-ebute. N'ozuzu, ụdị nzaghachi mgbanwe ihu igwe kwekọrọ na atụmanya, gụnyere ogologo na mgbanwe nkesa miri emi, ọganihu n'ime phenology, ọdịda nke calcification, na mmụba n'ụba ụdị mmiri ọkụ. Mpaghara na ụdị ndị na-edebeghị mmetụta metụtara mgbanwe ihu igwe, apụtaghị na ọ dịghị emetụta ha, kama na a ka nwere oghere na nyocha.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric nchịkwa. (2013, Septemba). Abụọ na-ewere na mgbanwe ihu igwe na oké osimiri? Ọrụ Oke Osimiri Mba: Ngalaba Azụmahịa United States. Ewepụtara: http://web.archive.org/web/20161211043243/http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2013/09/9_30_13two_takes_on_climate_change_in_ocean.html
Ndụ mmiri n'akụkụ niile nke yinye nri na-atụgharị gaa n'osisi iji nọrọ jụụ ka ihe na-ekpo ọkụ na mgbanwe ndị a nwere ike inwe nnukwu nsonaazụ akụ na ụba. Ụdị dị iche iche na-agbanwe na mbara igwe na oge abụghị ihe niile na-eme n'otu oge ahụ, ya mere na-akpaghasị weebụ nri na usoro ndụ siri ike. Ugbu a karịa mgbe ọ bụla ọ dị mkpa igbochi ịkụ azụ na-aga n'ihu na-akwado mmemme nlekota ogologo oge.
Poloczanska, E., Brown, C., Sydeman, W., Kiessling, W., Schoeman, D., Moore, P., …, & Richardson, A. (2013, Ọgọst 4). Mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na ndụ mmiri. Mgbanwe ihu igwe okike, 3, 919-925. E si na: https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1958
N'ime afọ iri gara aga, enweela mgbanwe n'usoro zuru oke na phenology, igwe mmadụ, na nkesa ụdị dị iche iche na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri. Ọmụmụ ihe a chịkọtara ihe ọmụmụ niile dịnụ nke nyocha ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na atụmanya n'okpuru mgbanwe ihu igwe; ha hụrụ nzaghachi ndu mmiri dị 1,735 bụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe mpaghara ma ọ bụ nke ụwa bụ isi mmalite.
Azụ n'elu
4. Hypoxia (mpaghara nwụrụ anwụ)
Hypoxia bụ ọkwa oxygen dị ala ma ọ bụ mebie ya. A na-ejikọta ya na njupụta nke algae nke na-eduga n'ibelata ikuku oxygen mgbe algae na-anwụ, na-adaba na ala, na decompose. Ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ dị elu, mmiri ọkụ na ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme ka ihe dị ndụ na-eme ka hypoxia dịkwuo njọ n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe.
Slabosky, K. (2020, Ọgọst 18). Oxygen nwere ike ịpụ n'oké osimiri?. TED-Ed. E si na: https://youtu.be/ovl_XbgmCbw
Vidio a na-emegharị ahụ na-akọwa otú e si emepụta hypoxia ma ọ bụ mpaghara nwụrụ anwụ na Ọwara Mexico na n'ofe. Nri nri ugbo na fatịlaịza na-agbapụ bụ isi ihe na-enye aka na mpaghara ndị nwụrụ anwụ, na a ghaghị iwebata usoro ọrụ ugbo iji chebe ụzọ mmiri anyị na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri na-eyi egwu. Ọ bụ ezie na ekwughị ya na vidiyo ahụ, mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eme na-amụbakwa ugboro na ike nke mpaghara nwụrụ anwụ.
Bates, N., na Johnson, R. (2020) Mmụba nke ikpo ọkụ n'oké osimiri, salinification, deoxygenation na acidification na Surface Subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. Nkwukọrịta Ụwa & Gburugburu Ebe Obibi. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00030-5
Ọnọdụ mmiri ọgwụ na nke anụ ahụ na-agbanwe. Ebe data anakọtara na oke osimiri Sargasso n'oge 2010 na-enye ozi dị oke mkpa maka ụdị ikuku ikuku na ihe atụ-data afọ iri ruo afọ iri nke okirikiri carbon zuru ụwa ọnụ. Bates na Johnson chọpụtara na okpomọkụ na salinity dị na Subtropical North Atlantic Ocean dịgasị iche n'ime afọ iri anọ gara aga n'ihi mgbanwe oge na mgbanwe na alkalinity. Ọnụahịa ahịa kachasị elu nke CO2 na acidification oké osimiri mere n'oge ikuku ikuku CO kacha ike2 eto eto.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric nchịkwa. (2019, Mee 24). Gịnị bụ Mpaghara Nwụrụ Anwụ? Ọrụ Oke Osimiri Mba: Ngalaba Azụmahịa United States. Ewepụtara: oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/deadzone.html
Mpaghara nwụrụ anwụ bụ okwu a na-ahụkarị maka hypoxia ma na-ezo aka na mbelata nke ikuku oxygen na mmiri na-eduga na ọzara ndu. Mpaghara ndị a na-apụta n'okike, mana ọrụ mmadụ na-ebuwanye ibu ma na-akwalite ya site na mmiri dị ọkụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe kpatara. Ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ nke na-asọpụta n'ala na n'ime mmiri bụ isi ihe na-akpata mmụba nke mpaghara ndị nwụrụ anwụ.
Ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa gburugburu. (2019, Eprel 15). Mmetọ nri na-edozi ahụ, Mmetụta: gburugburu. Ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa gburugburu nke United States. Ewepụtara: https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/effects-environment
Mmetọ nri na-edozi ahụ na-akwalite uto nke algal blooms (HABs), nke na-enwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri. HAB mgbe ụfọdụ nwere ike ịmepụta nsị nke obere azụ na-eri ma na-arụ ọrụ n'usoro nri wee bụrụ ihe na-emebi ndụ mmiri. Ọbụna mgbe ha emepụtaghị ihe ndị na-egbu egbu, ha na-egbochi ìhè anyanwụ, na-akụchi azụ azụ, na-emepụta mpaghara ndị nwụrụ anwụ. Mpaghara ndị nwụrụ anwụ bụ mpaghara mmiri na-enweghị oxygen ma ọ bụ nke na-etolite mgbe okooko osisi algal na-eri oxygen ka ha na-anwụ na-eme ka ndụ mmiri pụọ n'ebe ahụ metụtara.
Blaszczak, JR, Delesantro, JM, Urban, DL, Doyle, MW, & Bernhardt, ES (2019). A tara ahụhụ ma ọ bụ kpagbuo: Sistemụ iyi iyi obodo na-amagharị n'etiti oke ikuku oxygen na agbazere. Limnology na Oceanography, 64 (3), 877-894. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11081
Mpaghara dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri abụghị naanị ebe ọnọdụ mpaghara nwụrụ anwụ na-abawanye n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe. Imiri iyi nke obodo na osimiri na-asọpụta mmiri site na mpaghara ndị a na-ere ahịa nke ukwuu bụ ebe a na-ahụkarị maka mpaghara hypoxic nwụrụ anwụ, na-ahapụ ihe osise na-adịghị mma maka ihe ndị dị ndụ na-akpọ mmiri mmiri mepere emepe ebe obibi. Oké mmiri ozuzo na-emepụta ọdọ mmiri nke ihe oriri na-agba ọsọ nke na-anọgide na-adị hypoxic ruo mgbe oké ifufe na-esote ga-ekpochapụ ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ.
Breitburg, D., Levin, L., Oschiles, A., Grégoire, M., Chavez, F., Conley, D., …, & Zhang, J. (2018, Jenuarị 5). Na-ebelata ikuku oxygen na oke osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ na mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Science, 359(6371). E si na: doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7240
N'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ nke mụbara ọnọdụ okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nri ndị a na-agbanye n'ime mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ikuku oxygen nke oke osimiri dum bụ ma na-ebelata ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ iri ise gara aga. Ọkwa ikuku oxygen na-agbadata n'oké osimiri nwere ma nsonaazụ ndu na nke gburugburu ebe obibi na mpaghara mpaghara na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụwa.
Breitburg, D., Grégoire, M., & Isensee, K. (2018). Oké osimiri na-efunahụ ume ya: Oxygen na-ebelata n'oké osimiri na mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. IOC-UNESCO, Usoro nka nka IOC, 137. Ewepụtara: https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/232562/1/Technical%20Brief_Go2NE.pdf
Oxygen na-agbada n'oké osimiri na ụmụ mmadụ bụ isi ihe kpatara ya. Nke a na-eme mgbe a na-eri oxygen karịa ka emejuputara ebe ikpo ọkụ na ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke microbial oriri oxygen. Deoxygenation nwere ike ịka njọ site na oke aquaculture, na-eduga mbelata uto, mgbanwe omume, ọrịa na-abawanye, karịsịa maka finfish na crustaceans. A na-atụ anya na ikuku oxygen ga-akawanye njọ n'afọ ndị na-abịa, mana enwere ike ịme ihe iji luso ihe iyi egwu a ọgụ gụnyere ibelata ikuku ikuku griin haus, yana carbon ojii na mwepu nri.
Bryant, L. (2015, Eprel 9). Oke osimiri 'mpaghara nwụrụ anwụ' ọdachi na-eto eto maka azụ. Phys.org. Ewepụtara: https://phys.org/news/2015-04-ocean-dead-zones-disaster-fish.html
N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ala dị n'oké osimiri ewepụtala ọtụtụ puku afọ iji gbakee site n'oge gara aga nke ikuku oxygen dị ala, nke a makwaara dị ka mpaghara nwụrụ anwụ. N'ihi ọrụ mmadụ na ịrị elu okpomọkụ mpaghara nwụrụ anwụ ugbu a bụ 10% na ịrị elu nke oke oke osimiri n'ụwa. Iji agrochemical na ihe omume mmadụ ndị ọzọ na-eduga n'ịkwalite ọkwa nke phosphorus na nitrogen na mmiri na-azụ mpaghara ndị nwụrụ anwụ.
Azụ n'elu
5. Mmetụta nke mmiri ọkụ
Schartup, A., Thackray, C., Quershi, A., Dassuncao, C., Gillespie, K., Hanke, A., & Sunderland, E. (2019, Ọgọst 7). Mgbanwe ihu igwe na ịhịa aka n'ahụ na-abawanye neurotoxicant na ndị na-eri mmiri. okike, 572, 648-650. E si na: doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1468-9
Azụ bụ isi ihe na-ebute mmadụ na methylmercury, nke nwere ike ibute ụkọ neurocognitive ogologo oge n'ime ụmụaka na-anọgide na-etolite. Kemgbe afọ ndị 1970, enweela atụmatụ mmụba 56% na methylmercury anụ ahụ na tuna bluefin Atlantic n'ihi mmụba nke okpomọkụ mmiri oké osimiri.
Smale, D., Wernberg, T., Oliver, E., Thomsen, M., Harvey, B., Straub, S., …, & Moore, P. (2019, Maachị 4). Okpomọkụ mmiri na-eyi ụdị ndụ dị iche iche zuru ụwa ọnụ na inye ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi egwu. Mgbanwe ihu igwe okike, 9, 306-312. E si na: ọdịdị.com/articles/s41558-019-0412-1
Oké osimiri a na-ekpo ọkụ nke ukwuu n'ime narị afọ gara aga. Okpomọkụ mmiri, oge oke okpomoku mpaghara, emetụtala ụdị ntọala dị oke egwu dịka coral na ahịhịa mmiri. Ka mgbanwe ihu igwe nke anthropogenic na-akawanye njọ, okpomoku nke mmiri na ebili mmiri nwere ikike ịhazigharị gburugburu ebe obibi na ịkpaghasị inye ngwaahịa na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi.
Sanford, E., Sones, J., Garcia-Reyes, M., Goddard, J., & Largier, J. (2019, Maachị 12). Mgbanwe zuru ebe niile na biota dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ugwu California n'oge okpomọkụ mmiri nke 2014-2016. Akụkọ sayensị, 9(4216). E si na: doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40784-3
Na nzaghachi nye oke okpomọkụ nke mmiri na-adịte aka, enwere ike ịhụ mmụba dị ukwuu nke ụdị dị iche iche na mgbanwe dị ukwuu na okpomọkụ dị n'elu oké osimiri n'ọdịnihu. Okpomọkụ mmiri siri ike ebutela ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ, okooko osisi algal na-emerụ ahụ, mbelata nke akwa kelp, na mgbanwe dị ukwuu na nkesa ụdị dị iche iche.
Pinsky, M., Eikeset, A., McCauley, D., Payne, J., & Sunday, J. (2019, Eprel 24). Ọdịmma ka ukwuu maka okpomoku nke mmiri na terrestrial ectotherms. okike, 569, 108-111. E si na: doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1132-4
Ọ dị mkpa ịghọta ụdị ụdị na gburugburu ebe obibi ga-akacha emetụta okpomọkụ n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe iji hụ na njikwa dị irè. Ọnụ ọgụgụ uche dị elu maka ikpo ọkụ na ọsọ ọsọ nke ịchịisi na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri na-egosi na mkpochapụ ga-adịwanye ugboro ugboro na ụdị ntụgharị ngwa ngwa n'oké osimiri.
Morley, J., Selden, R., Latour, R., Frolicher, T., Seagraves, R., & Pinsky, M. (2018, Mee 16). Ntugharị na-agbanwe na ebe obibi okpomọkụ maka ụdị 686 na shelf kọntinent nke North America. PLOS ONE. Ewepụtara: doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196127
N'ihi mgbanwe okpomọkụ nke oke osimiri, ụdị na-amalite ịgbanwe nkesa ala ha na okporo osisi. E mere atụmatụ maka ụdị mmiri 686 nke nwere ike imetụta site na mgbanwe okpomọkụ nke oke osimiri. Atụmatụ mgbanwe ala n'ọdịniihu na-adịkarị mma ma na-esochi oke osimiri wee nyere aka chọpụta ụdị ụdị dị mfe na mgbanwe ihu igwe.
Laffoley, D. & Baxter, JM (ndị editọ). (2016). Na-akọwa okpomoku nke oke osimiri: Ihe kpatara, ọnụ ọgụgụ, mmetụta na ihe ga-esi na ya pụta. Akụkọ zuru oke. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 456 nke. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2016.08.en
Okpomọkụ nke oke osimiri na-aghọ ngwa ngwa otu n'ime ihe egwu kachasị egwu nke ọgbọ anyị dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ IUCN na-atụ aro ịba ụba nke mmetụta mmetụta, omume amụma zuru ụwa ọnụ, nchebe zuru oke na njikwa, nyocha ihe ize ndụ emelitere, imechi oghere na nyocha na mkpa ikike, na ime ngwa ngwa iji mee ihe. mbelata dị ukwuu na ikuku ikuku griin haus.
Hughes, T., Kerry, J., Baird, A., Connolly, S., Dietzel, A., Eakin, M., Heron, S., …, & Torda, G. (2018, Eprel 18). Okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na-agbanwe mkpokọta coral reef. okike, 556, 492-496. E si na: nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0041-2?dom=scribd&src=syn
N'afọ 2016, Great Barrier Reef nwetara oke okpomọkụ nke mmiri na-agbaji. Ọmụmụ ihe a na-atụ anya imechi ọdịiche dị n'etiti tiori na omume nke inyocha ihe egwu dị na gburugburu ebe obibi iji buru amụma ka ihe omume na-ekpo ọkụ n'ọdịnihu nwere ike isi metụta obodo coral reef. Ha na-akọwapụta usoro dị iche iche, na-achọpụta onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala bụ isi, ma guzobe ọnụ ụzọ ndakpọ ọnụ ọgụgụ.
Gramling, C. (2015, Nọvemba 13). Kedu ka oke osimiri na-ekpo ọkụ si wepụta mmiri iyi ice. Science, 350(6262), 728. Ewepụtara na: DOI: 10.1126/sayensị.350.6262.728
Otu glacier nke Greenland na-awụfu ice n'oké osimiri kwa afọ ka mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-emebi ya. Ihe na-eme n'okpuru ice na-ebute nchegbu kachasị, n'ihi na mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ emebiwo glacier nke ọma iji wepụ ya na sill. Nke a ga-eme ka glacier na-alọghachi azụ ọbụna ngwa ngwa ma mepụta nnukwu mkpu banyere ịrị elu oke osimiri nwere ike.
Precht, W., Gintert, B., Robbart, M., Fur, R., & van Woesik, R. (2016). Coral Mortality metụtara ọrịa na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Florida. Akụkọ sayensị, 6(31375). E si na: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep31374
Ịcha ọcha coral, ọrịa coral, na ihe omume ọnwụ coral na-abawanye n'ihi oke okpomọkụ nke mmiri na-ekwu na mgbanwe ihu igwe. N'ileghachi anya n'ọkwa dị elu nke ọrịa coral na-efe efe na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Florida n'ime afọ 2014, akụkọ ahụ jikọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọnwụ coral na mpaghara coral na-emesi ike.
Friedland, K., Kane, J., Hare, J., Lough, G., Fratanoni, P., Fogarty, M., & Nye, J. (2013, Septemba). Mgbochi ebe obibi okpomọkụ na ụdị zooplankton jikọtara ya na Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) na US Northeast Continental Shelf. Ọganihu na Oceanography, 116, 1-13. E si na: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.05.011
N'ime gburugburu ebe obibi nke US Northeast Continental Shelf enwere ebe obibi okpomọkụ dị iche iche, na oke okpomọkụ nke mmiri na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ ebe obibi ndị a. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekpo ọkụ, ebe obibi dị elu abawanyela ebe ebe obibi mmiri oyi ebelatala. Nke a nwere ike ibelata ọnụọgụ nke Atlantic Cod n'ihi na mgbanwe okpomọkụ na-emetụta zooplankton nri ha.
Azụ n'elu
6. Mfu dị iche iche nke mmiri n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe
Brito-Morales, I., Schoeman, D., Molinos, J., Burrows, M., Klein, C., Arafeh-Dalmau, N., Kaschner, K., Garilao, C., Kesner-Reyes, K. , na Richardson, A. (2020, Maachị 20). Ọsọ ihu igwe na-ekpughe na-abawanye mkpughe nke ụdịdị dị iche iche nke oke osimiri na-ekpo ọkụ n'ọdịniihu. Ọdịdị. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0773-5
Ndị nchọpụta achọpụtala na ọsọ ihu igwe nke oge a - mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ - na-adị ngwa ngwa n'ime oke osimiri dị omimi karịa n'elu. Ọmụmụ ihe ugbu a na-ebu amụma na n'etiti 2050 na 2100 okpomọkụ ga-eme ngwa ngwa na ọkwa niile nke kọlụm mmiri, ma e wezụga elu. N'ihi okpomoku ahụ, a ga-eyi ụdị ndụ dị iche iche egwu n'ọkwa niile, ọkachasị na omimi n'etiti mita 200 na 1,000. Iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ikpo ọkụ, ekwesịrị itinye ya na nrigbu akụrụngwa dị n'ime oke osimiri site n'ịkụ azụ na site na Ngwuputa, hydrocarbon na ọrụ mmepụta ihe ndị ọzọ. Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike inwe ọganihu site na ịgbasa netwọk nke nnukwu MPA n'ime oke osimiri.
Riskas, K. (2020, Juun 18). Azụ Shellfish Farmed anaghị egbochi mgbanwe ihu igwe. Sayensị osimiri osimiri na obodo Hakai Magazine. PDF.
Ọtụtụ ijeri mmadụ gburugburu ụwa na-enweta protein ha site na gburugburu mmiri, ma a na-agbatị azụ azụ ọhịa. Aquaculture na-ejuputa oghere ahụ na mmepụta a na-achịkwa nwere ike melite ogo mmiri ma belata ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ nke na-ebute okooko algal na-emerụ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ka mmiri na-aghọ acidic na ka mmiri ọkụ na-agbanwe uto plankton, aquaculture na mmepụta mollusk na-eyi egwu. Riskas na-ebu amụma na aquaculture nke mollusk ga-amalite mbelata na mmepụta 2060, na mba ụfọdụ metụtara na mbụ, karịsịa mba ndị na-emepe emepe na ndị mepere emepe.
Ndekọ, N., Runge, J., Pendleton, D., Balch, W., Davies, K., Pershing, A., …, & Thompson C. (2019, Mee 3). Mgbanwe Mgbasa Ọsọ nke ihu igwe na-ebute, Nchekwa egwu nke North Atlantic Right Whales dị egwu. Oceanography, 32(2), 162-169. E si na: doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2019.201
Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eme ka gburugburu ebe obibi gbanwee steeti ngwa ngwa, nke na-eme ka ọtụtụ usoro nchekwa nchekwa dabere na usoro akụkọ ihe mere eme adịghị arụ ọrụ. Site na okpomọkụ nke mmiri miri emi na-ekpo ọkụ na ọnụego okpukpu abụọ dị elu dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmiri dị elu, ụdị dị ka Calanus finmarchicus, nri dị mkpa maka North Atlantic whale ziri ezi, agbanweela usoro njem ha. North Atlantic whale ziri ezi na-agbaso anụ oriri ha site n'ụzọ njem njem akụkọ ihe mere eme ha, na-agbanwe ụkpụrụ ahụ, ma si otú a na-etinye ha n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ntinye ngwa n'ime atụmatụ nchekwa ebe anaghị echebe ha.
Díaz, SM, Settele, J., Brondízio, E., Ngo, H., Guèze, M., Agard, J., … & Zayas, C. (2019). Akụkọ nleba anya zuru ụwa ọnụ banyere ụdị dị iche iche na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi: Nchịkọta maka ndị na-eme iwu. IBES. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3553579.
Ihe dị n'agbata ọkara nde na otu nde ụdị na-atụ egwu ikpochapụ n'ụwa niile. N'ime oke osimiri, omume ịkụ azụ na-adịghị adịgide adịgide, mgbanwe ala dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na iji mmiri eme ihe, na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-ebute mfu nke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche. Oke osimiri chọrọ nchekwa ndị ọzọ yana mkpuchi mpaghara echedoro mmiri.
Abreu, A., Bowler, C., Claudet, J., Zinger, L., Paoli, L., Salazar, G., na Sunagawa, S. (2019). Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-adọ aka ná ntị banyere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Ocean Plankton na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Foundation Tara Ocean.
Ọmụmụ ihe abụọ na-eji data dị iche iche na-egosi na mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na nkesa na ọnụọgụ nke ụdị planktonic ga-adị ukwuu na mpaghara pola. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na okpomọkụ dị elu nke oké osimiri (gburugburu equator) na-eduga n'ọtụtụ dịgasị iche iche nke ụdị planktonic nke nwere ike ịlanarị okpomọkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọ bụ ezie na obodo abụọ planktonic nwere ike ime mgbanwe. Ya mere, mgbanwe ihu igwe na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe ọzọ na-akpata nchekasị maka ụdị. Mgbe ejikọtara ya na mgbanwe ndị ọzọ na ebe obibi, webụ nri, na nkesa ụdị mgbakasị ahụ agbakwunyere nke mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike ibute nnukwu mgbanwe na akụrụngwa gburugburu ebe obibi. Iji dozie nsogbu a na-eto eto, ọ dị mkpa ka e nwee nkwalite sayensị / amụma ihu ebe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị na-eme iwu ọnụ chepụtara ajụjụ nyocha.
Bryndum-Buchholz, A., Tittensor, D., Blanchard, J., Cheung, W., Coll, M., Galbraith, E., …, & Lotze, H. (2018, Nọvemba 8). Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ na mbụ na-emetụta ihe ndị dị ndụ anụmanụ dị n'oké osimiri na nhazi gburugburu ebe obibi n'ofe oke osimiri. Usoro ihe ọmụmụ mgbanwe ụwa, 25(2), 459-472. E si na: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14512
Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri n'ihe metụtara mmepụta nke mbụ, okpomọkụ oke osimiri, nkesa ụdị, na ụbara n'ọtụtụ mpaghara na ụwa. Mgbanwe ndị a na-agbanwe n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'usoro na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri. Ọmụmụ ihe a na-enyocha nzaghachi nke biomass anụmanụ mmiri na nzaghachi nye nrụgide mgbanwe ihu igwe ndị a.
Niiler, E. (2018, Maachị 8). Ndị Shark ndị ọzọ na-akwagharị Mbugharị kwa afọ ka oke osimiri. National Geographic. Ewepụtara: nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/03/animals-sharks-oceans-global-warming/
N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, shark ndị nwoke blacktip akwagala ndịda n'ime ọnwa oyi kachasị mma n'afọ ka ha na ụmụ nwanyị na-akpa n'ụsọ oké osimiri Florida. Shark ndị a dị mkpa maka gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Florida: Site n'iri azụ na-adịghị ike na nke na-arịa ọrịa, ha na-enyere aka dozie nrụgide dị na coral reefs na ahịhịa oké osimiri. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, shark ndị nwoke anọwo n'ebe ugwu ka mmiri ugwu na-ekpo ọkụ. Na-enweghị ịkwaga ndịda, ụmụ nwoke agaghị alụ ma ọ bụ chebe gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Florida.
Worm, B., & Lotze, H. (2016). Mgbanwe ihu igwe: Mmetụta achọpụtara na mbara ụwa, isi nke 13 - Ụdị dị iche iche nke mmiri na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ngalaba Biology, Mahadum Dalhousie, Halifax, NS, Canada. E si na: sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444635242000130
Azụ ogologo oge na data nlekota plankton ewepụtala ihe akaebe kachasị mma maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na-ebute na mkpokọta ụdị. Isiakwụkwọ ahụ kwubiri na ichekwa ụdị ndụ dị iche iche nke mmiri nwere ike inye ihe nchebe kachasị mma megide mgbanwe ihu igwe ngwa ngwa.
McCauley, D., Pinsky, M., Palumbi, S., Estes, J., Joyce, F., & Warner, R. (2015, Jenụarị 16). Nkwutọ mmiri: Ọnwụ anụmanụ na oke osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ. Science, 347(6219). E si na: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6219/1255641
Ụmụ mmadụ emetụtala anụ ọhịa nke mmiri na ọrụ na nhazi nke oké osimiri. Nkwutọ mmiri, ma ọ bụ ọnwụ ụmụ anụmanụ kpatara n'oké osimiri, pụtara nanị ọtụtụ narị afọ gara aga. Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eyi egwu ime ka ndị mmadụ kwutọọ mmiri n'oké osimiri na narị afọ na-abịa. Otu n'ime isi ihe na-ebute ọnwụ anụ ọhịa bụ mmebi nke ebe obibi n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe, nke a na-ezere site na itinye aka na mgbake.
Deutsch, C., Ferrel, A., Seibel, B., Portner, H., & Huey, R. (2015, June 05). Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eme ka mgbochi metabolic dị n'ebe obibi mmiri. Science, 348(6239), 1132-1135. E si na: sayensị.sciencemag.org/content/348/6239/1132
Ma okpomoku nke oke osimiri na mfu nke ikuku oxygen gbazere ga-agbanwe n'ụzọ dị ukwuu usoro ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri. N'ime narị afọ a, a na-ebu amụma na index metabolic nke oke osimiri ga-ebelata 20% n'ụwa niile yana 50% na mpaghara ugwu ugwu. Nke a na-amanye mkpụkọ kwụ ọtọ na nke kwụ ọtọ nke ebe obibi na ụdị dị iche iche nke metabolic. Ozizi metabolic nke ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na-egosi na nha ahụ na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-emetụta ọnụego metabolic n'anụmanụ, nke nwere ike ịkọwa mgbanwe n'ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche mgbe okpomọkụ na-agbanwe site n'inye ọnọdụ dị mma karịa ụfọdụ ntule.
Marcogilese, DJ (2008). Mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na nje nje na ọrịa na-efe efe nke anụmanụ mmiri. Nyocha sayensị na nka nka nke Office International des Epizooties (Paris), 27(2), 467-484. E si na: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/219d/8e86f333f2780174277b5e8c65d1c2aca36c.pdf
Okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-emetụta nkesa nje nje na nje na-akpata ozugbo na n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè, nke nwere ike ịfefe site na webụ nri nwere nsonaazụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nnyefe nke nje nje na nje na-emetụta ya kpọmkwem na okpomọkụ, okpomọkụ na-arịwanye elu na-abawanye ọnụego nnyefe. Ụfọdụ ihe akaebe na-egosikwa na virulence na-ejikọta ya kpọmkwem.
Barry, JP, Baxter, CH, Sagarin, RD, & Gilman, SE (1995, February 3). Mgbanwe ihu igwe metụtara ihu igwe, ogologo oge dị n'ime obodo intertidal nkume California. Science, 267(5198), 672-675. E si na: doi.org/10.1126/science.267.5198.672
Ụmụ anụmanụ invertebrate dị na California intertidal obodo atụgharịala n'ebe ugwu mgbe ha na-atụnyere oge ọmụmụ ihe abụọ, otu sitere na 1931-1933 na nke ọzọ site na 1993-1994. Ngbanwe a n'ebe ugwu dabara na amụma mgbanwe metụtara okpomoku ihu igwe. Mgbe a na-atụnyere okpomọkụ sitere na oge ọmụmụ ihe abụọ ahụ, okpomọkụ kachasị elu n'oge okpomọkụ n'oge 1983-1993 bụ 2.2˚C dị ọkụ karịa nkenke okpomọkụ kachasị elu site na 1921-1931.
Azụ n'elu
7. Mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na Coral Reefs
Figueiredo, J., Thomas, CJ, Deleersnijder, E., Lambrechts, J., Baird, AH, Connolly, SR, & Hanert, E. (2022). Okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ebelata njikọ n'etiti ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Coral. Mgbanwe ihu igwe, 12 (1), 83-87
Mmụba okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na-egbu coral ma na-ebelata njikọta ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ. Njikọ coral bụ ka e si gbanwe coral n'otu n'otu na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ha n'etiti obodo ndị kewara ekewa, nke nwere ike imetụta ikike coral ịgbake mgbe ọgba aghara (dị ka nke mgbanwe ihu igwe kpatara) dabere na njikọta nke mmiri. Iji mee ka nchedo ohere dị irè karị n'etiti mpaghara echedoro kwesịrị ibelata iji hụ na njikọta mmiri.
Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN). (2021, Ọktọba). Ọnọdụ nke isii nke Coral nke ụwa: mkpesa 2020. GCRMN. PDF.
Mkpuchi coral reef nke oke osimiri agbadala site na 14% kemgbe 2009 tumadi n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe. Mbelata a bụ ihe kpatara nchegbu dị ukwuu n'ihi na coral enweghị oge zuru ezu iji gbakee n'etiti ihe omume ịcha ọcha.
Principe, SC, Acosta, AL, Andrade, JE, & Lotufo, T. (2021). Mgbanwe amụma buru amụma na nkesa nke Coral Reef na-ewu Atlantic na ihu mgbanwe ihu igwe. Oke na Sayensị Marine, 912.
Ụfọdụ ụdị coral na-arụ ọrụ pụrụ iche dị ka ndị na-ewu mmiri, na mgbanwe na nkesa ha n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe na-abịa na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọmụmụ ihe a na-ekpuchi ntule dị ugbu a na n'ọdịnihu nke ụdị atọ na-ewu mmiri mmiri Atlantic bụ ndị dị mkpa maka ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi. Osimiri coral dị n'ime oke osimiri Atlantic chọrọ omume nchekwa ngwa ngwa yana ọchịchị ka mma iji hụ na nlanarị ha na ịmaliteghachi site na mgbanwe ihu igwe.
Brown, K., Bender-Champ, D., Kenyon, T., Rémond, C., Hoegh-Goldberg, O., & Nduru, S. (2019, February 20). Mmetụta nwa oge nke okpomoku oke osimiri na acidification na asọmpi coral-algal. Coral Reefs, 38(2), 297-309. E si na: link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00338-019-01775-y
Coral reefs na algae dị oké mkpa maka gburugburu ebe obibi nke oké osimiri na ha na-asọrịta mpi n'ihi oke ego. N'ihi mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na acidification n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe, a na-agbanwe asọmpi a. Iji mebie mmetụta jikọtara ọnụ nke ikpo ọkụ nke oké osimiri na acidification, a na-eme ule, ma ọbụna photosynthesis emelitere ezughị iji mebie mmetụta ya na ma coral na algae belatara ndụ ndụ, calcification, na ike photosynthetic.
Bruno, J., Côté, I., & Toth, L. (2019, Jenuarị). Mgbanwe ihu igwe, mfu coral, na ihe dị egwu nke Paradaịs azụ: Gịnị kpatara na ebe nchekwa mmiri anaghị eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma? Nyocha kwa afọ nke Sayensị mmiri mmiri, 11, 307-334. E si na: annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095300
Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emebi coral ndị na-ewu mmiri. Iji lụso nke a ọgụ, e hiwere ebe ndị mmiri na-echebe, na nchekwa nke azụ̀ ahịhịa ndụ sochiri. Ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na atụmatụ ndị a enwechaghị mmetụta na nkwụghachi azụ coral n'ihi na isi ihe na-akpata ha bụ oke okpomọkụ nke oke osimiri. Iji chekwaa coral na-ewu mmiri, mbọ kwesịrị ịgafe ọkwa mpaghara. Ọ dị mkpa n'ihu n'ihu n'ihu n'ihu n'ihu n'ihu n'ihu n'ihu na-eme mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mmadụ n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe kpatara ọdịda coral zuru ụwa ọnụ.
Cheal, A., MacNeil, A., Emslie, M., & Sweatman, H. (2017, Jenụarị 31). Ihe iyi egwu dị n'akụkụ mmiri coral sitere na ajọ ifufe siri ike karịa n'okpuru mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ngbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ bayoloji. Ewepụtara: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.13593
Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-akwalite ume nke cyclones nke na-akpata mbibi coral. Ọ bụ ezie na ugboro cyclone agaghị abawanye, oke cyclone ga-esi n'ihi okpomoku ihu igwe. Mmụba nke ike cyclone ga-eme ka mbibi coral dị ngwa ngwa na mgbake ngwa ngwa mgbe cyclone gasịrị n'ihi mkpochapụ nke cyclone dị iche iche.
Hughes, T., Barnes, M., Bellwood, D., Cinner, J., Cumming, G., Jackson, J., & Scheffer, M. (2017, Mee 31). Coral reefs na Anthropocene. okike, 546, 82-90. E si na: nature.com/articles/nature22901
Mmiri mmiri na-emebi ngwa ngwa n'ihi ọtụtụ ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala na-ahụ maka mmadụ. N'ihi nke a, ịlaghachi azụ azụ na nhazi ha gara aga abụghị nhọrọ. Iji luso mmebi mmiri ọgụ, edemede a na-akpọ maka mgbanwe dị ukwuu na sayensị na njikwa iji duzie mmiri mmiri n'oge a ka ha na-ejigide ọrụ ndu ha.
Hoegh-Goldberg, O., Poloczanska, E., Skirving, W., & Nduru, S. (2017, Mee 29). Coral Reef Ecosystems n'okpuru mgbanwe ihu igwe na oke mmiri. Ọganihu na Sayensị Marine. Ewepụtara: frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2017.00158/ful
Nnyocha amalitela ibu amụma mkpochapụ nke ọtụtụ mmiri mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na coral site na 2040-2050 (ọ bụ ezie na coral mmiri oyi dị obere ihe ize ndụ). Ha na-ekwusi ike na ọ gwụla ma emeghị ọganihu ngwa ngwa n'ibelata ikuku ikuku, ógbè ndị na-adabere na mmiri coral iji dị ndụ nwere ike ịda ogbenye, ọgba aghara ọha na eze, na enweghị nchebe mpaghara.
Hughes, T., Kerry, J., & Wilson, S. (2017, Maachị 16). Okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na ịcha ọcha nke coral ugboro ugboro. okike, 543, 373-377. E si na: nature.com/articles/nature21707?dom=icopyright&src=syn
Ihe omume ịcha ọcha coral na-adịbeghị anya agbanweela nke ukwuu n'ịdị njọ. N'iji nyocha nke ọdọ mmiri Australia na okpomọkụ dị n'elu oké osimiri, isiokwu ahụ na-akọwa na àgwà mmiri na nrụgide ịkụ azụ nwere mmetụta dị nta na ịcha ọcha na 2016, na-atụ aro na ọnọdụ mpaghara na-enye obere nchebe megide oke okpomọkụ.
Torda, G., Donelson, J., Aranda, M., Barshis, D., Bay, L., Berumen, M., …, & Munday, P. (2017). Nzaghachi ngwa ngwa maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na coral. okike, 7, 627-636. E si na: nature.com/articles/nclimate3374
Ikike coral reef nwere ime mgbanwe maka mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-adị oke mkpa n'ichepụta akara aka nke mmiri. Isiokwu a na-abanye n'ime transgenerational plasticity n'etiti coral na ọrụ nke epigenetics na coral-metụtara microbes na usoro.
Anthony, K. (2016, Nọvemba). Coral Reefs n'okpuru mgbanwe ihu igwe na oke mmiri: ihe ịma aka na ohere maka njikwa na amụma. Nyochaa gburugburu ebe obibi na akụrụngwa kwa afọ. Ewepụtara: annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085610
N'ịtụle nbibi ngwa ngwa nke coral reefs n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe na oke acidification, isiokwu a na-atụ aro ihe mgbaru ọsọ ziri ezi maka mmemme nlekọta mpaghara na mpaghara nke nwere ike imeziwanye usoro nkwado.
Hoey, A., Howells, E., Johansen, J., Hobbs, JP, Messmer, V., McCowan, DW, & Pratchett, M. (2016, Mee 18). Ọganiihu na nso nso a n'ịghọta mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na Coral Reefs. Di iche iche. Ewepụtara: mdpi.com/1424-2818/8/2/12
Ihe akaebe na-egosi na mmiri mmiri coral nwere ike inwe ikike ịzaghachi maka okpomoku, mana amabeghị ma mgbanwe ndị a nwere ike dabara na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-abawanye ngwa ngwa. Otú ọ dị, a na-ejikọta mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe site na ọtụtụ nsogbu ndị ọzọ anthropogenic na-eme ka ọ na-esiri coral ike ịzaghachi.
Ainsworth, T., Heron, S., Ortiz, JC, Mumby, P., Grech, A., Ogawa, D., Eakin, M., & Leggat, W. (2016, Eprel 15). Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-egbochi nchedo ịcha ọcha coral na Great Barrier Reef. Science, 352(6283), 338-342. E si na: sayensị.sciencemag.org/content/352/6283/338
Omume dị ugbu a nke okpomoku okpomọkụ, nke na-egbochi nnabata, emela ka ịcha ọcha na ọnwụ nke coral ntule. Mmetụta ndị a dị oke njọ na mmalite nke afọ 2016 El Nino.
Graham, N., Jennings, S., MacNeil, A., Mouillot, D., & Wilson, S. (2015, February 05). Ịma amụma ọchịchị ihu igwe na-akwagharị na-agbanwe n'ihe nwere ike ịlaghachi azụ na akuku coral. okike, 518, 94-97. E si na: nature.com/articles/nature14140
Ịcha ọcha coral n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ otu n'ime ihe egwu na-eche ihu mmiri coral. Edemede a na-atụle nzaghachi mmiri mmiri ogologo oge maka ịcha ọcha coral nke Indo-Pacific nke ihu igwe na-ebute ma na-achọpụta njirimara akuku mmiri na-akwado nlọghachi. Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ bu n'obi iji nchoputa ha kọwaa omume nlekọta kacha mma n'ọdịnihu.
Spalding, MD, & B. Brown. (2015, Nọvemba 13). Osimiri coral na-ekpo ọkụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Science, 350(6262), 769-771. E si na: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/350/6262/769
Osimiri coral na-akwado nnukwu usoro ndụ mmiri yana ịnye ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị oke mkpa maka ọtụtụ nde mmadụ. Otú ọ dị, ihe iyi egwu ndị a ma ama dị ka igbubiga azụ na mmetọ na-eme ka mgbanwe ihu igwe na-arị elu, karịsịa ikpo ọkụ na acidification nke oké osimiri iji mee ka mmebi nke coral reef na-emebi. Edemede a na-enye nkọwa dị nkenke nke mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na coral reefs.
Hoegh-Goldberg, O., Eakin, CM, Hodgson, G., Ahịa, PF, & Veron, JEN (2015, Disemba). Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eyi nlanarị nke Coral Reefs egwu. Nkwupụta nkwenye ISRS na Coral Bleaching & Mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ewepụtara: https://www.icriforum.org/sites/default/files/2018%20ISRS%20Consensus%20Statement%20on%20Coral%20Bleaching%20%20Climate%20Change%20final_0.pdf
Osimiri coral na-enye ngwaahịa na ọrụ ruru opekata mpe ijeri US $ 30 kwa afọ ma na-akwado opekata mpe nde mmadụ 500 n'ụwa niile. N'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe, oke mmiri na-eyi egwu ma ọ bụrụ na emeghị ihe iji gbochie ikuku carbon n'ụwa niile ozugbo. E wepụtara nkwupụta a n'otu n'otu na Nzukọ Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke Paris na Disemba 2015.
Azụ n'elu
8. Mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na Arctic na Antarctic
Sohail, T., Zika, J., Irving, D., na Ụka, J. (2022, Febụwarị 24). Ahụrụ Poleward Freshwater Transport kemgbe 1970. Nature. Vol. 602, 617-622. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04370-w
N'agbata 1970 na 2014 ike nke usoro mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ mụbara ruo 7.4%, nke ihe ngosi nke gara aga tụrụ aro maka mmụba 2-4%. A na-adọta mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ n'ebe okporo osisi na-agbanwe okpomọkụ nke oke osimiri anyị, ọdịnaya mmiri dị ọcha, na nnu. Mgbanwe na-esiwanye ike na okirikiri mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ nwere ike ime ka ebe akọrọ na-ekpo ọkụ na ebe mmiri dị mmiri.
Ọnwa, TA, ML Druckenmiller., na RL Thoman, Eds. (2021, Disemba). Kaadị mkpesa Arctic: Mmelite maka 2021. NOAA. https://doi.org/10.25923/5s0f-5163
Kaadị mkpesa Arctic 2021 (ARC2021) na vidiyo agbakwunyere na-egosi na ọkụ ọkụ na-akpọ ngwa ngwa na-aga n'ihu na-akpata ọgba aghara maka ndụ mmiri Arctic. Usoro n'obosara Arctic gụnyere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ tundra, mmụba nke osimiri Arctic, mfu nke oke ice, mkpọtụ oke osimiri, mgbasawanye oke beaver, na ihe egwu glacier permafrost.
Strycker, N., Wethington, M., Borowicz, A., Forrest, S., Witharana, C., Hart, T., na H. Lynch. (2020). Ntụle ọnụọgụ mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica). Akụkọ Sayensị Vol. 10, Nkeji edemede 19474. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76479-3
Chinstrap penguins na-emegharị n'ụzọ pụrụ iche na gburugburu Antarctic ha; Otú ọ dị, ndị nchọpụta na-akọ mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na 45% nke ógbè penguin kemgbe 1980s. Ndị nchọpụta chọpụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ 23 ọzọ nke penguins chinstrap gara n'oge njem na January nke 2020. Ọ bụ ezie na nyocha ziri ezi adịghị n'oge a, ọnụnọ nke ebe ndị a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ na-egosi na ọdịda ahụ juru ebe niile. A kwenyere na mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-ebelata ice mmiri na phytoplankton nke krill na-adabere na nri bụ isi nri nke chinstrap penguins. A na-atụ aro na acidification oké osimiri nwere ike imetụta ikike penguin ịmụ nwa.
Smith, B., Fricker, H., Gardner, A., Medley, B., Nilsson, J., Paolo, F., Holschuh, N., Adusumilli, S., Brunt, K., Csatho, B., Harbeck, K., Markus, T., Neumann, T., Siegfried M., na Zwally, H. (2020, Eprel). Mpempe akwụkwọ Ice nke juru ebe niile na-egosipụta usoro ịsọ mpi oke osimiri na ikuku. Magazin Sayensị. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz5845
NASA's Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite-2, ma ọ bụ ICESat-2, nke ewepụtara na 2018, na-enye ugbu a data mgbanwe na mgbaze glacial. Ndị nchọpụta ahụ chọpụtara na n'etiti 2003 na 2009 ice zuru ezu gbazere iji bulie oke osimiri site na milimita 14 site na Greenland na Antarctic ice sheets.
Rohling, E., Hibbert, F., Grant, K., Galaasen, E., Irval, N., Kleiven, H., Marino, G., Ninnemann, U., Roberts, A., Rosenthal, Y., Schulz, H., Williams, F., na Yu, J. (2019). Asynchronous Antarctic na Greenland Ice-mkpụrụ aka onyinye na ikpeazụ Interglacial Sea-ice Highstand. Nkwukọrịta okike 10:5040 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12874-3
Oge ikpeazụ ọkwa oke osimiri bilitere karịa ọkwa ha ugbu a bụ n'ime oge interglacial ikpeazụ, ihe dịka 130,000-118,000 afọ gara aga. Ndị nchọpụta achọpụtala na ọkwa mbụ dị elu nke oke osimiri (n'elu 0m) na ~ 129.5 ruo ~ 124.5 ka na intra- last interglacial sea-level na-ebili na ihe omume-pụtara ọnụego nke ịrị elu nke 2.8, 2.3, na 0.6mc-1. Ọganihu oke osimiri n'ọdịniihu nwere ike bute ya site na nnukwu mfu ngwa ngwa sitere na mpempe akwụkwọ ice nke West Antarctic. Enwere abawanye ohere maka oke oke oke osimiri n'ọdịniihu dabere na data akụkọ ihe mere eme sitere na oge interglacial ikpeazụ.
Mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na ụdị Arctic. (2019) Akwụkwọ akụkọ sitere na Ụlọ ọrụ Aspen & SeaWeb. Ewepụtara: https://assets.aspeninstitute.org/content/uploads/files/content/upload/ee_3.pdf
Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe atụ nke na-akọwapụta ihe ịma aka nke nyocha Arctic, obere oge a na-eme ọmụmụ banyere ụdị anụmanụ, na-egosipụta mmetụta nke mfu ice nke oké osimiri na mmetụta ndị ọzọ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe.
Christian, C. (2019, Jenụwarị) Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Antarctic. Njikọ nke Antarctic na Southern Ocean. Weghachite si https://www.asoc.org/advocacy/climate-change-and-the-antarctic
Akụkọ nchịkọta a na-enye nkọwa magburu onwe ya maka mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na Antarctic na mmetụta ọ na-enwe n'ụdị mmiri mmiri n'ebe ahụ. Ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Antarctic Peninsula bụ otu n'ime ebe okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ ngwa ngwa n'ụwa, ebe ọ bụ naanị akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Arctic Circle na-enwe okpomọkụ ngwa ngwa. Nke a na-ekpo ọkụ ngwa ngwa na-emetụta ọkwa ọ bụla nke webụ nri na mmiri Antarctic.
Katz, C. (2019, Mee 10) Mmiri ndị mba ọzọ: Osimiri ndị agbata obi na-asọba n'ime oke osimiri Arctic na-ekpo ọkụ. Yale Environment 360. Weghachite si https://e360.yale.edu/features/alien-waters-neighboring-seas-are-flowing-into-a-warming-arctic-ocean
Isiokwu ahụ na-atụle "Atlantification" na "Pacification" nke Oké Osimiri Arctic dị ka mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekwe ka ụdị ọhụrụ kwaga n'ebe ugwu ma na-akpaghasị ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ndụ ndụ nke malitere n'ime oge n'ime Oké Osimiri Arctic.
MacGilchrist, G., Naveira-Garabato, AC, Brown, PJ, Juillion, L., Bacon, S., & Bakker, DCE (2019, Ọgọst 28). Na-emegharị okirikiri carbon nke subpolar Southern Ocean. Ọganihu Sayensị, 5(8), 6410. E si na: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav6410
Ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na-enwe mmetụta siri ike maka mgbanwe anụ ahụ na nke biochemical dị na subpolar Southern Ocean, n'ihi na ọ bụ ebe ahụ ka mbara igwe dị omimi, nke nwere ụbara carbon nke ụwa na-apụta ma na-agbanwe carbon na ikuku. N'ihi ya, a ga-aghọta nke ọma ka ikuku carbon si arụ ọrụ ebe ahụ kpọmkwem dị ka ụzọ isi ghọta mgbanwe ihu igwe gara aga na n'ọdịnihu. Dabere na nyocha ha, ndị odee kwenyere na usoro ọdịnala maka okirikiri ikuku carbon nke South Ocean na-akọwahie ndị na-anya ụgbọ elu mpaghara carbon. Nleba anya na Weddell Gyre na-egosi na a na-edozi ọnụọgụ nke iweta carbon site na mkparịta ụka n'etiti mgbasa ozi nke Gyre na remineralization na etiti omimi nke carbon organic sitere na mmepụta ihe ndụ na etiti gyre.
Woodgate, R. (2018, Jenuarị) Na-abawanye na oke osimiri Pasifik na Arctic site na 1990 ruo 2015, yana nghọta banyere usoro oge na usoro ịkwọ ụgbọ ala site na data Bering Strait nke afọ. Ọganihu na Oceanography, 160, 124-154 ewepụtara na: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079661117302215
Site n'ọmụmụ ihe a, nke e mere site na iji data sitere na ụgbọ mmiri na-ebugharị kwa afọ na Bering Strait, onye edemede ahụ kwadoro na mmiri na-asọga n'ebe ugwu amụbawo nke ukwuu karịa afọ 15, nakwa na mgbanwe ahụ abụghị n'ihi ifufe mpaghara ma ọ bụ ihu igwe ndị ọzọ. ihe omume, mana n'ihi mmiri ọkụ. Mmụba mbufe njem na-esite na mgbawa ugwu siri ike (ọ bụghị obere ihe omume na-erute ndịda), na-ebute mmụba 150% na ike kinetic, ikekwe na-enwe mmetụta na nkwusioru ala, ngwakọta, na mbuze. A chọpụtakwara na okpomọkụ nke mmiri na-eru n'ebe ugwu na-ekpo ọkụ karịa 0 degrees C na ọtụtụ ụbọchị site na 2015 karịa na mmalite nke data.
Nkume, DP (2015). gburugburu Arctic na-agbanwe agbanwe. New York, New York: Mahadum Mahadum Cambridge.
Kemgbe mgbanwe mgbanwe nke mmepụta ihe, gburugburu Arctic na-enwe mgbanwe a na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ. Mpaghara arctic dị ka ihe na-adịghị ọcha na-egosikwa oke kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu na mmụba na-ekpo ọkụ nke malitere ịkpata nnukwu nsogbu na ihu igwe n'akụkụ ụwa ndị ọzọ. N'ịbụ onye onye ozi Arctic gwara ya, onye edemede David Stone na-enyocha nlekota sayensị na ndị otu nwere mmetụta emeela ka usoro iwu nke mba ụwa mee ihe iji belata mmerụ ahụ na gburugburu arctic.
Wohlforth, C. (2004). Whale na Supercomputer: Na Northern Front of Climate Change. New York: North Point Press.
Whale na Supercomputer na-akpa akụkọ onwe onye nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-enyocha ihu igwe na ahụmịhe nke Inupiat nke ugwu Alaska. Akwụkwọ ahụ na-akọwa n'otu aka ahụ omume whaling na ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke Inupiaq dị ka data nke snow, glacial melt, albedo - ya bụ, ìhè na-egosipụta site na mbara ala- na mgbanwe ndu na-ahụ anya na ụmụ anụmanụ na ụmụ ahụhụ. Nkọwa nke omenala abụọ ahụ na-enye ndị na-abụghị ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ohere ịkọ ihe atụ mbụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi.
Azụ n'elu
9. Mwepụ Carbon Dioxide (CDR) dabere n'oké osimiri.
Tyka, M., Arsdale, C., na Platt, J. (2022, Jenuarị 3). Njide CO2 site n'ịkwanye Acidity Surface gaa n'Oké Osimiri miri emi. Ike & Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi. DOI: 10.1039/d1ee01532j
Enwere ike maka teknụzụ ọhụrụ - dị ka ịgbapụta alkalinity - iji nye aka na Pọtụfoliyo nke teknụzụ Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR), n'agbanyeghị na ha nwere ike ịdị ọnụ karịa ụzọ ndị dị n'ikpere mmiri n'ihi ihe ịma aka nke injinia mmiri. N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, nchọpụta ndị ọzọ dị mkpa iji chọpụta ihe ga-ekwe omume na ihe ize ndụ ndị metụtara mgbanwe alkalinity nke oké osimiri na usoro iwepụ ndị ọzọ. Simulation na obere ule nwere oke na enweghị ike ịkọ n'ụzọ zuru ezu ka ụzọ CDR ga-esi metụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke oke osimiri mgbe etinyere ya n'ogo nke ibelata ikuku CO2 dị ugbu a.
Castañón, L. (2021, Disemba 16). Oke osimiri nke ohere: Inyocha ihe ize ndụ na ụgwọ ọrụ nke ngwọta dabere n'oké osimiri maka mgbanwe ihu igwe. Slọ Ọrụ Oceanographic Woods Hole. E si na: https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/an-ocean-of-opportunity/
Oke osimiri bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro ịwepụta carbon sitere n'okike, na-ekesa oke carbon sitere na ikuku banye na mmiri wee mechaa mikpuo ya n'ala oke osimiri. Ụfọdụ ihe jikọrọ carbon dioxide na nkume ma ọ bụ shells ihu igwe na-ekpochi ya ka ọ bụrụ ụdị ọhụrụ, na algae mmiri na-ebulikwa njikọ carbon ndị ọzọ, na-ejikọta ya n'ime usoro ndụ ndụ. Ngwọta Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) bu n'obi iṅomi ma ọ bụ welie usoro nchekwa nchekwa carbon ndị a. Isiokwu a na-akọwapụta ihe ize ndụ na mgbanwe ndị ga-emetụta ọganihu nke ọrụ CDR.
Cornwall, W. (2021, Disemba 15). Iji wetuo Carbon wee daa jụụ na mbara ala, Fertilization Ocean na-enweta anya ọzọ. Science, 374. E si na: https://www.science.org/content/article/draw-down-carbon-and-cool-planet-ocean-fertilization-gets-another-look
Fertilisation n'oké osimiri bụ ụdị mwepu carbon dioxide (CDR) nke a na-ebo ebubo na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke a na-elebu anya dị ka enweghị uche. Ugbu a, ndị nchọpụta na-eme atụmatụ ịwụsa 100 tọn ígwè n'ofe 1000 square kilomita nke Oké Osimiri Arebia. Ajụjụ dị mkpa a na-ajụ bụ ole carbon nke na-etinye n'ime ya na-eme ka ọ banye n'oké osimiri dị omimi kama ịbụ nke ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ na-eri ma na-ebunyeghachi ya na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndị na-enyo enyo maka usoro fatịlaịza na-achọpụta na nyocha ndị na-adịbeghị anya nke nnwale 13 gara aga chọpụtara na ọ bụ naanị otu na-abawanye ọkwa carbon dị omimi nke oke osimiri. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ndị nwere ike ịpụta na-echegbu ụfọdụ, ndị ọzọ kwenyere na ịchọpụta ihe ize ndụ ndị nwere ike ime bụ ihe ọzọ mere a ga-eji gaa n'ihu na nyocha ahụ.
National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2021, Disemba). Atụmatụ Nchọpụta maka Mwepụ na Mwepụ Carbon Dioxide dabere na oke osimiri. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26278
Akụkọ a na-atụ aro ka United States na-eme mmemme nyocha $ 125 nke raara nye iji nwalee nghọta ihe ịma aka maka ụzọ mwepụ CO2 dabere na oke osimiri, gụnyere ihe mgbochi akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta ọha na eze. A tụlere ụzọ isii nke Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) sitere na oke osimiri n'ime akụkọ ahụ gụnyere nri nri nri, nkwalite na mgbada, ịkọ ahịhịa mmiri, mgbake gburugburu ebe obibi, nkwalite alkalinity nke oke osimiri, na usoro elektrọn. A ka nwere echiche ndị na-emegiderịta onwe ha banyere ụzọ CDR dị n'ime obodo ndị sayensị, mana akụkọ a na-egosi nzọụkwụ pụtara ìhè na mkparịta ụka maka ndụmọdụ obi ike nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị oké osimiri tụpụtara.
Ụlọ ọrụ Aspen. (2021, Disemba 8). Ntụzịaka maka Ọrụ Mwepụ Carbon Dioxide dabere n'Oké Osimiri: Ụzọ iji wulite ụkpụrụ omume.. Ụlọ ọrụ Aspen. E si na: https://www.aspeninstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/files/content/docs/pubs/120721_Ocean-Based-CO2-Removal_E.pdf
Ọrụ nke Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) nke dabere n'oké osimiri nwere ike ịba uru karịa ọrụ dabere na ala, n'ihi ohere dị na mbara igwe, ohere maka ọrụ mmekọrịta, yana ọrụ bara uru (gụnyere mbelata acidification nke oke osimiri, mmepụta nri, na mmepụta biofuel). ). Agbanyeghị, ọrụ CDR na-eche ihe ịma aka ihu gụnyere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi amụchaghị nke ọma, ụkpụrụ na ikike na-ejighị n'aka, ihe isi ike nke arụmọrụ, na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke ịga nke ọma. Nchọpụta obere ntakịrị dị mkpa iji kọwapụta na nyochaa ikike iwepụ carbon dioxide, katalọgụ nwere ike ime gburugburu ebe obibi na mpụga ọha, yana akaụntụ maka ọchịchị, ego, na okwu nkwụsị.
Batres, M., Wang, FM, Buck, H., Kapila, R., Kosar, U., Licker, R., … & Suarez, V. (2021, Julaị). Ikpe ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi na ihu igwe na mwepụ carbon carbon. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Electricity, 34 (7), 107002.
Ekwesịrị iji usoro ziri ezi na nha nha n'uche mee usoro carbon dioxide (CDR), na mpaghara mpaghara ebe ọrụ nwere ike ịdị na isi n'ime mkpebi. Obodo na-enwekarị akụrụngwa na ihe ọmụma iji sonye na itinye ego na mbọ CDR. Ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi kwesịrị ịdị n'ihu n'ihu n'ihu na-aga n'ihu iji zere mmetụta ọjọọ na obodo ndị nwere ibu ibu.
Fleming, A. (2021, Juun 23). Ịgbasa ígwé ojii na igbu ọchụ: ka Ocean Geoengineering siri bụrụ ihe dị n'ihu nke nsogbu ihu igwe. The Guardian. E si na: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jun/23/cloud-spraying-and-hurricane-slaying-could-geoengineering-fix-the-climate-crisis
Tom Green na-atụ anya imikpu ijeri tọn CO2 na ala nke oke osimiri site n'itinye ájá mgbawa ugwu n'ime oke osimiri. Green na-ekwu na ọ bụrụ na a na-edobe ájá na 2% nke ụsọ oké osimiri ụwa, ọ ga-eweghara 100% nke ikuku carbon anyị kwa afọ ugbu a. Ogo nke ọrụ CDR dị mkpa iji gboo ọkwa ikuku anyị ugbu a na-eme ka ọrụ niile sie ike nha. N'aka nke ọzọ, imegharị ụsọ oké osimiri nke nwere mangroves, ala mmiri nnu, na ahịhịa mmiri na-eweghachite gburugburu ebe obibi ma jide CO2 na-echeghị nnukwu ihe egwu dị na ntinye aka CDR na teknụzụ.
Gertner, J. (2021, Juun 24). Mgbanwe Carbontech amalitela? The New York Times.
Teknụzụ nwude carbon Direct (DCC) dị, mana ọ ka dị oke ọnụ. Ụlọ ọrụ CarbonTech amalitela resịkwara carbon ndị achụmnta ego nwere ike iji ya na ngwaahịa ha wee na-ebelata akara ụkwụ ha. Ngwaahịa na-anọpụ iche nke carbon ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị mma nwere ike ịdaba n'okpuru nnukwu ụdị ngwaahịa eji carbon eme ihe na-eme ka ijide carbon na-aba uru mgbe ọ na-amasị ahịa. Ọ bụ ezie na a gaghị edozi mgbanwe ihu igwe na CO2 yoga mats na sneakers, ọ bụ naanị obere nzọụkwụ ọzọ n'ụzọ ziri ezi.
Hirschlag, A. (2021, Juun 8). Iji lụso mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ, ndị nyocha chọrọ ịdọrọ carbon dioxide n'oké osimiri wee mee ka ọ bụrụ okwute. Smithsonian. E si na: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/combat-climate-change-researchers-want-to-pull-carbon-dioxide-from-ocean-and-turn-it-into-rock-180977903/
Otu usoro mwepu carbon dioxide (CDR) nke a tụrụ aro bụ iwebata mesor hydroxide (ihe alkaline) na-ebu ọkụ eletrik n'ime oke osimiri iji kpalite mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ nke ga-ebute nkume limestone carbonate. A pụrụ iji nkume ahụ wuo ihe, ma okwute ndị ahụ ga-ejedebe n'oké osimiri. Nkume nzu nwere ike kpasuo gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri dị n'ime obodo, na-akụda ndụ osisi ma na-agbanwe nke ukwuu ebe obibi n'elu mmiri. Otú ọ dị, ndị nchọpụta na-egosi na mmiri mmepụta ga-adị ntakịrị karịa alkaline nke nwere ike ibelata mmetụta nke acidification nke oké osimiri na mpaghara ọgwụgwọ. Na mgbakwunye, hydrogen gas ga-abụ ngwaahịa sitere n'ike nke enwere ike ire iji nyere aka belata ụgwọ nkeji nkeji. Nnyocha ọzọ dị mkpa iji gosi na nkà na ụzụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ buru ibu na nke akụ na ụba.
Healey, P., Scholes, R., Lefale, P., & Yanda, P. (2021, Mee). Mwepụ Carbon Net-Zero na-achị achị iji zere itinye aka na ahaghị nhata. Oke na ihu igwe, 3, 38. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.672357
Teknụzụ Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR), dị ka mgbanwe ihu igwe, nwere ihe egwu na enweghị oke, na isiokwu a gụnyere aro ndị nwere ike ime maka ọdịnihu iji lebara ahaghị nhata ndị a anya. Ugbu a, ihe ọmụma na-apụta na ntinye ego na teknụzụ CDR na-elekwasị anya na ugwu ụwa. Ọ bụrụ na ụkpụrụ a na-aga n'ihu, ọ ga-eme ka ikpe na-ezighị ezi gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ na ohere ịnweta ohere mgbe a bịara na mgbanwe ihu igwe na ngwọta ihu igwe.
Meyer, A., & Spalding, MJ (2021, Maachị). Nyocha dị oke egwu nke mmetụta oke osimiri nke mwepu carbon dioxide site na Direct Air na Ocean Capture - Ọ bụ Ngwọta Dị Nchekwa na Na-adịgide adịgide?. The Ocean Foundation.
Teknụzụ Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) na-apụta nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ nkwado na ngwọta ka ukwuu na ngbanwe pụọ na mmanụ ọkụ na-ere ọkụ gaa na grid ike dị ọcha, kwụ ọtọ, na-adigide. N'ime teknụzụ ndị a bụ ijide ikuku ozugbo (DAC) na ijide mmiri ozugbo (DOC), nke ha abụọ na-eji igwe na-ewepụta CO2 na ikuku ma ọ bụ oke osimiri wee bufee ya n'ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa n'okpuru ala ma ọ bụ jiri carbon nke ewepụtara nwetaghachi mmanụ sitere na isi mmalite mebie azụmaahịa. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, teknụzụ ijide carbon dị oke ọnụ ma na-etinye ihe egwu n'ụdị dị iche iche nke oke osimiri, oke osimiri na gburugburu ebe obibi, yana obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ osimiri gụnyere ụmụ amaala. Ngwọta ndị ọzọ dabere na okike gụnyere: mweghachi nke mangrove, ọrụ ugbo na-emegharị emegharị, na mkpụgharị osisi na-anọgide na-aba uru maka ụdị ndụ dị iche iche, ọha mmadụ, na nchekwa carbon ogologo oge na-enweghị ọtụtụ ihe egwu na-eso DAC/DOC teknụzụ. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-enyocha ihe ize ndụ na ohere nke teknụzụ iwepụ carbon n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-aga n'ihu, ọ dị mkpa ka "mbụ, emela ihe ọjọọ" iji hụ na emetụtaghị mmetụta ọjọọ na ala anyị dị oké ọnụ ahịa na gburugburu oké osimiri.
Center for International Environmental Iwu. (2021, Maachị 18). Ecosystems Ocean & Geoengineering: ndetu mmeghe.
Usoro mkpochapụ carbon dioxide (CDR) dabere na okike n'ime oke mmiri gụnyere ichekwa na iweghachite osisi mangrove dị n'akụkụ osimiri, akwa ahịhịa, na oke ọhịa kelp. Ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere obere ihe ize ndụ karịa ụzọ teknụzụ, a ka nwere mmerụ ahụ nwere ike ime na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri. Ụzọ CDR nke teknụzụ teknụzụ dabere na mmiri na-achọ ịgbanwe kemistri nke oke osimiri iji nwetakwuo CO2, gụnyere ihe atụ ndị a na-ekwukarị gbasara njikọta nke oke osimiri na alkalinization nke oke osimiri. Ihe a na-elekwasị anya ga-abụrịrị na igbochi ikuku carbon nke mmadụ na-ebute, kama usoro ngbanwe na-enweghị isi iji belata ihe ọkụkụ n'ụwa.
Gattuso, JP, Williamson, P., Duarte, CM, & Magnan, AK (2021, Jenuarị 25). Enwere ike maka omume ihu igwe dabere n'oké osimiri: Teknụzụ na-adịghị mma na gafere. Oke na ihu igwe. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2020.575716
N'ime ọtụtụ ụdị mwepụ carbon dioxide (CDR), ụzọ anọ bụ isi dabere n'oké osimiri bụ: bioenergy nke mmiri na ijide carbon na nchekwa, iweghachi na ịba ụba ahịhịa dị n'ụsọ osimiri, na-eme ka mmepụta nke oke osimiri na-emepe emepe, na-eme ka ihu igwe na-abawanye na alkalinization. Akụkọ a na-enyocha ụdị anọ ahụ ma na-arụ ụka maka ịba ụba maka nyocha na mmepe CDR. Usoro ndị a ka na-abịa n'ọtụtụ ejighị n'aka, mana ha nwere ike ịdị irè nke ukwuu na ụzọ iji gbochie ikpo ọkụ ihu igwe.
Buck, H., Aines, R., et al. (2021). Echiche: Mwepụ Carbon Dioxide Primer. E si na: https://cdrprimer.org/read/concepts
Onye ode akwụkwọ kọwapụtara mwepụ carbon dioxide (CDR) dị ka ọrụ ọ bụla na-ewepụ CO2 na ikuku ma na-echekwa ya nke ọma na mpaghara ala, terrestrial, ma ọ bụ oke osimiri, ma ọ bụ na ngwaahịa. CDR dị iche na geoengineering, dịka, n'adịghị ka geoengineering, usoro CDR na-ewepụ CO2 na ikuku, mana geoengineering na-elekwasị anya na ibelata mgbaàmà mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ọtụtụ okwu ndị ọzọ dị mkpa na-agụnye n'ime ederede a, ọ na-ejekwa ozi dị ka mgbakwunye na-enye aka na mkparịta ụka ka ukwuu.
Keith, H., Vardon, M., Obst, C., Young, V., Houghton, RA, & Mackey, B. (2021). Ịtụle Ngwọta dabere na okike maka mbelata ihu igwe na nchekwa na-achọ ndekọ ego carbon zuru oke. Sayensị nke mkpokọta gburugburu ebe obibi, 769, 144341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144341
Ngwọta Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) dabere na okike bụ ụzọ bara uru iji gboo nsogbu ihu igwe, nke gụnyere ebuka carbon na mmiri na-asọ. Ịkọkọ ọnụ ahịa carbon nke na-agba ọsọ na-akwalite ngwọta okike ebe ọ na-egosipụta ihe egwu dị n'ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ.
Bertram, C., & Merk, C. (2020, Disemba 21). Echiche Ọha na Mwepụ Carbon Dioxide dabere n'Osimiri: Nkewa okike- Injinia?. Oke na ihu igwe, 31. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2020.594194
Nkwenye ọha na eze nke usoro mkpochapụ carbon dioxide (CDR) n'ime afọ 15 gara aga ka dị ala maka atụmatụ injinịa ihu igwe ma e jiri ya tụnyere ngwọta dabere na okike. Nchọpụta echiche gbadoro anya na echiche zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ụzọ injinịa ihu igwe ma ọ bụ echiche mpaghara maka ụzọ carbon na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Echiche dịgasị iche iche dabere na ọnọdụ, agụmakwụkwọ, ego, wdg. Ma usoro teknụzụ na nke sitere n'okike nwere ike itinye aka na Pọtụfoliyo ngwọta CDR eji arụ ọrụ, yabụ ọ dị mkpa ịtụle echiche nke otu ga-emetụta ozugbo.
Ọrụ Climate. (2020, Disemba 15). Mwepụ Carbon Dioxide Ocean (CDR). Ọrụ Climate. E si na: https://youtu.be/brl4-xa9DTY.
Vidiyo dị nkeji anọ a na-emegharị emegharị na-akọwa usoro okirikiri carbon nke oke osimiri ma webata usoro mkpochapụ Carbon Dioxide (CDR). Ekwesiri ighota na vidiyo a ekwuputaghi ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi na nke oha na eze nke uzo CDR nke teknụzụ, ma ọ bụ kpuchie ihe ngwọta ndị ọzọ dabere na okike.
Brent, K., Burns, W., McGee, J. (2019, Disemba 2). Ọchịchị nke Geoengineering Marine: Akụkọ pụrụ iche. Center for International Governance Innovation. E si na: https://www.cigionline.org/publications/governance-marine-geoengineering/
Mmụba nke teknụzụ geoengineering mmiri nwere ike itinye ihe ọhụrụ na usoro iwu mba ụwa iji chịkwaa ihe egwu na ohere. Ụfọdụ atumatu ndị dị ugbu a gbasara ihe omume mmiri nwere ike metụta geoengineering, agbanyeghị, emebere iwu ndị ahụ ma kparịta ụka maka ebumnuche ndị ọzọ karịa geoengineering. The London Protocol, 2013 mmezi na mkpofu oké osimiri bụ ọrụ ugbo kacha dị mkpa maka geoengineering mmiri. Nkwekọrịta mba ụwa ndị ọzọ dị mkpa iji mejupụta oghere dị n'ọchịchị geoengineering mmiri.
Gattuso, JP, Magnan, AK, Bopp, L., Cheung, WW, Duarte, CM, Hinkel, J., na Rau, GH (2018, October 4). Ngwọta oke osimiri iji lebara mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta ya na sistemụ gburugburu mmiri. Oke na Sayensị Marine, 337. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00337
Ọ dị mkpa iji belata mmetụta ihu igwe metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi na mmiri na-emebighị ihe nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi na usoro ngwọta. Dị ka ndị dere ọmụmụ a tụlere usoro 13 dabere n'oké osimiri iji belata okpomoku nke oke osimiri, acidification nke oke osimiri, na ịrị elu oke osimiri, gụnyere usoro mkpochapụ Carbon Dioxide (CDR) nke fatịlaịza, alkalinization, ụzọ ngwakọ nke ala-oké osimiri, na mweghachi mmiri. N'ịga n'ihu, ntinye nke ụzọ dị iche iche n'obere ntakịrị ga-ebelata ihe egwu na ihe ejighi n'aka jikọtara ya na ntinye aka buru ibu.
Council Research Council. (2015). Ntinye aka na ihu igwe: Mwepu carbon dioxide na ntinye ntụkwasị obi. National Academies Press.
Nbunye usoro ọ bụla Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) na-esonyere ọtụtụ ejighị n'aka: ịdị irè, ọnụ ahịa, ọchịchị, mpụga, uru, nchekwa, nha nha nha, wdg. Akwụkwọ ahụ, Intervention Climate, na-ekwu maka ejighị n'aka, ihe ndị dị mkpa, na ndụmọdụ maka ịga n'ihu. . Isi mmalite a gụnyere ezigbo nyocha nke teknụzụ CDR bụ isi na-apụta. Usoro CDR nwere ike ọ dịghị mgbe ọ ga-ebuli elu iji wepụ nnukwu CO2, mana ha ka na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na njem na net-efu, na a ghaghị ịkwụ ụgwọ nlebara anya.
The London Protocol. (2013, Ọktoba 18). Ndozigharị iji hazie ntinye ihe maka fatịlaịza oke osimiri yana mmemme Geoengineering mmiri ndị ọzọ. Mgbakwunye 4.
Ndozigharị 2013 na Protocol London machibido ikpofu ihe mkpofu ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ n'ime oke osimiri iji chịkwaa na machibido fatịlaịza oke osimiri na usoro geoengineering ndị ọzọ. Ndozigharị a bụ mgbanwe mba ụwa nke mbụ na-ekwu maka usoro geoengineering ọ bụla nke ga-emetụta ụdị ọrụ mwepụ carbon dioxide nke enwere ike iwebata ma nwalee na gburugburu ebe obibi.
Azụ n'elu
10. Mgbanwe ihu igwe na ịdị iche iche, nha anya, nsonye, na ikpe ziri ezi (DEIJ)
Phillips, T. na King, F. (2021). Ihe enyemaka 5 kacha elu maka itinye aka na obodo site na anya Deij. Otu ihe omume dị iche iche nke Chesapeake Bay. PDF.
Otu mmemme di iche iche nke Chesapeake Bay achịkọtala ntuziaka akụrụngwa maka itinye DEIJ n'ọrụ itinye aka na obodo. Mpempe akwụkwọ eziokwu ahụ gụnyere njikọ na ozi gbasara ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi, nhụsianya doro anya, na nha anya agbụrụ, yana nkọwapụta maka otu. Ọ dị mkpa ka etinyere DEIJ n'ọrụ site na mbido mbido mbụ iji tinye aka bara uru nke ndị mmadụ na obodo niile metụtara.
Gardiner, B. (2020, Julaị 16). Ikpe ziri ezi n'oké osimiri: Ebe Equity Social na Climate Fight Intersect. Ajụjụ ọnụ Ayana Elizabeth Johnson. Yale Environment 360.
Ikpe ziri ezi n'oké osimiri dị na njikọ nke nchekwa oke osimiri na ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha mmadụ, na nsogbu ndị obodo ga-eche ihu site na mgbanwe ihu igwe anaghị aga. Ịdozi nsogbu ihu igwe abụghị naanị nsogbu injinia kama nsogbu mmekọrịta ọha na eze na-ahapụ ọtụtụ ndị na mkparịta ụka ahụ. A na-atụ aro ajụjụ ọnụ zuru ezu ma dị na njikọ a: https://e360.yale.edu/features/ocean-justice-where-social-equity-and-the-climate-fight-intersect.
Rush, E. (2018). Na-ebili: Mbupu sitere na New American Shore. Canada: Mbipụta Milkweed.
N'ịbụ onye a gwara ya site n'ime onye mbụ, onye edemede Elizabeth Rush na-atụle nsonaazụ ndị obodo ndị na-adịghị ike na-eche ihu na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Akụkọ ụdị akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-akpakọ akụkọ eziokwu nke obodo ndị dị na Florida, Louisiana, Rhode Island, California, na New York bụ ndị nweworo mmetụta jọgburu onwe ya nke ajọ ifufe, oke ihu igwe, na oke mmiri na-ebili n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe.
Azụ n'elu
11. Iwu na akwụkwọ gọọmentị
Oke osimiri & ihu igwe Platform. (2023). Ndụmọdụ amụma maka obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ka ha mee mgbanwe na ịrị elu oke osimiri. Sea'ties Initiative. 28 pp. Ewepụtara: https://ocean-climate.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Policy-Recommendations-for-Coastal-Cities-to-Adapt-to-Sea-Level-Rise-_-SEATIES.pdf
Atụmatụ ịrị elu oke osimiri na-ezochi ọtụtụ ejighị n'aka na ọdịiche dị n'ofe ụwa niile, mana o doro anya na ihe omume a agaghị agbanwe agbanwe ma ga-aga n'ihu ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ na puku afọ. N'ụwa nile, obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, n'ihu agha nke oké osimiri na-eto eto, na-achọ ngwọta mgbanwe. N'ikwekọ na nke a, Ocean & Climate Platform (OCP) malitere na 2020 atụmatụ Sea'ties iji kwado obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-eyi egwu site n'ịkwalite echiche na mmejuputa atụmatụ mgbanwe. N'ịmechi afọ anọ nke atụmatụ Sea'ties, "Atụmatụ amụma maka obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri iji kwekọọ na ọkwa oke osimiri" na-adọta na nka sayensị na ahụmahụ dị n'ala nke ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ 230 gbakọtara na ogbako mpaghara 5 ahaziri na Northern Europe, Mediterranean, North America, West Africa, na Pacific. Ndị otu 80 na-akwado ugbu a n'ụwa niile, atụmatụ amụma a bụ maka ndị na-eme mkpebi mpaghara, mba, mpaghara na mba ụwa, na-elekwasị anya na ihe anọ dị mkpa.
United Nations. (2015). Nkwekọrịta Paris. Bonn, Germany: United National Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretary, UN Climate Change. Ewepụtara: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement
Agreement Paris malitere na 4 November 2016. Ebumnuche ya bụ ijikọta mba dị iche iche na mgbalị siri ike iji gbochie mgbanwe ihu igwe na ime mgbanwe na mmetụta ya. Ebumnobi etiti bụ idobe okpomọkụ ụwa n'okpuru 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) karịa ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ tupu ụlọ ọrụ wee kpachie mmụba okpomọkụ na-erughị 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit). Ndị otu ọ bụla chịkọtara ihe ndị a nwere ntụnye aka dị iche iche nke mba (NDC) nke chọrọ ka ndị otu ọ bụla na-akọ akụkọ mgbe niile gbasara mpụta na mbọ mmejuputa ya. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị otu 196 kwadoro nkwekọrịta ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na ekwesịrị ịmara na United States bụ onye mbụ bịanyere aka na ya mana ha enyela ọkwa na ọ ga-ewepụ na nkwekọrịta ahụ.
Biko mara na akwụkwọ a bụ naanị ebe ọ bụghị n'usoro oge. Dị ka ntinye aka zuru ụwa ọnụ nke na-emetụta amụma mgbanwe ihu igwe, agụnyere ebe a n'usoro oge.
Ndị otu gọọmentị etiti na mgbanwe ihu igwe, Otu na-arụ ọrụ II. (2022). Mgbanwe ihu igwe 2022 Mmetụta, Ngbanwe, na adịghị ike: Nchịkọta maka ndị na-eme iwu. IPCC. PDF.
Akuko nke Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change bụ nchịkọta ọkwa dị elu maka ndị na-eme amụma ntinye aka na-arụ ọrụ Group II na mkpesa nyocha nke isii IPCC. Ntụle ahụ na-ejikọta ihe ọmụma siri ike karịa nyocha ndị mbụ, na ọ na-eleba anya mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe, ihe egwu, na mmegharị nke na-apụta n'otu oge. Ndị ode akwụkwọ enyela 'oke ịdọ aka ná ntị' gbasara ọnọdụ gburugburu anyị ugbu a na ọdịnihu.
Mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi United Nations. (2021). Akụkọ ọdịiche dị n'ikuku 2021. United Nations. PDF.
Akuko nke United Nations Environment Programme 2021 na-egosi na nkwa ihu igwe nke mba dị ugbu a na-etinye ụwa n'ụzọ iji rịa ịrị elu okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke 2.7 Celsius na njedebe nke narị afọ. Iji mee ka okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ebili n'okpuru 1.5 Celsius, na-agbaso ebumnuche nke nkwekọrịta Paris, ụwa kwesịrị ibelata ikuku ikuku ikuku na ọkara n'ime afọ asatọ na-esote. N'oge dị mkpirikpi, mbelata nke methane na-esi na mmanụ ọkụ, mkpofu na ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ibelata okpomọkụ. Ahịa carbon akọwapụtara nke ọma nwekwara ike inyere ụwa aka iru ebumnuche ikuku.
Nkwekọrịta nhazi nke United Nations maka mgbanwe ihu igwe. (2021, Nọvemba). Nkwekọrịta ihu igwe Glasgow. United Nations. PDF.
Nkwekọrịta ihu igwe nke Glasgow na-akpọ maka mmụba ihu igwe karịa nkwekọrịta ihu igwe nke Paris 2015 iji dobe ebumnuche naanị ịrị elu okpomọkụ 1.5C. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mba 200 bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta a ma bụrụ nkwekọrịta ihu igwe nke mbụ na-eme atụmatụ n'ụzọ doro anya iji belata ojiji coal, ma ọ na-esetịpụ iwu doro anya maka ahịa ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ.
Otu enyemaka maka ndụmọdụ sayensị na teknụzụ. (2021). Mkparịta ụka mgbanwe oke osimiri na ihu igwe ka ị ga-atụle otu esi eme ka mmegharị ahụ dị ike na mbelata ihe. United Nations. PDF.
Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ndụmọdụ Sayensị na Nkà na Ụzụ (SBSTA) bụ akụkọ nchịkọta mbụ nke ihe ga-abụ mkparịta ụka nke oké osimiri na mgbanwe ihu igwe kwa afọ. Akụkọ a bụ ihe achọrọ maka COP 25 maka ebumnuche mkpesa. Nkwekọrịta ihu igwe nke Glasgow 2021 nabatara mkparịta ụka a, ọ na-egosipụtakwa mkpa ọ dị ka gọọmentị na-ewusi nghọta ha na omume ha na oke osimiri na mgbanwe ihu igwe.
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. (2021). Afọ iri nke United Nations Science Ocean for Sustainable Development (2021-2030): Atụmatụ mmejuputa, nchịkọta. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000376780
United Nations ekwupụtala na 2021-2030 ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri nke oke osimiri. N'ime afọ iri, United Nations na-arụ ọrụ karịa ikike nke otu mba iji kwado nyocha, ntinye ego na atụmatụ gburugburu ihe ndị kacha mkpa n'ụwa niile. Ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ 2,500 nyere aka na mmepe nke UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development Plan nke na-esetịpụ ihe ndị sayensị ga-ebute ụzọ na sayensị nke ga-amalite usoro sayensị nke oké osimiri maka mmepe na-adigide. Enwere ike ịchọta mmelite na atụmatụ afọ iri nke Ocean Ebe a.
Iwu nke oke osimiri na mgbanwe ihu igwe. (2020). Na E. Johansen, S. Busch, na I. Jakobsen (Eds.), Iwu nke oke osimiri na mgbanwe ihu igwe: Ngwọta na mgbochi (p. I-Ii). Cambridge: Mahadum Mahadum Cambridge.
Enwere njikọ siri ike n'etiti ngwọta maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta nke iwu ihu igwe nke mba ụwa na iwu nke oké osimiri. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-etolitekarị ha site na ụlọ ọrụ iwu dị iche iche, iji iwu mmiri na-agwa mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike iduga n'inweta ebumnobi bara uru.
Mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi nke United Nations (2020, June 9) okike, ihu igwe na nchekwa: udo na-adịgide adịgide na ihu ihu nke mgbanwe ihu igwe. United Nations. https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/gender-climate-security-sustaining-inclusive-peace-frontlines-climate-change
Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-akawanye njọ ọnọdụ na-eyi udo na nchekwa egwu. Ụkpụrụ nwoke na nwanyị na usoro ike na-etinye ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'otú ndị mmadụ nwere ike isi metụta na imeghachi omume na nsogbu na-eto eto. Nkwupụta nke United Nations na-atụ aro ijikọ atụmatụ amụma mmekọ, nkwalite mmemme agbakwunyere, ịbawanye ego ezubere iche, na ịgbasa ntọala akaebe nke akụkụ nwoke na nwanyị nke ihe egwu nchekwa metụtara ihu igwe.
Mmiri nke United Nations. (2020, Maachị 21). Nkwupụta mmepe mmiri nke mba ụwa nke United Nations 2020: Mgbanwe mmiri na ihu igwe. Mmiri nke United Nations. https://www.unwater.org/publications/world-water-development-report-2020/
Mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-emetụta nnweta, ịdị mma, na oke mmiri maka mkpa mmadụ bụ isi na-eyi nchekwa nri, ahụike mmadụ, ebe obibi obodo na ime obodo, mmepụta ume, na ịbawanye ugboro na ịdị ukwuu nke ihe omume dị egwu dị ka okpomọkụ na oké ifufe. Oke ihe metụtara mmiri na-akawanye njọ site na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-abawanye ihe egwu dị na akụrụngwa mmiri, ịdị ọcha na ịdị ọcha (WASH). Ohere iji gboo mkpa ihu igwe na-eto eto na nsogbu mmiri gụnyere nhazi usoro na mbelata atụmatụ n'ime itinye ego na mmiri, nke ga-eme ka itinye ego na ihe omume metụtara ya bụrụ ihe na-amasị ndị na-ahụ maka ihu igwe. Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-agbanwe ga-emetụta ọ bụghị naanị ndụ mmiri, mana ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ mmadụ niile.
Blunden, J., na Arndt, D. (2020). Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na 2019. American Meteorological Society. Ụlọ ọrụ mba NOAA maka ozi gburugburu ebe obibi.https://journals.ametsoc.org/bams/article-pdf/101/8/S1/4988910/2020bamsstateoftheclimate.pdf
NOAA kọrọ na 2019 bụ afọ kacha ewu ewu na ndekọ kemgbe ndekọ malitere n'etiti 1800s. 2019 hụkwara ọkwa ndekọ nke ikuku griin haus, ịrị elu oke osimiri, yana oke okpomọkụ edere na mpaghara ụwa niile. N'afọ a bụ oge mbụ akụkọ NOAA gụnyere oke okpomọkụ nke mmiri na-egosi oke okpomọkụ nke mmiri na-eto eto. Akụkọ ahụ gbakwunyere Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society.
Oke osimiri na ihu igwe. (2019, Disemba) Ndụmọdụ amụma: Oke osimiri dị mma, ihu igwe echedoro. The Ocean and Climate Platform. https://ocean-climate.org/?page_id=8354&lang=en
Dabere na nkwa ndị e mere n'oge 2014 COP21 na Paris Agreement 2015, akụkọ a na-ewepụta usoro maka oke osimiri dị mma na ihu igwe echedoro. Mba kwesịrị ịmalite site na mbelata, wee megharịa, na n'ikpeazụ nabata ego na-adigide. Omume ndị a tụrụ aro gụnyere: ịmachi ịrị elu okpomọkụ na 1.5 Celsius; kwụsị inye aka na mmepụta mmanụ ọkụ; ịzụlite ume ume ọhụrụ nke mmiri; mee ka usoro ngbanwe dịkwuo ngwa; kwalite mbọ iji kwụsị ịkụ azụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, nke a na-akọghị na nke na-achịkwaghị achịkwa (IUU) site na 2020; nakwekọrịta nkwekọrịta n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro maka nchekwa ziri ezi na ijikwa ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ n'oké osimiri; ịchụso ebumnuche nke 30% nke oke osimiri echedoro site na 2030; wusie ike nyocha mgbanwe mba ụwa na isiokwu ihu igwe nke oke osimiri site na itinye akụkụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze.
World Health Organization. (2019, Eprel 18). Ahụike, gburugburu na mgbanwe ihu igwe nke WHO Global Strategy on Health, Environment and Climate Change: Ngbanwe a chọrọ iji kwalite ndụ na ọdịmma na-adịgide adịgide site na gburugburu ahụike. Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa, Mgbakọ Ahụ Ike Ụwa Iri Asaa na Abụọ A72/15, Usoro oge nwa oge ihe 11.6.
Ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi a ma ama nke a na-ezere na-akpata ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọnwụ na ọrịa n'ụwa niile, nde mmadụ 13 na-anwụ kwa afọ. Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-akawanye njọ, mana egwu na-ahụ maka ahụike mmadụ site na mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike ibelata. A ghaghị ime ihe ndị a na-elekwasị anya na ndị na-achọpụta ahụike dị elu, ndị na-achọpụta mgbanwe ihu igwe, na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ime usoro jikọtara ọnụ nke na-edozi na ọnọdụ mpaghara ma kwadoro usoro nchịkwa zuru oke.
Mmemme mmepe United Nations. (2019). Nkwa UNDP's Climate: Chebe Agenda 2030 Site na Omume ihu igwe siri ike. Mmemme mmepe United Nations. PDF.
Iji nweta ebumnobi etinyere na nkwekọrịta Paris, United Nations Development Programme ga-akwado mba 100 na usoro ntinye aka na nke doro anya na ntinye aka nke mba ha (NDCs). Onyinye ọrụ a gụnyere nkwado maka iwulite ọchịchọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ikike ọha na eze na ọkwa mba na nke mba; nleba anya na mmelite maka ebumnuche, atumatu na usoro dị ugbu a; na-ejikọta ngalaba ọhụrụ na ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ gas griin haus; nyochaa ego na ohere itinye ego; nyochaa ọganihu ma wusie nghọta ike.
Pörtner, HO, Roberts, DC, Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., …, & Weyer, N. (2019). Akụkọ pụrụ iche na oke osimiri na Cryosphere na ihu igwe na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ndị otu gọọmentị etiti na mgbanwe ihu igwe. PDF
Otu Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change wepụtara akụkọ pụrụ iche nke ihe karịrị 100 ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị sitere na mba 36 dere banyere mgbanwe na-adịgide adịgide n'oké osimiri na cryosphere-akụkụ oyi kpọnwụrụ nke mbara ala. Isi ihe achọpụtara bụ na nnukwu mgbanwe na mpaghara ugwu dị elu ga-emetụta obodo ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri, glaciers na ice na-agbaze na-enye aka na-abawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oke oke osimiri na-ebu amụma na ọ ga-eru 30-60 cm (11.8 - 23.6 sentimita asatọ) site na 2100 ma ọ bụrụ na ikuku gas na-emepụta. A na-ebelata nke ọma na 60-110cm (23.6 - 43.3 sentimita) ma ọ bụrụ na ikuku ikuku na-aga n'ihu na-ebili ugbu a. A ga-enwe ihe omume oke oke mmiri ugboro ugboro, mgbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi nke oke osimiri site na okpomoku nke oke osimiri na acidification na ice nke oke osimiri Arctic na-agbada kwa ọnwa yana ịgbaze permafrost. Akuko a choputara na ibelata ike ikuku ikuku griin haus, ichekwa na iweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi na iji nlezianya mee ihe na-eme ka o kwe omume ichekwa oke osimiri na cryosphere, mana aghaghi ime ihe.
Ngalaba nchekwa US. (2019, Jenụwarị). Kpesa mmetụta nke ihu igwe na-agbanwe agbanwe na ngalaba nchekwa. Ụlọ ọrụ nke n'okpuru odeakwụkwọ nchekwa maka inweta na nkwado. Ewepụtara: https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2019/01/sec_335_ndaa-report_effects_of_a_changing_climate_to_dod.pdf
Ngalaba na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke United States na-atụle ihe egwu nchekwa obodo jikọtara na mgbanwe ihu igwe na ihe ndị na-esote dị ka idei mmiri na-eme ugboro ugboro, ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ọzara, ọkụ ọhịa, na thawing mmetụta permafrost na nchekwa mba. Akuko a choputara na a ghaghi itinye ntughari ihu igwe na nhazi na ime mkpebi na enweghi ike ime ihe dika mmemme di iche. Akụkọ ahụ na-achọpụta na enwere nnukwu nsogbu nchekwa site na ihe omume metụtara ihu igwe na ọrụ na ọrụ.
Wuebbles, DJ, Fahey, DW, Hibbard, KA, Dokken, DJ, Stewart, BC, & Maycock, TK (2017). Akụkọ pụrụiche Sayensị ihu igwe: Ntụle ihu igwe nke mba nke anọ, Mpịakọta I. Washington, DC, U.S.: Mmemme nyocha mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ nke US.
Dị ka akụkụ nke National Climate Assessment nke US Congress nyere iwu ka a na-eduzi kwa afọ anọ ka e mere ka ọ bụrụ nyocha ikike nke sayensị nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na-elekwasị anya na United States. Ụfọdụ isi ihe nchoputa gụnyere ihe ndị a: narị afọ gara aga bụ ihe kacha ekpo ọkụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmepeanya; ọrụ mmadụ -karịsịa mpụta ikuku nke griin haus - bụ isi ihe kpatara okpomoku a hụrụ; nkezi ọkwa oke osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ ejirila sentimita asaa rịa elu na narị afọ gara aga; oke idei mmiri na-abawanye, a na-atụkwa anya na ọkwa mmiri ga-aga n'ihu; okpomọkụ ga-adịwanye ugboro ugboro, dị ka ọkụ ọhịa; na oke mgbanwe ga-adabere kpamkpam n'ogo zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ikuku ikuku griin haus.
Cicin-Sain, B. (2015, Eprel). Ebumnuche 14—Chekwa ma jiri oke osimiri, oke osimiri na akụrụngwa mmiri maka mmepe na-adigide. United Nations Chronicle, LI(4). Ewetara na: http://unchronicle.un.org/article/goal-14-conserve-and-sustainably-useoceans-seas-and-marine-resources-sustainable/
Ebumnobi 14 nke United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) na-akọwa mkpa ọ dị maka ichekwa oke osimiri na iji akụrụngwa mmiri na-adịgide adịgide. Nkwado kachasi ike maka njikwa oke osimiri sitere na obere agwaetiti ndị na-emepe emepe na mba ndị mepere emepe na-emetụta oke nleghara anya oke osimiri. Mmemme na-ekwu maka ebumnuche 14 na-ejekwa ozi iji zute ebumnuche UN SDG asaa ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịda ogbenye, nchekwa nri, ike, uto akụ na ụba, akụrụngwa, mbelata ahaghị nhata, obodo na ebe obibi mmadụ, oriri na mmepụta na-adigide, mgbanwe ihu igwe, ụdị dị iche iche, na ụzọ mmejuputa ya. na mmekorita.
United Nations. (2015). Ihe mgbaru ọsọ 13—Mee ihe ngwa ngwa iji lụso mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta ya ọgụ. Platform Ọmụma Ebumnobi Na-adịgide adịgide nke United Nations. Ewepụtara: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg13
Ebumnobi 13 nke United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) na-eme ka ọ dị mkpa iji dozie mmetụta na-abawanye nke ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ. Kemgbe nkwekọrịta Paris, ọtụtụ mba ewerela usoro dị mma maka ego ihu igwe site na ntinye aka siri ike nke mba, a ka nwere mkpa dị mkpa maka ime ihe na mbelata na mmegharị, karịsịa maka mba ndị mepere emepe na obere mba dị iche iche.
Ngalaba nchekwa US. (2015, Julaị 23). Mmetụta Nchebe Mba nke Ihe ize ndụ metụtara ihu igwe yana ihu igwe na-agbanwe. Kọmitii na-ahụ maka omebe iwu Sineti. Ewepụtara: https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/150724-congressional-report-on-national-implications-of-climate-change.pdf
Ngalaba na-ahụ maka nchekwa na-ahụ mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ka ihe iyi egwu nchekwa dị ugbu a nwere mmetụta a na-ahụ anya na ihe egwu na nrụgide na mba na obodo ndị na-adịghị ike, gụnyere United States. Ihe ize ndụ ndị dị n'onwe ha dịgasị iche iche, mana ha niile na-ekekọrịta ntule ọnụ maka mkpa mgbanwe ihu igwe dị.
Pachauri, RK, & Meyer, LA (2014). Mgbanwe ihu igwe 2014: Akụkọ Synthesis. Ntụnye aka nke otu ndị na-arụ ọrụ I, II na III na mkpesa nyocha nke ise nke otu gọọmentị etiti na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ndị otu gọọmentị etiti na-ahụ maka mgbanwe ihu igwe, Geneva, Switzerland. Ewepụtara: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/
Mmetụta mmadụ na sistemu ihu igwe doro anya na mpụta ikuku ikuku griin na nso nso a bụ nke kachasị elu na akụkọ ntolite. Enwere ike ime mgbanwe na mbelata nke ọma na ngalaba ọ bụla, mana azịza ga-adabere na atumatu na usoro n'ofe mba ụwa, mba na mpaghara. Akụkọ 2014 aghọwo ihe ọmụmụ doro anya gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe.
Hoegh-Goldberg, O., Cai, R., Poloczanska, E., Brewer, P., Sundby, S., Hilmi, K., …, & Jung, S. (2014). Mgbanwe ihu igwe 2014: Mmetụta, Mgbanwe, na adịghị ike. Akụkụ B: Akụkụ mpaghara. Ntụnye aka nke Otu Ọrụ II na akụkọ nyocha nke ise nke otu gọọmentị etiti gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe. Cambridge, UK na New York, New York USA: Mahadum Cambridge University. 1655-1731. E si na: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap30_FINAL.pdf
Oke osimiri dị mkpa maka ihu igwe nke ụwa wee banye 93% nke ike a na-emepụta site na mmetụta griin haus emelitere yana ihe dịka 30% nke carbon dioxide anthropogenic sitere na ikuku. Okpomọkụ dị n'elu ụwa dum abawanyela site na 1950-2009. Kemistri nke oke osimiri na-agbanwe n'ihi mmụba nke CO2 na-ebelata pH n'ozuzu oke osimiri. Ndị a, yana ọtụtụ mmetụta ndị ọzọ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe nke anthropogenic, nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-emerụ ahụ n'oké osimiri, ndụ mmiri, gburugburu ebe obibi na ụmụ mmadụ.
Biko mara na nke a metụtara akụkọ Synthesis akọwapụtara n'elu, mana ọ bụ kpọmkwem maka oke osimiri.
Griffis, R., & Howard, J. (Eds.). (2013). Oke osimiri na akụrụngwa mmiri na ihu igwe na-agbanwe agbanwe; Ntinye aka nka na nyocha ihu igwe nke mba 2013. TỌ bụ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press.
Dị ka a ibe na National Climate Assessment 2013 akụkọ, akwụkwọ a na-ele anya na teknuzu echiche na nchoputa kpọmkwem na oké osimiri na mmiri gburugburu. Akụkọ ahụ na-arụ ụka na mgbanwe anụ ahụ na kemịkal na-ebute ihu igwe na-ebute nnukwu mmerụ ahụ, ga-emetụta akụkụ nke oke osimiri, si otú a na gburugburu ụwa. A ka nwere ọtụtụ ohere iji megharia na dozie nsogbu ndị a gụnyere ịba ụba mmekọrịta mba ụwa, ohere ịwepu, yana nkwalite amụma na njikwa mmiri. Akụkọ a na-enye otu n'ime nyocha kachasị nke ọma nsonaazụ mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta ya na oke osimiri na-akwado nyocha miri emi.
Warner, R., & Schofield, C. (Eds.). (2012). Mgbanwe ihu igwe na oke osimiri: Ịleta usoro iwu na amụma dị ugbu a na Eshia Pacific na gafere. Northampton, Massachusetts: Edwards Elgar Publishing, Inc.
Nchịkọta edemede a na-eleba anya na njikọ nke ọchịchị na mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ime mpaghara Eshia-Pacific. Akwụkwọ a na-amalite site n'ịtụle mmetụta anụ ahụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe gụnyere mmetụta dị iche iche dị iche iche na amụma amụma. Ntugharị na mkparịta ụka gbasara ikike ụgbọ mmiri na Southern Ocean na Antarctic sochiri mkparịta ụka nke mba na oke osimiri, nyocha nchekwa sochiri. Isi nke ikpeazụ na-atụle ihe gasị gasị griin ha pụta na ohere maka mbelata. Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-enye ohere maka imekọ ihe ọnụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-egosi mkpa ọ dị maka nlekota na ịchịkwa ọrụ geo-engineering mmiri na nzaghachi na mbọ mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe, na ịmepụta nzaghachi amụma mba ụwa, mpaghara na mba na-ejikọta ọnụ nke ghọtara ọrụ oké osimiri na mgbanwe ihu igwe.
United Nations. (1997, Disemba 11). Usoro Kyoto. Nkwekọrịta nhazi nke United Nations maka mgbanwe ihu igwe. E si na: https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol
Protocol Kyoto bụ nkwa mba ụwa iji tọọ ebumnuche jikọtara mba ụwa maka mbelata ikuku ikuku griin haus. A kwadoro nkwekọrịta a na 1997 wee banye n'ọrụ na 2005. A kwadoro Doha Amendment na December, 2012 iji gbasaa protocol ruo December 31st, 2020 ma degharịa ndepụta nke ikuku griin haus (GHG) nke onye ọ bụla ga-akọrịrị.
Azụ n'elu
12. Ngwọta echere
Ruffo, S. (2021, Ọktọba). Ngwọta ihu igwe dị egwu nke oke osimiri. TED. https://youtu.be/_VVAu8QsTu8
Anyị ga-eche banyere oké osimiri dị ka isi iyi maka ngwọta kama akụkụ ọzọ nke gburugburu ebe obibi anyị kwesịrị ịzọpụta. Oké osimiri bụ ugbu a ihe na-eme ka ihu igwe kwụsie ike nke ọma iji kwado ụmụ mmadụ, ọ bụkwa akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọgụ megide mgbanwe ihu igwe. A na-enweta ngwọta ihu igwe eke site na iji usoro mmiri anyị na-arụ ọrụ, ebe anyị na-ebelata ikuku gas anyị n'otu oge.
Carlson, D. (2020, Ọktoba 14) N'ime afọ 20, ọkwa oke osimiri ga-adaba ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mpaghara Coastal ọ bụla - yana nkekọ ha. Inye ego na-adịgide adịgide.
Ihe egwu kredit na-abawanye site na idei mmiri na-agakarị na nke siri ike nwere ike imerụ obodo, okwu nke nsogbu COVID-19 kpalitere. Steeti ndị nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu n'ụsọ oké osimiri na akụ na ụba na-eche ihe egwu kredit dị afọ iri ihu n'ihi akụ na ụba na-esighị ike na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke ịrị elu oke osimiri. Steeti US kacha nọrọ n'ihe egwu bụ Florida, New Jersey na Virginia.
Johnson, A. (2020, Juun 8). Iji chekwaa ihu igwe na-ele anya n'oké osimiri. Scientific American. PDF.
Oke osimiri nọ n'oké ihe isi ike n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ, mana enwere ohere na ike dị n'ikpere mmiri a na-emegharịgharị, nhazi nke carbon, algae biofuel, na ọrụ ugbo oke osimiri na-emegharị ahụ. Oké osimiri bụ ihe iyi egwu nye ọtụtụ nde mmadụ bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri site na idei mmiri, onye na-eme ihe omume mmadụ, na ohere iji chekwaa mbara ala, niile n'otu oge. A chọrọ nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na mgbakwunye na Green New Deal a chọrọ iji dozie nsogbu ihu igwe ma gbanwee oke osimiri site na iyi egwu ka ọ bụrụ ngwọta.
Ceres (2020, June 1) na-ekwu okwu ihu igwe dị ka ihe ize ndụ nhazi: oku ime ihe. Ceres. https://www.ceres.org/sites/default/files/2020-05/Financial%20Regulator%20Executive%20Summary%20FINAL.pdf
Mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ ihe ize ndụ a na-ahazi n'ihi na ọ nwere ike imebi ahịa isi obodo nke nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu nsonaazụ ọjọọ maka akụ na ụba. Ceres na-enye ihe karịrị 50 ndụmọdụ maka isi ụkpụrụ ego maka ime ihe na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ndị a gụnyere: ịnakwere na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-ebute ihe ize ndụ na nkwụsi ike nke ahịa ego, chọrọ ka ụlọ ọrụ ego na-eduzi ule nrụgide ihu igwe, chọrọ ka ụlọ akụ nyochaa ma gosipụta ihe ize ndụ ihu igwe, dị ka ikuku carbon sitere na mgbazinye ego na ntinye ego ha, na-ejikọta ihe ize ndụ ihu igwe na ntinyeghachi obodo. usoro, karịsịa n'ime obodo ndị nwere obere ego, ma sonye na mbọ iji kwalite mbọ a haziri ahazi na ihe egwu ihu igwe.
Gattuso, J., Magnan, A., Gallo, N., Herr, D., Rochette, J., Vallejo, L., na Williamson, P. (2019, Nọvemba) Ohere maka Ịbawanye Omume Oke Osimiri na Nkọwa amụma amụma Climate Strategies . IDDRI Sustainable Development & International Mmekọrịta.
Ebipụtara tupu 2019 Blue COP (nke a makwaara dị ka COP25), akụkọ a na-arụ ụka na ịkwalite ihe ọmụma na ngwọta dabeere na oké osimiri nwere ike ịnọgide na-enwe ma ọ bụ na-abawanye ọrụ oké osimiri n'agbanyeghị mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ka ekpughere ọtụtụ ọrụ na-ekwu maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na mba na-arụ ọrụ na ntinye aka nke mba ha (NDC), mba dị iche iche kwesịrị ibute ụzọ n'ịbawanye ihe omume ihu igwe ma na-ebute ọrụ dị mkpa na akwa ụta.
Gramling, C. (2019, Ọktoba 6). N'ọgba aghara ihu igwe, Geoengineering ọ bara uru dị na ya? Akụkọ sayensị. PDF.
Iji luso mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ, ndị mmadụ atụwo aro nnukwu ọrụ geoengineering iji belata okpomoku oke osimiri na sequester carbon. Ọrụ ndị a tụrụ aro gụnyere: ịrụ nnukwu enyo na mbara igwe, na-agbakwunye ikuku ikuku na stratosphere, na ịgha mkpụrụ n'oké osimiri (ịtinye ígwè dị ka fatịlaịza n'oké osimiri iji kpalie uto phytoplankton). Ndị ọzọ na-atụ aro na ọrụ geoengineering ndị a nwere ike ibute mpaghara nwụrụ anwụ ma tinye ndụ mmiri n'ihe egwu. Nkwekọrịta n'ozuzu ya bụ na achọrọ nyocha karịa n'ihi nnukwu ejighị n'aka na mmetụta dị ogologo oge nke geoengineers.
Hoegh-Goldberg, O., Northrop, E., na Lubehenco, J. (2019, Septemba 27). Oke osimiri bụ igodo iji nweta ebumnuche ihu igwe na nke ọha: Usoro nke dabere n'oké osimiri nwere ike inye aka mechie oghere Mbelata. Nzukọ amụma echiche, magazin sayensị. 265(6460), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz4390.
Ọ bụ ezie na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta oke osimiri, oke osimiri na-ejekwa ozi dị ka isi iyi nke ngwọta: ume ọhụrụ; mbupu na mbupu; nchebe na mweghachi nke gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na mmiri; ịkụ azụ̀, aquaculture, na nri ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe; na nchekwa carbon n'ime oke osimiri. Ngwọta ndị a niile ka atụpụtagoro na mbụ, mana mba ole na ole etinyelarị otu n'ime ihe ndị a na ntinye aka nke mba ha (NDC) n'okpuru nkwekọrịta Paris. Naanị NDC asatọ gụnyere nha nke enwere ike ime ka carbon sequestration, ike ume ọhụrụ sitere n'oké osimiri, yana naanị otu mbupu na-adigide. A ka nwere ohere iji duzie ebumnuche na atumatu maka mbelata nke dabere na oke osimiri iji hụ na e mezuru ebumnuche nke mbelata ikuku.
Cooley, S., BelloyB., Bodansky, D., Mansell, A., Merkl, A., Purvis, N., Ruffo, S., Taraska, G., Zivian, A. na Leonard, G. (2019, Mee 23). Atụmatụ oke osimiri elefuru anya iji lebara mgbanwe ihu igwe anya. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101968.
Ọtụtụ mba etinyela aka na oke na ikuku ikuku site na nkwekọrịta Paris. Iji bụrụ ndị na-aga nke ọma na nkwekọrịta Paris ga-: chebe oke osimiri ma mee ka ọchịchọ ihu igwe mee ngwa ngwa, lekwasị anya na CO.2 mbelata, ghọta na chedo nchekwa ikuku carbon dioxide dabere na oke osimiri, ma gbasoo atumatu ngbanwe dabere na oke osimiri.
Helvarg, D. (2019). Ịbanye n'ime atụmatụ ime ihe gbasara ihu igwe. Alert Diver Online.
Ndị dị iche iche nwere echiche pụrụ iche na gburugburu oke osimiri na-emebi emebi nke mgbanwe ihu igwe kpatara. Dị ka ndị dị otú a, Helvarg na-arụ ụka na ndị dị iche iche kwesịrị ịdị n'otu iji kwado atụmatụ omume ihu igwe nke Ocean. Atụmatụ mmemme a ga-egosipụta mkpa ọ dị maka mgbanwe nke Mmemme mkpuchi Iju mmiri nke United States, nnukwu itinye ego na akụrụngwa nke osimiri na-elekwasị anya n'ihe mgbochi okike na oke osimiri dị ndụ, ntuziaka ọhụrụ maka ike mmeghari nke oke osimiri, netwọkụ nke mpaghara echedoro mmiri (MPAs), enyemaka maka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na obodo ndị na-akụ azụ̀, ịba ụba nke itinye ego n'ihe ọkụkụ, yana ụkpụrụ mgbake Ọdachi Mba edegharịrị.
Azụ n'elu
13. Na-achọ ihe ọzọ? (Ihe ndị ọzọ)
Emebere ibe nyocha a ka ọ bụrụ ndepụta akụrụngwa nke akwụkwọ kacha emetụta na oke osimiri na ihu igwe. Maka ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara isiokwu ụfọdụ, anyị na-akwado akwụkwọ akụkọ, ọdụ data na mkpokọta ndị a:
- Meyer, A. na Spalding, M. (2021, Maachị). Nyocha dị oke egwu nke mmetụta oke osimiri nke mwepu carbon dioxide site na njide ikuku ozugbo na oke osimiri - ọ bụ Ngwọta dị mma na nke na-adịgide adịgide? (Akụkụ nke ntinye akwụkwọ n'ihu na National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine maka ntụle na faịlụ ohere ọha maka Ihe omumu ihe omumu nke oke osimiri nke NASEM)
- Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Ocean na Climate
- Njikwa oke osimiri na oke osimiri
- Akwụkwọ akụkọ NOAA na oke osimiri nke 1991
- Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nchoputa nke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ
- Nchịkọta Iwu zuru ụwa ọnụ nke Mahadum New York metụtara mgbanwe ihu igwe
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