Plastic na Oké Osimiri

Global

Plastic n'ime ọkọlọtọ peeji nke oke osimiri: aka na-ejide plastik n'èzí

LAghachi n'ime nchọpụta

Tebulu ọdịnaya

1. Okwu Mmalite
2. US Plastic amụma
- 2.1 Atumatu Sub-National
- 2.2 Iwu mba
3. Iwu mba ụwa
- 3.1 Global Treaty
- 3.2 Panel amụma sayensị
- 3.3 Mgbakọ Basel ndozi ihe mkpofu rọba
4. Economy okirikiri
5. Green Chemistry
6. Plastic and Ocean Health
- 6.1 Ghost Gear
- 6.2 Mmetụta na Ndụ mmiri
- 6.3 Plastic Pellets (Nurdles)
7. Plastic na ahụike mmadụ
8. Ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi
9. Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke plastik
10. Akụ dị iche iche

Anyị na-emetụta mmepụta na oriri plastik na-adigide.

Gụkwuo maka Plastics Initiative (PI) na otu anyị si arụ ọrụ iji nweta akụ na ụba okirikiri n'ezie maka plastik.

Lelee mmalite anyị

Onye isi mmemme Erica Nunez na-ekwu okwu na mmemme

1. Okwu Mmalite

Gịnị bụ oke nsogbu nke plastic?

Plastic, nke a na-ahụkarị nke irighiri mmiri mmiri na-adịgide adịgide, bụ otu n'ime nsogbu kachasị njọ na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ siri ike ịtụ, a na-atụnye ihe dị ka nde metric ton plastik n'oké osimiri anyị kwa afọ, gụnyere. 236,000 tọn microplastics (Jambeck, 2015), nke ha na ihe karịrị otu gwongworo unyi nke plastik a na-atụba n'oké osimiri anyị kwa nkeji (Pennington, 2016).

A na-eme atụmatụ na e nwere 5.25 trillion iberibe plastik n'ime oke osimiri, 229,000 tọn na-ese n'elu elu, na 4 ijeri plastic microfibers kwa square kilomita na-awụba n'oké osimiri (National Geographic, 2015). Iri ijeri rọba dị n'oké osimiri anyị kpụrụ nnukwu ihe mkpofu ise, gụnyere Great Pacific Garbage patch nke karịrị nha Texas. N'afọ 2050, a ga-enwe plastik dị n'oké osimiri site n'ịdị arọ karịa azụ (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2016). Plastic adịghịkwa n'oké osimiri anyị, ọ bụ n'ikuku na nri anyị na-eri ruo n'ókè a na-eche na onye ọ bụla ga-eri. kaadị kredit bara uru plastik kwa izu (Wit, Bigud, 2019).

Ọtụtụ n'ime rọbas na-abanye n'ime iyi mkpofu na-ekpochapụ nke ọma ma ọ bụ na-ekpofu ahịhịa. N'afọ 2018 naanị, enwere nde tọn 35 nke plastik emepụtara na United States, na nke ahụ. naanị 8.7 pasent nke rọba ka emegharịrị (EPA, 2021). Eji plastik mee ihe taa bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere na ọ ga-anọgide na-abụ nsogbu ruo mgbe anyị megharịrị ma gbanwee mmekọrịta anyị na plastik.

Kedu ka plastik si ejedebe n'oké osimiri?

Plastics n'ime ebe mkpofu: Plastic na-efunahụkarị ma ọ bụ na-afụ ya mgbe a na-ebuga n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa. Plastic ahụ na-agbakọta na gburugburu drains wee banye n'okporo ụzọ mmiri, mechaa banye n'oké osimiri.
Ntinye: Awụsara n'okporo ámá ma ọ bụ na gburugburu ebe obibi anyị bụ ifufe na mmiri ozuzo na-ebuba n'ime mmiri anyị.
N'okpuru igbapu: Ngwaahịa ndị dị ọcha, dị ka nhicha mmiri na Q-ndụmọdụ, na-agbanyekarị n'ime mmiri. Mgbe a na-asacha uwe (karịsịa ihe ndị sịntetik) microfibers na microplastics na-esi na igwe na-asa ákwà anyị na-ewepụta n'ime mmiri mkpofu anyị. N'ikpeazụ, ihe ịchọ mma na ihicha ngwaahịa na microbeads ga-eziga microplastics n'ime mmiri.
Industrylọ Ọrụ AzụỤgbọ mmiri na-akụ azụ nwere ike tufuo ma ọ bụ hapụ ngwa ịkụ azụ (lee Ghost Gear) n'ime oke osimiri na-eke ọnyà na-egbu egbu maka ndụ mmiri.

Eserese banyere otú plastik si ejedebe n'oké osimiri — Ngalaba Azụmahịa US, NO, na AA (2022, Jenụwarị 27). *Ntuziaka maka Plastic na Oké Osimiri*. Ọrụ NOAA National Ocean Service. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/hazards/marinedebris/plastics-in-the-ocean.html.

Gịnị mere plastic dị n'oké osimiri ji bụrụ nsogbu dị mkpa?

Plastic na-ahụ maka imebi ndụ mmiri, ahụike ọha na akụ na ụba n'ogo zuru ụwa ọnụ. N'adịghị ka ụdị ihe mkpofu ndị ọzọ, rọba anaghị ere ere kpamkpam, yabụ ọ ga-anọ n'oké osimiri ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. Mmetọ rọba na-eduga na ihe iyi egwu gburugburu ebe obibi ruo mgbe ebighị ebi: njikọ anụ ọhịa, iri nri, njem ụdị ndị ọbịa, na mmebi ebe obibi (lee. Mmetụta na Ndụ mmiri). Na mgbakwunye, irighiri ihe dị n'oké osimiri bụ anya akụ na ụba na-emebi mma nke gburugburu oke osimiri (lee Ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi).

Ọ bụghị naanị na oke osimiri nwere nnukwu uru omenala mana ọ na-ejekwa ozi dị ka ebe obibi mbụ maka obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri. Plastics dị n'okporo ụzọ mmiri anyị na-eyi egwu ịdị mma mmiri na isi nri mmiri anyị. Microplastics na-agbago n'usoro nri ma na-eyi ahụike mmadụ egwu (Lee Plastic na ahụike mmadụ).

Ka mmetọ rọba nke oké osimiri na-aga n'ihu na-eto eto, nsogbu ndị a na-akpata ga-akawanye njọ ma ọ bụrụ na anyị emee ihe. Ibu ibu ọrụ rọba ekwesịghị ịdabere naanị ndị na-azụ ahịa. Kama, site n'ịhazigharị mmepụta plastik tupu ọ erute ọbụna ndị ọrụ njedebe, anyị nwere ike iduzi ndị na-emepụta ihe maka ngwọta dabeere na mmepụta maka nsogbu zuru ụwa ọnụ.

Azụ n'elu

2. US Plastic amụma

2.1 Atumatu Sub-National

Schultz, J. (2021, Febụwarị 8). Iwu akpa rọba steeti. National Caucus of Environmental Legislator. http://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/plastic-bag-legislation

Steeti asatọ nwere iwu na-ebelata mmepụta / oriri nke akpa rọba na-eji otu eme ihe. Obodo Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, na Seattle amachibidokwala akpa rọba mma. Boulder, New York, Portland, Washington DC na Montgomery County Md. amachibidola akpa rọba ma nye iwu ụgwọ. Ịmachibido akpa rọba bụ ihe dị mkpa, ebe ọ bụ na ha bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị na mmetọ rọba nke oké osimiri.

Gardiner, B. (2022, Febụwarị 22). Otu mmeri dị egwu n'ihe mkpofu rọba nwere ike igbochi mmetọ oke osimiri. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/how-a-dramatic-win-in-plastic-waste-case-may-curb-ocean-pollution

Na Disemba 2019, onye na-emegide mmetọ mmetọ Diane Wilson meriri ikpe mara mma megide Formosa Plastics, otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ kacha ukwuu n'ụwa, ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ nke mmetọ mmetọ rọba na-ezighi ezi n'akụkụ Texas'Gulf Coast. Mkpebi nde $50 ahụ na-anọchite anya mmeri akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka onyinye kacha ukwuu enyerela na uwe nwa amaala megide onye mmetọ ụlọ ọrụ n'okpuru Iwu Mmiri Ọcha US. N'ikwekọ na nhazi ahụ, e nyela Formosa Plastics iwu ka ọ rute n'efu plastic site na ụlọ ọrụ Point Comfort ya, kwụọ ụgwọ ntaramahụhụ ruo mgbe mgbụsị akwụkwọ na-egbu egbu kwụsịrị, ma kwụọ ụgwọ ikpocha plastik nke na-akwakọba n'ime ala mmiri dị na Texas. osimiri, na mmiri. Wilson, onye ọrụ ya na-agwụ ike mere ka ọ nweta ihe nrite 2023 Goldman Environmental Prize, nyere nkwado ahụ niile na ntụkwasị obi, iji mee ihe maka ọtụtụ ihe kpatara gburugburu ebe obibi. Uwe ụmụ amaala a na-ewuli elu ewepụtala ọtụtụ mgbanwe n'ofe ụlọ ọrụ na-emekọ ihe na-emetọkarị n'enwetaghị ntaramahụhụ.

Gibbens, S. (2019, Ọgọst 15). Hụ ebe mgbagwoju anya mmachibido plastik na US National Geographic. nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/08/map-sws-the-mgbagwoju anya-landscape-of-plastic-bans

Enwere ọtụtụ ọgụ ụlọikpe na-aga n'ihu na United States ebe obodo na steeti ekwenyeghị ma ọ bụ iwu machibido plastik ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị. Ọtụtụ narị ime obodo n'ofe United States nwere ụdị ụgwọ plastik ma ọ bụ mmachibido, gụnyere ụfọdụ na California na New York. Mana steeti iri na asaa na-ekwu na ọ bụ iwu na-akwadoghị machibido ihe plastik, machibido ikike machibido nke ọma. Mmachibido iwu ndị dị na ya na-arụ ọrụ iji belata mmetọ rọba, mana ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu na ụgwọ dị mma karịa mmachibido iwu na-agbanwe agbanwe na omume ndị ahịa.

Onye na-anya ụgbọ mmiri. (2019, Juun 11). Oregon gafere mmachibido akpa rọba na steeti niile. E si na: surfrider.org/coastal-blog/entry/oregon-passes-strongest-plastic-bag-ban-in-the-country

Kansụl nchekwa oke osimiri California. (2022, Febụwarị). Strategy Microplastics na steeti niile. https://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/agenda_items/ 20220223/Nkebi_6_Exhibit_A_Stawide_Microplastics_Strategy.pdf

Site na nnabata nke Senate Bill 1263 (Sen. Anthony Portantino) na 2018, ndị omebe iwu steeti California ghọtara mkpa ọ dị maka atụmatụ zuru oke iji lebara iyi egwu na-adịgide adịgide nke microplastics na gburugburu mmiri steeti ahụ. Kansụl Nchekwa Oke Osimiri California (OPC) bipụtara Strategy Microplastic nke steeti a niile, na-enye ụzọ ọtụtụ afọ maka ụlọ ọrụ steeti na ndị mmekọ mpụga ka ha rụkọọ ọrụ ọnụ iji mee nyocha na n'ikpeazụ belata mmetọ microplastic na-egbu egbu n'ofe mpaghara oke osimiri na oke osimiri California. Ntọala na atụmatụ a bụ nkwenye na steeti ga-emerịrị ihe dị mkpa, kpachara anya iji belata mmetọ microplastic, ebe nghọta sayensị banyere isi mmalite microplastics, mmetụta, na usoro mbelata dị irè na-aga n'ihu na-eto eto.

HB 1085 – 68th Washington State omebe iwu, (2023-24 Reg. Sess.): Na-ebelata mmetọ plastik. (2023, Eprel). https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?Year=2023&BillNumber=1085

N'April 2023, ndị omebe iwu Washington steeti ji otu olu nyefere ụgwọ ụlọ 1085 (HB 1085) iji belata mmetọ rọba n'ụzọ atọ dị iche iche. Onye nnochite anya Sharlett Mena (D-Tacoma) na-akwado ya, ụgwọ ahụ chọrọ ka ụlọ ọhụrụ ejiri isi mmiri rụọ ya ga-enwekwa ebe ndị na-ejuputa karama; na-ewepụ iji obere ngwaahịa ahụike ma ọ bụ ihe ịma mma n'ime akpa rọba nke ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na ụlọ ndị ọzọ na-enye; ma machibido ire ire ụfụfụ rọba dị nro na-ese n'elu mmiri na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, ebe ọ na-enye iwu ka a mụọ ihe arụrụ arụ plastik siri ike n'elu mmiri. Iji mezuo ebumnuche ya, ụgwọ ahụ na-etinye aka na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na kansụl ma a ga-emejuputa ya n'usoro oge dị iche iche. Onye nnọchi anya Mena kwadoro HB 1085 dịka akụkụ nke ọgụ dị mkpa nke steeti Washington iji chebe ahụike ọha, akụrụngwa mmiri, na azụ azụ salmon site na mmetọ rọba karịrị akarị.

California State Water Resources Control Board. (2020, Juun 16). State Water Board na-ekwu maka microplastics na mmiri ọñụñụ iji kwalite mmata usoro mmiri ọha [Mbipụta ndị nchụ nta akụkọ]. https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/ 2020/pr06162020_microplastics.pdf

California bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị izizi n'ụwa nwalere mmiri ọñụụ ya nke ọma maka mmetọ microplastic site na mmalite nke ngwa nnwale steeti ya. Atụmatụ a sitere na California State Water Resources Control Board bụ nsonaazụ nke ụgwọ ụlọ omebe iwu 2018 Ee. 1422 na Ee. 1263, nke Sen. Anthony Portantino kwadoro, nke, n'otu n'otu, na-eduzi ndị na-enye mmiri na mpaghara ka ha mepụta usoro nhazi maka ịnwale microplastic infiltration na mmiri dị ọcha na mmiri ọṅụṅụ ma guzobe nlekota nke microplastics mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri California. Ka ndị ọrụ mmiri mpaghara na steeti ji aka ha gbasaa ule na ịkọ ọkwa microplastic na mmiri ọṅụṅụ n'ime afọ ise na-abịanụ, gọọmentị California ga-aga n'ihu na-adabere na obodo sayensị iji nwetakwuo nyocha mmetụta ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi nke microplastic ingestion.

Azụ n'elu

2.2 Iwu mba

Ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa gburugburu US. (2023, Eprel). Draft Atụmatụ mba iji gbochie mmetọ rọba. Ụlọ ọrụ EPA nke nchekwa na mgbake akụrụngwa. https://www.epa.gov/circulareconomy/draft-national-strategy-prevent-plastic-pollution

Atụmatụ a bụ iji belata mmetọ n'oge mmepụta plastik, melite njikwa ihe eji eme ihe mgbe emechara, ma gbochie ihe mkpofu na micro/nano-plastics ịbanye n'okporo ụzọ mmiri ma wepụ ihe mkpofu gbapụrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Mpempe akwụkwọ a, nke emepụtara dị ka ndọtị nke EPA's National Recycling Strategy ewepụtara na 2021, na-emesi ike mkpa ọ dị maka usoro okirikiri maka njikwa plastik na maka ime ihe dị mkpa. Atụmatụ mba ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na emebeghị ya, na-enye ntụzịaka maka amụma gọọmentị etiti na steeti yana ndị otu ndị ọzọ na-achọ ileba anya mmetọ rọba.

Jain, N., na LaBeaud, D. (2022, Ọktọba) Kedu ka nlekọta ahụike US kwesịrị isi bute mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na mkpofu unyi rọba. Akwụkwọ akụkọ AMA nke ụkpụrụ omume. 24 (10):E986-993. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2022.986.

Ka ọ dị ugbu a, United States anọghị n'ihu amụma gbasara mmetọ rọba, mana otu ụzọ US nwere ike isi bute ụzọ bụ gbasara mkpofu ahịhịa plastik sitere na nlekọta ahụike. Mkpofu ihe mkpofu nlekọta ahụike bụ otu n'ime ihe egwu kachasị egwu na nlekọta ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ. Omume dị ugbu a nke ịwụfu ihe mkpofu nlekọta ahụike nke ụlọ na nke mba ụwa ma n'elu ala ma n'oké osimiri, omume nke na-emebikwa nha nha ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ site na-emetụta ahụike nke obodo ndị na-adịghị ike. Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-atụ aro ịmegharị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya maka mmepụta na nlekọta ahụike nlekọta ahụike site n'ịnye ndị isi nlekọta nlekọta ahụike na-aza ajụjụ siri ike, na-akwalite mmejuputa usoro ntinye na mmezi okirikiri, na ịgba ume mmekorita siri ike n'ofe ụlọ ọrụ ahụike, plastik na ụlọ ọrụ mkpofu.

Ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa gburugburu US. (2021, Nọvemba). Atụmatụ imegharịgharị mba akụkụ nke mbụ n'usoro maka iwulite akụ na ụba okirikiri maka mmadụ niile. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-11/final-national-recycling-strategy.pdf

Atụmatụ imegharịgharị mba ahụ lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwalite na ịkwalite sistemu mkpofu siri ike nke obodo (MSW) yana ebumnuche imepụta usoro njikwa mkpofu siri ike, nke na-akwụghachi ụgwọ yana ọnụ ahịa n'ime United States. Ebumnobi akụkọ a gụnyere ahịa emelitere maka ngwa ahịa ejigharịgharị, mmụba mkpokọta na nkwalite akụrụngwa nlekọta mkpofu ihe, mbelata mmetọ na iyi ihe ejigharịgharị, yana mmụba nke amụma iji kwado okirikiri. Ọ bụ ezie na imegharị ihe agaghị edozi okwu mmetọ rọba, atụmatụ a nwere ike inye aka duzie omume kachasị mma maka mmegharị ahụ gaa n'ọnọdụ akụ na ụba okirikiri. N'ezie, akụkụ ikpeazụ nke akụkọ a na-enye nchịkọta magburu onwe ya nke ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti etiti na United States na-arụ.

Bates, S. (2021, Juun 25). Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eji data Satellite NASA soro microplastics Ocean si na mbara igwe. Otu akụkọ Sayensị Ụwa NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/esnt2021/scientists-use-nasa-satellite-data-to-track-ocean-microplastics-from-space

Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ejikwa data satịlaịtị NASA ugbu a iji nyochaa mmegharị nke microplastics na oke osimiri, na-eji data sitere na Sistemụ Satellite Satellite Cyclone Global Navigation nke NASA (CYGNSS).

Ntinye uche nke microplastics gburugburu ụwa, 2017

Iwu, KL, Starr, N., Siegler, TR, Jambeck, J., Mallos, N., & Leonard, GB (2020). Ntụnye nke United States nke mkpofu rọba na ala na oke osimiri. Ọganihu Sayensị, 6(44). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd0288

Ọmụmụ sayensị nke afọ 2020 na-egosi na, na 2016, US mepụtara ọtụtụ ihe mkpofu rọba site n'ịdị arọ na onye ọ bụla karịa mba ọ bụla. A tụbara akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ihe mkpofu a n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na US, na ọbụnadị ihe ndị ọzọ ejikwaghị nke ọma na mba ndị na-ebubata ihe anakọtara na US maka imegharị ihe. N'ịkọwa maka onyinye ndị a, ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpofu plastik a na-emepụta na US atụmatụ na ọ ga-abanye n'akụkụ osimiri na 2016 ruru okpukpu ise karịa nke e mere atụmatụ maka 2010, na-enye onyinye mba ahụ n'etiti ndị kasị elu n'ụwa.

National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2022). N'ịtụle ọrụ US na mkpofu rọba n'oké osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26132.

Emere ntule a dị ka nzaghachi nye arịrịọ dị na Iwu Save Our Seas 2.0 maka nchịkọta sayensị nke ntinye aka US na ọrụ na-ahụ maka mmetọ mmiri rọba zuru ụwa ọnụ. Site na US na-ewepụta oke mkpofu rọba nke mba ọ bụla n'ụwa dịka nke 2016, akụkọ a na-akpọ maka atụmatụ mba iji belata ọgbọ mkpofu rọba US. Ọ na-akwadokwa usoro nleba anya gbasawanye, ahaziri ahazi iji ghọta nke ọma nha na isi mmalite nke mmetọ rọba US na nyochaa ọganihu obodo ahụ.

Hapụ na plastik. (2021, Maachị 26). Hapụ onwe ya na Iwu Mmetọ Plastic. Hapụ na plastik. http://www.breakfreefromplastic.org/pollution-act/

Nkwụsị ahụ pụọ na mmetọ mmetọ plastik nke 2021 (BFFPPA) bụ ụgwọ gọọmentị etiti kwadoro site n'aka Sen. Jeff Merkley (OR) na Rep. Alan Lowenthal (CA nke na-ewepụta usoro ngwọta amụma kachasị nke ewepụtara na Congress. Ebumnuche sara mbara nke Ụgwọ ahụ bụ iji belata mmetọ rọba site na isi iyi, ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-emegharị ihe, na ichekwa obodo ndị dị n'ihu.Ụgwọ a ga-enyere aka chebe obodo ndị nwere obere ego, obodo ndị agba agba na ụmụ amaala pụọ n'ihe ize ndụ mmetọ ha na-abawanye site na ibelata oriri na mmepụta plastik. ụgwọ ahụ ga-eme ka ahụike mmadụ dịkwuo mma, site n'ibelata ohere anyị nwere iji nweta microplastics.Iwepụ na plastik ga-ebelatakwa ikuku gas anyị na-ekpo ọkụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu. iwu na ọkwa mba na United States.

Ihe nkwụwapụ n'aka Iwu Mmetọ Plastic ga-eme — Hapụ na plastik. (2021, Maachị 26). *Hapụ onwe ya na Iwu Mmetọ Plastic.* Hapụ na plastik. http://www.breakfreefromplastic.org/pollution-act/

Ederede – S. 1982 – 116^th Congress (2019-2020): Chekwaa oke osimiri anyị 2.0 Act (2020, Disemba 18). https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1982

N'afọ 2020, Congress mere iwu Save Our Seas 2.0 nke guzobere ihe achọrọ na ihe mkpali iji belata, megharịa, na gbochie irighiri mmiri (dịka ọmụmaatụ, mkpofu rọba). N'ezie, ụgwọ ahụ guzobekwara na Ụlọ ọrụ Marine Debris Foundation, otu ọrụ ebere na nke anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na ọ bụghị ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ntọala nke United States. The Marine Debris Foundation ga-arụ ọrụ na mmekorita ya na NOAA's Marine Debris Programme ma lekwasị anya na ihe omume iji nyochaa, gbochie, belata, na wepụ ihe mkpofu mmiri ma dozie mmetụta ọjọọ nke irighiri mmiri na ihe kpatara ya na akụ na ụba nke United States, mmiri mmiri. gburugburu (gụnyere mmiri dị na ikike nke United States, oke osimiri, na mmiri dị na ikike nke obodo ndị ọzọ), na nchekwa njem.

S.5163 – Nzukọ nke 117 (2021-2022): Ichebe Obodo na Iwu Plastics. (2022, Disemba 1). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/5163

Na 2022, Sen. Cory Booker (DN.J.) na Rep. Jared Huffman (D-CA) sonyeere Sen. Jeff Merkley (D-OR) na Rep. Alan Lowenthal (D-CA) iji webata Obodo Nchebe site na Plastics. Mee iwu. N'ịwulite na isi ihe ndị sitere na nkwụsịtụ n'aka iwu mmetọ plastik, ụgwọ a chọrọ iji dozie nsogbu mmepụta rọba nke na-emetụta ahụ ike nke mpaghara ndị nwere obere akụ na mpaghara agba. N'ịbụ onye ebumnobi buru ibu nke ibugharị akụ na ụba US pụọ na rọba otu eji eme ihe, iwu nchekwa obodo sitere na Plastics Act bu n'obi guzobe iwu siri ike maka osisi petrochemical yana mepụta ebumnuche mba ọhụrụ maka mbelata isi iyi rọba na iji ọzọ na nkwakọ ngwaahịa na ngalaba ọrụ nri.

S.2645 – Nzukọ nke 117 (2021-2022): Mgbalị na-akwụghachi ụgwọ iji belata mmetọ anaghị emezigharị na Iwu Ecosystem nke 2021. (2021, Ọgọst 5). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2645

Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) webatara ụgwọ ọhụrụ iji mepụta mkpali ọhụrụ dị ike iji megharịa plastik, belata mmepụta plastik na-amaghị nwoke, ma jide ụlọ ọrụ plastik na-aza ajụjụ maka nsị nsị nke na-emebi ahụike ọha na eze na ebe obibi gburugburu ebe obibi dị mkpa. . Iwu a tụrụ aro, nke akpọrọ Mgbalị Na-akwụghachi ụgwọ iji belata mmetọ ndị a na-emegharịghịgharị na gburugburu ebe obibi (REDUCE), ga-etinye ego 20-cent kwa paụnd n'ịre rọba na-amaghị nwoke na-arụ ọrụ na ngwaahịa eji eme otu. Ụgwọ a ga-enyere plastik ndị e megharịrị arụgharị aka ka ha na plastik na-amaghị nwoke na-asọ mpi n'ụkwụ karịa. Ihe ndị a kpuchiri ekpuchi gụnyere nkwakọ ngwaahịa, ngwaahịa ọrụ nri, arịa ihe ọṅụṅụ, na akpa - na ewepu maka ngwaahịa ọgwụ na ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha nke onwe.

Jain, N., & LaBeaud, D. (2022). Kedu ka nlekọta ahụike US kwesịrị isi bute mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na mkpofu unyi rọba? Akwụkwọ akụkọ AMA nke ụkpụrụ omume, 24 (10): E986-993. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2022.986.

Ụzọ mkpofu ugbu a nke mkpofu nlekọta ahụike rọba na-emebi oke nha nha ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-emetụta ahụ ike nke ndị na-adịghị ike na ndị mmadụ. Site n'ịga n'ihu na-ebupụ ihe mkpofu nlekọta ahụike ụlọ ka a tụba ya n'ime ala na mmiri nke mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe, US na-amụba mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike nke na-eyi egwu nlekọta ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ. Mgbanwe dị egwu nke ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ụkpụrụ omume maka mmepụta na njikwa ihe mkpofu nlekọta ahụike rọba dị mkpa. Edemede a na-atụ aro ikenye ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ahụike na-aza ajụjụ siri ike, na-akpali mmejuputa usoro nnyefe okirikiri, na ịgba ume mmekorita siri ike n'ofe ụlọ ọrụ ahụike, plastik na mkpofu.

Wong, E. (2019, Mee 16). Sayensị na ugwu: Ịdozi nsogbu mkpofu rọba. Springer Nature. E si na: bit.ly/2HQTrfi

Nchịkọta akụkọ na-ejikọta ndị ọkachamara sayensị na ndị omebe iwu na Capitol Hill. Ha na-ekwu maka otú mkpofu plastik si bụrụ ihe iyi egwu na ihe a ga-eme iji dozie nsogbu ahụ ma na-akwalite azụmahịa ma na-eduga n'ịbawanye ọrụ.

Azụ n'elu

3. Iwu mba ụwa

Nielsen, MB, Clausen, LP, Cronin, R., Hansen, SF, Oturai, NG, & Syberg, K. (2023). Ikpughe sayensị n'azụ atụmatụ amụma na-ezubere mmetọ rọba. Microplastics na Nanoplastics, 3(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-022-00046-y

Ndị ode akwụkwọ nyochara atụmatụ amụma isi isii na-elekwasị anya na mmetọ rọba wee chọpụta na atụmatụ plastik na-ezokarị aka na akaebe sitere na akụkọ sayensị na akụkọ. Akụkọ sayensị na akụkọ na-enye ihe ọmụma gbasara isi mmalite rọba, mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke plastik na mmepụta na usoro oriri. Ihe karịrị ọkara n'ime atụmatụ amụma rọba enyochara na-ezo aka na data nlekota ihe mkpofu. Otu dị iche iche nke akụkọ sayensị dị iche iche na ngwaọrụ dị ka etinyere ya mgbe ha na-akpụzi atụmatụ amụma plastik. Otú ọ dị, a ka nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-ejighị n'aka nke metụtara ịchọpụta mmebi sitere na mmetọ plastik, nke pụtara na atụmatụ amụma ga-enye ohere maka mgbanwe. N'ozuzu, a na-agụta ihe akaebe sayensị mgbe ị na-akpụpụta atụmatụ amụma. Ọtụtụ ụdị ihe akaebe dị iche iche ejiri kwado atụmatụ amụma nwere ike bute atụmatụ ndị na-emegiderịta onwe ha. Esemokwu a nwere ike imetụta mkparita ụka na amụma mba ụwa.

OECD (2022, Febụwarị), Echiche Plastics zuru ụwa ọnụ: Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala akụ na ụba, mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na nhọrọ amụma. Mbipụta OECD, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/de747aef-en.

Ọ bụ ezie na rọbas bụ ihe bara uru nke ukwuu maka ọha mmadụ nke oge a, mmepụta plastik na mmepụta ihe mkpofu na-aga n'ihu ma ọ dị mkpa ime ihe ngwa ngwa iji mee ka usoro ndụ nke plastik dịkwuo okirikiri. N'ụwa niile, naanị 9% nke ihe mkpofu rọba ka a na-emegharị ebe 22% na-ejikwa nke ọma. OECD na-akpọ maka mgbasawanye nke atumatu mba yana nkwalite nkwado mba ụwa iji belata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi n'ogologo ọnụ ahịa. Akụkọ a lekwasịrị anya n'ịkụzi na ịkwado mbọ atumatu iji luso ntapu rọba ọgụ. Outlook na-akọwapụta mkpịsị ugodi anọ maka ịgbagọ akụkụ rọba: nkwado siri ike maka ahịa rọba emegharịgharị (nke abụọ); atumatu iji kwalite ihe ohuru nke teknụzụ na plastik; usoro iwu ime ụlọ na-achọsi ike karị; na nnukwu nkwado mba ụwa. Nke a bụ nke mbụ n'ime akụkọ abụọ akwadoro, akụkọ nke abụọ, Echiche Plastics zuru ụwa ọnụ: Ọnọdụ amụma ruo 2060 edepụtara n'okpuru.

OECD (2022, June), Echiche Plastics zuru ụwa ọnụ: Ọnọdụ amụma ruo 2060. Mbipụta OECD, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/aa1edf33-en.

Ụwa adịchaghị nso imezu ebumnobi ya nke ịkwụsị mmetọ rọba, ọ gwụla ma emejuputa atumatu siri ike na nke ahaziri ahazi. Iji nyere aka nweta ebumnobi mba dị iche iche setịpụrụ OECD na-atụpụta echiche plastik na ọnọdụ amụma iji nyere ndị na-eme iwu aka. Akuko a gosiputara otutu ntule anya n'otu n'otu maka plastik rue 2060, tinyere iji plastik mee ihe, ihe mkpofu yana mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi jikọtara ya na rọba, ọkachasị mgbapu na gburugburu ebe obibi. Akụkọ a bụ ihe na-esochi akụkọ mbụ, Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala akụ na ụba, mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na nhọrọ amụma (e depụtara n'elu) nke gụpụtara usoro dị ugbu a n'iji plastik eme ihe, mmepụta ihe mkpofu na ntapu, yana chọpụtakwara amụma amụma anọ iji gbochie mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke plastik.

IUCN. (2022). Nkọwa nke IUCN maka ndị mkparịta ụka: Plastics Treaty INC. Nkwekọrịta IUCN WCEL na Ndị Ọrụ Mmetọ Plastic. https://www.iucn.org/our-union/commissions/group/iucn-wcel-agreement-plastic-pollution-task-force/resources

IUCN kere usoro nkenke nke ọ bụla na-erughị ibe ise, iji kwado mkparita uka mbụ nke mkparita uka nke Plastic Pollution Treaty nke United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) siri wepụta mkpebi 5/14. Ewuberekwa ya na usoro e mere n'afọ gara aga gbasara nkọwa nkwekọrịta, ihe ndị bụ isi, mmekọrịta ya na nkwekọrịta ndị ọzọ, ihe ndị nwere ike ime na usoro iwu. Nkọwa okwu niile, gụnyere ndị ahụ dị na isi okwu, akụ na ụba okirikiri, mmekọrịta ọchịchị, na nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche dị Ebe a. Ihe nkenke ndị a abụghị naanị na-enyere ndị na-eme iwu aka, ma nyere aka na-eduzi mmepe nke nkwekọrịta plastik n'oge mkparịta ụka mbụ.

Nchacha osimiri ikpeazụ. (2021, Julaị). Iwu obodo na ngwaahịa rọba. lastbeachcleanup.org/countrylaws

Ndepụta zuru oke nke iwu ụwa gbasara ngwaahịa rọba. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, mba 188 nwere mmachibido iwu akpa rọba nke mba ma ọ bụ ụbọchị ngwụcha nke mba, mba 81 nwere mmachibido ahịhịa ahịhịa rọba mba ma ọ bụ ụbọchị njedebe kwere nkwa, yana mba 96 nwere mmachibido iwu mkpuchi mkpuchi rọba ma ọ bụ ụbọchị ngwụcha.

Buchholz, K. (2021). Infographic: Mba ndị machibidoro akpa rọba. Statista Infographics. https://www.statista.com/chart/14120/the-countries-banning-plastic-bags/

Mba iri isii na itoolu n'ụwa niile nwere mmachibido iwu zuru oke ma ọ bụ nke akụkụ na akpa rọba. Mba iri atọ na abụọ ọzọ na-ana ego ma ọ bụ ụtụ isi iji kpachie plastik. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya China kwupụtara na ọ ga-amachibido akpa niile na-abụghị comppostable na isi obodo site na njedebe nke 2020 ma gbasaa mmachibido iwu ahụ na mba ahụ dum site na 2022. Akpa plastik bụ nanị otu nzọụkwụ na-akwụsị otu iji plastik dabere, ma iwu ndị ọzọ zuru oke dị mkpa. ịlụso nsogbu plastik ọgụ.

Mba ndị machiri akpa rọba — Buchholz, K. (2021). *Infographic: Mba ndị machibidoro akpa rọba*. Statista Infographics. https://www.statista.com/chart/14120/the-countries-banning-plastic-bags/

Ntuziaka (EU) 2019/904 nke European nzuko omeiwu na Council of 5 June 2019 na mbelata mmetụta nke ụfọdụ plastic ngwaahịa na gburugburu ebe obibi. PE/11/2019/REV/1 OJ L 155, 12.6.2019, p. 1–19 (BG, ES, CS, DA, DE, ET, EL, EN, FR, GA, HR, IT, LV, LT, HU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SL, FI, SV). ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/904/oj

Mmụba na-aga n'ihu na ọgbọ mkpofu rọba na mwepu nke mkpofu rọba n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi, ọkachasị n'ime mmiri mmiri, ga-emerịrịrịrị iji nweta usoro ndụ okirikiri maka plastik. Iwu a machibidoro plastik ụdị iri 10 ma na-emetụta ụfọdụ ngwaahịa SUP, ngwaahịa ndị sitere na rọba na-emebi emebi na ngwa ịkụ azụ nwere rọba. Ọ na-etinye mmachi ahịa na ịkpụ rọba, ahịhịa, efere, iko ma na-ewepụta ebumnuche nchịkọta nke 90% imegharị maka karama plastik SUP site n'afọ 2029. Mmachibido iwu a na plastik otu eji eme ihe amalitela inwe mmetụta n'ụzọ ndị na-azụ ahịa si eji plastik na ga-atụ anya na ọ ga-ebute mbelata dị ukwuu na mmetọ rọba n'ime afọ iri na-abịanụ.

Ogige amụma plastik zuru ụwa ọnụ (2022). Nlebanya zuru ụwa ọnụ nke atumatu plastik iji kwado ime mkpebi ka mma na nzaghachi ọha. March, A., Salam, S., Evans, T., Hilton, J., na Fletcher, S. (ndị editọ). Revolution Plastics, Mahadum Portsmouth, UK. https://plasticspolicy.port.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/GPPC-Report.pdf

N'afọ 2022, Global Plastics Policy Center weputara ọmụmụ ihe dabere na ịdị irè nke atumatu plastik 100 nke azụmahịa, gọọmentị, na obodo obodo mebere n'ụwa niile. Akụkọ a na-akọwapụta nchoputa ndị ahụ - na-achọpụta ọdịiche dị oke mkpa na akaebe maka amụma ọ bụla, na-enyocha ihe ndị na-egbochi ma ọ bụ kwalite arụmọrụ amụma, na ịmepụta nyocha ọ bụla iji gosipụta omume na-aga nke ọma na nkwubi okwu dị mkpa maka ndị na-eme iwu. Nlebanya miri emi nke amụma plastik zuru ụwa ọnụ bụ ndọtị nke ụlọ akụ Global Plastic Policy Center nke atumatu plastik a na-enyocha onwe ya, nke mbụ n'ụdị ya na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na onye na-enye ihe ọmụma banyere amụma mmetọ rọba dị irè.

Royle, J., Jack, B., Parris, H., Hogg, D., & Eliot, T. (2019). Mwepu rọba: Ụzọ ọhụrụ iji gboo mmetọ rọba site na isi iyi ruo n'oké osimiri. Oke osimiri nkịtị. https://commonseas.com/uploads/Plastic-Drawdown-%E2%80%93-A-summary-for-policy-makers.pdf

Nlereanya Drawdown nke Plastic nwere usoro anọ: ịmegharị ọgbọ na ihe mkpofu rọba nke mba, ịkọwapụta ụzọ dị n'etiti iji rọba na mwepu n'oké osimiri, nyocha nke mmetụta nke isi atumatu, ma na-eme ka iwulite nkwenye n'akụkụ atumatu isi n'ofe gọọmentị, obodo, na ndị metụtara azụmahịa. Enwere iwu iri na asatọ dị iche iche a tụlere n'ime akwụkwọ a, nke ọ bụla na-atụle ka ha si arụ ọrụ, ọkwa ịga nke ọma (irụ ọrụ), yana nnukwu macro na / ma ọ bụ microplastics ọ na-ekwu.

Mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi United Nations (2021). Site na Mmetọ ruo na Ngwọta: Ntụle zuru ụwa ọnụ nke nsị mmiri na mmetọ rọba. United Nations, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/resources/pollution-solution-global-assessment-marine-litter-and-plastic-pollution

Ntụle zuru ụwa ọnụ a na-enyocha ịdị ukwuu na ịdị njọ nke nsị mmiri na mmetọ rọba n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi na oke ọdachi ha na-emetụta ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ na-enye mmelite zuru oke na ihe ọmụma dị ugbu a na oghere nyocha gbasara mmetụta mmetọ rọba na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri, ihe egwu na-ahụ maka ahụike ụwa, yana ọnụ ahịa mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba nke irighiri oké osimiri. N'ozuzu, akụkọ ahụ na-agba mbọ ịkọwa ma mee ngwa ngwa, ihe akaebe dabere na ọkwa niile gburugburu ụwa.

Azụ n'elu

3.1 Global Treaty

Mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi nke United Nations. (2022, Maachị 2). Ihe Ị Kwesịrị Ịma Banyere Mkpebi Mmetọ Plastic. United Nations, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/what-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution-resolution

Otu n'ime webụsaịtị a pụrụ ịdabere na ya maka ozi na mmelite na nkwekọrịta zuru ụwa ọnụ, mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi nke United Nations bụ otu n'ime isi mmalite kachasị mma maka ozi na mmelite. Weebụsaịtị a kwuputara mkpebi akụkọ ihe mere eme na nnọkọ nke ise nke United Nations Environment Assembly maliteghachiri (UNEA-5.2) na Nairobi iji kwụsị mmetọ rọba na ịmepụta nkwekọrịta mba ụwa n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro site na 2024. Ihe ndị ọzọ edepụtara na ibe ahụ gụnyere njikọ na akwụkwọ na Ajụjụ ndị a na-ajụkarị gbasara nkwekọrịta mba ụwa na ndekọ nke Mkpebi UNEP ịkwaga nkwekọrịta ahụ n'ihu, na a Toolkit na plastic mmetọ.

IISD (2023, Maachị 7). Nchịkọta nke nnọkọ nke ise maliteghachiri nke kọmitii mepere emepe nke ndị nnọchi anya na-adịgide adịgide na Mgbakọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke United Nations na ncheta nke UNEP@50: 21 February - 4 Maachị 2022. Akwụkwọ akụkọ mkparịta ụka ụwa, Vol. 16, Mba 166. https://enb.iisd.org/unea5-oecpr5-unep50

Ọgbakọ nke ise nke UN Environment Assembly (UNEA-5.2), bụ nke kpọkọtara n'okpuru isiokwu bụ "Mmepụta Ọrụ maka Nature iji nweta ebumnuche mmepe Sustainable," bụ nke UNEA bipụtara bụ nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ọrụ mkpesa. maka mkparita uka gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepe. Akwụkwọ akụkọ a kpuchiri UNEAS 5.2 ma bụrụ ihe dị egwu maka ndị na-achọ ịghọtakwu UNEA, mkpebi 5.2 maka "Kwụsị mmetọ rọba: N'ebe ngwa mba ụwa na-ejikọta iwu" na mkpebi ndị ọzọ a tụlere na nzukọ ahụ.

Mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi nke United Nations. (2023, Disemba). Oge mbụ nke kọmitii mkparita ụka gọọmentị etiti gbasara mmetọ rọba. Mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi nke United Nations, Punta del Este, Uruguay. https://www.unep.org/events/conference/inter-governmental-negotiating-committee-meeting-inc-1

Weebụsaịtị a kọwara nzukọ mbụ nke kọmitii mkparita uka gọọmentị etiti (INC) mere na njedebe nke 2022 na Uruguay. Ọ na-ekpuchi nnọkọ nke mbụ nke kọmitii mkparita ụka n'etiti gọọmentị iji mepụta ngwa mba ụwa na-ejikọta iwu gbasara mmetọ rọba, gụnyere na gburugburu mmiri. Na mgbakwunye, njikọ na ndekọ nke nzukọ dị site na njikọ YouTube yana ozi na nnọkọ mkparịta ụka amụma yana PowerPoints sitere na nzukọ ahụ. Ihe ndekọ ndị a niile dị n'asụsụ Bekee, French, Chinese, Russian na Spanish.

Andersen, I. (2022, Maachị 2). Onye ndu maka ime ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi. Okwu maka: Akụkụ dị elu nke Mgbakọ gburugburu nke ise maliteghachiri. Mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi United Nations, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/speech/leap-forward-environmental-action

Onye isi oche nke UN Environment Programme (UNEP), kwuru na nkwekọrịta ahụ bụ nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche nke mba ụwa kachasị mkpa kemgbe nkwekọrịta ihu igwe nke Paris n'okwu ya na-akwado maka ịgafe mkpebi ịmalite ọrụ na Global Plastics Treaty. Ọ rụrụ ụka na nkwekọrịta ahụ ga-agụta n'ezie ma ọ bụrụ na o nwere ndokwa doro anya nke na-akwado iwu, dị ka mkpebi ahụ kwuru na ọ ga-enwerịrị usoro usoro ndụ zuru oke. Okwu a na-arụ ọrụ magburu onwe ya nke ikpuchi mkpa maka nkwekọrịta zuru ụwa ọnụ na ihe mmemme United Nations Environment Programme ka mkparita uka na-aga n'ihu.

IISD (2022, Disemba 7). Nchịkọta nke ọgbakọ mbụ nke kọmitii mkparita ụka gọọmentị etiti iji wulite ngwa mba ụwa n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro gbasara mmetọ rọba: 28 Nọvemba – 2 Disemba 2022. Akwụkwọ akụkọ mkparịta ụka ụwa, Vol 36, No. 7. https://enb.iisd.org/plastic-pollution-marine-environment-negotiating-committee-inc1

Nzukọ maka oge mbụ, kọmitii na-akparịta ụka n'etiti gọọmentị (INC), ndị otu mba kwetara ka ha kwurịta ihe gbasara iwu nke mba ụwa (ILBI) gbasara mmetọ plastik, gụnyere na gburugburu mmiri mmiri, na-ewepụta oge dị oke egwu iji mechie mkparịta ụka na 2024. Dị ka e kwuru n'elu. , Akwụkwọ akụkọ mkparịta ụka ụwa bụ akwụkwọ UNEA bipụtara nke na-arụ ọrụ dịka ọrụ mkpesa maka mkparita uka gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepe.

Mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi nke United Nations. (2023). Oge nke abụọ nke kọmitii mkparita ụka n'etiti gọọmentị maka mmetọ rọba: Mee 29 - 2 Juun 2023. https://www.unep.org/events/conference/second-session-intergovernmental-negotiating-committee-develop-international

A ga-emelite akụrụngwa na-esote ngwụcha nke nnọkọ nke abụọ na June 2.

Netwọk ndu nke Ocean Plastics. (2021, Juun 10). Mkparịta ụka Global Plastics Treaty Dialogues. YouTube. https://youtu.be/GJdNdWmK4dk.

Mkparịta ụka malitere site na usoro nzụkọ ntanetị zuru ụwa ọnụ maka nkwadebe maka mkpebi UNEA gburugburu na February 2022 maka ma ọ ga-agbaso nkwekọrịta zuru ụwa ọnụ maka plastik. The Ocean Plastics Leadership Network (OPLN) otu ndị otu 90 na-akwado ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ na-ejikọta ya na Greenpeace na WWF iji mepụta usoro mkparịta ụka dị irè. Mba iri asaa na otu na-akpọ maka nkwekọrịta rọba zuru ụwa ọnụ n'akụkụ ndị NGO, yana nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ 30. Ndị otu na-akpọ maka ịkọ akụkọ doro anya gbasara rọbas n'oge ndụ ha niile maka ihe niile a na-eme na otu esi edozi ya, mana enwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti.

Parker, L. (2021, Juun 8). Nkwekọrịta zuru ụwa ọnụ iji chịkwaa mmetọ rọba na-erite uru. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/global-treaty-to-regulate-plastic-pollution-gains-momentum

N'ụwa niile enwere nkọwa asaa nke ihe a na-ewere dị ka akpa rọba na nke na-abịa na iwu dị iche iche maka obodo ọ bụla. Ebumnuche nke nkwekọrịta zuru ụwa ọnụ gbadoro ụkwụ n'ịchọta nkọwa na ụkpụrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, nhazi nke ebumnuche na atụmatụ mba, nkwekọrịta maka ụkpụrụ ịkọ akụkọ, na ịmepụta ego iji nyere aka kwado ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa mkpofu ebe a na-achọkarị ha na obere mmepe. mba.

World Wildlife Foundation, Ellen MacArthur Foundation, & Boston Consulting Group. (2020). Okwu azụmahịa maka nkwekọrịta UN gbasara mmetọ rọba. WWF, Ellen MacArthur Foundation, na BCG. https://f.hubspotusercontent20.net/hubfs/4783129/ Plastics/UN%20treaty%20plastic%20poll%20report%20a4_ single_pages_v15-web-prerelease-3mb.pdf

A na-akpọ ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa na azụmaahịa ka ha kwado nkwekọrịta plastik zuru ụwa ọnụ, n'ihi na mmetọ rọba ga-emetụta ọdịnihu nke azụmahịa. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-eche ihe egwu egwu ihu, ebe ndị na-azụ ahịa na-amatakwu ihe egwu rọba ma na-achọ nghọta n'akụkụ eriri ọkọnọ rọba. Ndị ọrụ chọrọ ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ nwere ebumnuche dị mma, ndị na-achụ ego na-atụ anya na-eche echiche ụlọ ọrụ ụda gburugburu ebe obibi, na ndị na-achịkwa na-akwalite amụma iji dozie nsogbu plastik. Maka azụmaahịa, nkwekọrịta UN maka mmetọ rọba ga-ebelata ịdị mgbagwoju anya ọrụ yana iwu dị iche iche n'ofe mpaghara ahịa, mee ka mkpesa dị mfe, ma nyere aka melite atụmanya iru ebumnuche ụlọ ọrụ nwere nnukwu ọchịchọ. Nke a bụ ohere nke na-eduga ụlọ ọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ebute ụzọ na mgbanwe amụma maka ọdịmma nke ụwa anyị.

Ụlọ ọrụ nyocha gburugburu. (2020, Juun). Mgbakọ na mmetọ rọba: Maka nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ iji gboo mmetọ rọba. Ụlọ ọrụ nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi na Gaia. https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Convention-on-Plastic-Pollution-June- 2020-Otu-Ibe.pdf.

Mba ndị otu na Mgbakọ Plastics chọpụtara mpaghara 4 bụ isi ebe usoro zuru ụwa ọnụ dị mkpa: nlekota / mkpesa, mgbochi mmetọ plastik, nhazi zuru ụwa ọnụ, na nkwado teknụzụ / ego. Nleba anya na mkpesa ga-adabere n'ihe ngosi abụọ: ụzọ mgbada elu nke nlekota mmetọ rọba dị ugbu a, na ụzọ mgbago elu nke mkpesa data leakage. Ịmepụta usoro zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ịkọ akụkọ ahaziri ahazi n'akụkụ usoro ndụ plastik ga-akwalite mgbanwe na nhazi akụ na ụba okirikiri. Mgbochi mmetọ rọba ga-enyere aka ịkọwa atụmatụ mmemme mba, ma dozie okwu ndị akọwapụtara dị ka microplastics na nhazi n'ofe ọnụ ahịa rọba. Nchikota mba ụwa na isi mmalite nke rọba, ịzụ ahịa mkpofu, na mmetọ kemịkalụ ga-enyere aka ịbawanye ụdị ndụ dị iche iche ma na-agbasawanye mgbanwe ihe ọmụma mpaghara. N'ikpeazụ, nkwado teknụzụ na ego ga-abawanye mkpebi sayensị na mmekọrịta akụ na ụba, ka ọ na-enyere aka mgbanwe maka mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe.

Azụ n'elu

3.2 Panel amụma sayensị

United Nations. (2023, Jenụwarị - Febụwarị). Akuko nke akụkụ nke abụọ nke nnọkọ mbụ nke ad hoc na-arụ ọrụ mepere emepe na ngalaba sayensị-usoro iwu iji tinyekwuo aka na njikwa ụda nke kemịkalụ na ihe mkpofu na igbochi mmetọ.. Otu ọrụ mepere emepe Ad hoc na ngalaba amụma sayensị iji nye aka n'ihu na njikwa ụda kemịkalụ na mkpofu yana igbochi mmetọ nnọkọ mbụ Nairobi, Ọktoba 6 2022 na Bangkok, Thailand. https://www.unep.org/oewg1.2-ssp-chemicals-waste-pollution

Otu United Nation's ad hoc open-ended work group (OEWG) na otu usoro iwu sayensị iji nye aka n'ihu na njikwa ụda nke kemịkalụ na ihe mkpofu na igbochi mmetọ bụ emere na Bangkok, site na 30 Jenụwarị ruo 3 February 2023. N'oge nzukọ ahụ. , mkpebi 5 / 8, Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu Gburugburu Ebe Obibi (UNEA) kpebiri na ekwesịrị ka e guzobe otu kọmitii na-ahụ maka nkà mmụta sayensị na-atụnye ụtụ n'ihu n'ịhazi nhazi nke kemịkalụ na ihe mkpofu na iji gbochie mmetọ. UNEA gara n'ihu kpebisie ike ikpokọta, dabere na nnweta akụrụngwa, OEWG iji kwadebe atụmatụ maka panel sayensị-usoro iwu, ịmalite ọrụ na 2022 na ebumnuche nke imecha ya na njedebe nke 2024. Akụkọ ikpeazụ sitere na nzukọ ahụ nwere ike ịbụ. hụrụ Ebe a.

Wang, Z. et al. (2021) Anyị chọrọ otu sayensị zuru ụwa ọnụ-usoro iwu gbasara kemịkalụ na ihe mkpofu. Sayensị. 371 (6531) E:774-776 . DOI: 10.1126 / sayensị.abe9090 | Njikọ ọzọ: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abe9090

Ọtụtụ mba na otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mpaghara nwere usoro iwu na usoro iwu maka ijikwa kemịkalụ na ihe mkpofu metụtara ọrụ mmadụ iji belata mmerụ ahụ na ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-akwado ma gbasaa usoro ndị a site na njikọta nke mba ụwa, karịsịa metụtara mmetọ ndị na-ebuga ogologo oge site na ikuku, mmiri na biota; ịgafe oke ala site na ahia akụrụngwa, ngwaahịa na ihe mkpofu nke mba ụwa; ma ọ bụ dị na ọtụtụ mba (1). Enweela ọganihu ụfọdụ, mana Global Chemicals Outlook (GCO-II) sitere na United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (1) akpọọla oku maka "ịkwalite[ịkwado] usoro iwu sayensị na iji sayensị na-enyocha ọganihu, ịtọ ntọala, na ime iwu n'ime usoro ndụ nke kemịkalụ na ihe mkpofu. " Na UN Environment Assembly (UNEA) na-ezukọ n'oge na-adịghị anya iji kparịta ka a ga-esi wusie usoro iwu sayensị siri ike na kemịkalụ na ihe mkpofu (2), anyị na-enyocha mbara ala wee kọwaa ndụmọdụ maka iguzobe otu oke na kemịkalụ na ihe mkpofu.

Mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi United Nations (2020). Ntụle nke Nhọrọ maka Ịme Ka Ọdịmma Sayensị-Amụma Sikwuo ike na ọkwa mba ụwa maka njikwa ụda nke Chemicals na mkpofu. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/33808/ OSSP.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Mkpa ọ dị ngwa ngwa iji wusie usoro iwu sayensị ike na ọkwa niile iji kwado na ịkwalite mmemme sayensị sitere na mpaghara, mba, mpaghara na nke zuru ụwa ọnụ na njikwa ụda nke kemịkalụ na ihe mkpofu gafere 2020; iji sayensị na-enyocha ọganihu; ntọala kacha mkpa na ime amụma n'oge ndụ kemịkalụ na mkpofu, na-eburu n'uche oghere na ozi sayensị dị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe.

Fadeeva, Z., & Van Berkel, R. (2021, Jenuarị). Mepee akụ na ụba okirikiri maka igbochi mmetọ rọba mmiri: nyocha nke amụma na atụmatụ G20. Akwụkwọ akụkọ nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi. 277(111457). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111457

A na-enweta nkwanye ugwu zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ihe mkpofu mmiri na ịtụgharị uche n'ụzọ anyị si ele rọba na nkwakọ ngwaahịa, ma depụta usoro iji mee ka mgbanwe gaa na akụ na ụba okirikiri nke ga-alụ ọgụ plastik otu-eji na mpụga ha na-adịghị mma. Usoro ndị a na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ụdị amụma amụma maka mba G20.

Azụ n'elu

3.3 Mgbakọ Basel ndozi ihe mkpofu rọba

Mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi nke United Nations. (2023). Mgbakọ Basel. United Nations. http://www.basel.int/Implementation/Plasticwaste/Overview/ tabid/8347/Default.aspx

Nke a omume kpaliri site ogbako nke Parties na Basel Convention nakweere mkpebi BC-14/12 site na nke o megharịrị Annexes II, VIII na IX na Mgbakọ n'ihe gbasara mkpofu rọba. Njikọ bara uru gụnyere map akụkọ ọhụrụ na 'Ihe mkpofu plastik na Mgbakọ Basel' nke na-enye data anya site na vidiyo na infographics iji kọwaa ọrụ Basel Convention Plastic Waste Amendments na-achịkwa mmegharị transboundary, ịkwalite njikwa ụda gburugburu ebe obibi, na ịkwalite mgbochi na mbelata ọgbọ nke mkpofu rọba.

Mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi nke United Nations. (2023). Ịchịkwa mmegharị nfefe nke ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ na mkpofu ha. Mgbakọ Basel. United Nations. http://www.basel.int/Implementation/Plasticwastes/PlasticWaste Partnership/tabid/8096/Default.aspx

E hiwela mmekorita ihe mkpofu plastik (PWP) n'okpuru Mgbakọ Basel, iji melite ma kwalite njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi (ESM) nke mkpofu rọba yana igbochi na ibelata ọgbọ ya. Mmemme ahụ elekọtala ma ọ bụ kwadoo ọrụ pilot 23 iji kpalite ime ihe. Ọrụ ndị a bụ iji kwalite mgbochi mkpofu, melite nchịkọta mkpofu, leba anya na mmegharị nke ihe mkpofu rọba na-agafe agafe, na inye ọzụzụ na ịkwalite mmata nke mmetọ rọba dị ka ihe dị ize ndụ.

Benson, E. & Mortsensen, S. (2021, Ọktoba 7). Mgbakọ Basel: Site na ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ ruo na mmetọ rọba. Center for Strategic & International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/basel-convention-hazardous-waste-plastic-pollution

Edemede a na-arụ ọrụ dị mma nke ịkọwa ihe ndabere nke mgbakọ Basel maka ndị na-ege ntị n'ozuzu. Akụkọ CSIS na-ekpuchi nguzobe nke Mgbakọ Basel na 1980 iji gboo ihe mkpofu nsi. Mba 53 na European Economic Community (EEC) bịanyere aka na Mgbakọ Basel iji nyere aka n'ịhazi ahia nke ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ na ibelata ụgbọ njem na-egbu egbu na-achọghị nke gọọmentị ekwenyeghị ịnata. Isiokwu ahụ na-enye ozi site n'ọtụtụ ajụjụ na azịza gụnyere onye bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ahụ, gịnị ga-enwe mmetụta nke mgbanwe plastik, na ihe na-esote. Usoro Basel nke mbụ emepụtala ebe mmalite iji lebara mkpofu mkpofu na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọ bụ ezie na nke a bụ naanị akụkụ nke atụmatụ buru ibu achọrọ iji nweta akụ na ụba okirikiri.

Ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa gburugburu US. (2022, Juun 22). Achọrọ mba ụwa ọhụrụ maka mbupu na mbubata nke ihe eji emegharị plastik na ihe mkpofu. EPA. https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/new-international-requirements-export-and-import-plastic-recyclables-and-waste

Na Mee nke afọ 2019, mba 187 machibidoro azụmaahịa mba ụwa na scraps / ihe eji emegharị plastik site na Mgbakọ Basel na njikwa ngagharị nke ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ na mkpofu ha. Malite na Jenụwarị 1st, 2021 ihe eji emegharị na ihe mkpofu ka a na-ahapụ ka ebubata ya na mba nwere nkwenye ederede tupu mba mbubata na mba ọ bụla na-agafe agafe. United States abụghị otu ugbu a nke Basel Convention, nke pụtara na obodo ọ bụla nke bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado Basel enweghị ike ịzụ ahịa ihe mkpofu Basel na US (ndị na-abụghị ndị ọzọ) na enweghị nkwekọrịta ekpebiela n'etiti mba. Ihe ndị a chọrọ bụ iji leba anya na mkpofu plastik na-ekwesịghị ekwesị yana ibelata ntapu n'ụzọ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụbu ihe a na-emekarị ka mba ndị mepere emepe na-eziga plastik ha na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe, mana mmachi ọhụrụ a na-eme ka nke a sie ike karị.

Azụ n'elu

4. Economy okirikiri

Gorrasi, G., Sorrentino, A., & Lichtfouse, E. (2021). Laghachi na mmetọ rọba n'oge COVID. Akwụkwọ ozi Chemistry Environmental. 19 (p.1-4). HAL Open Science. https://hal.science/hal-02995236

Ọgba aghara na ngwa ngwa nke ọrịa COVID-19 butere butere nnukwu mmepụta plastik sitere na mmanụ ọkụ nke na-elegharakarị ụkpụrụ akọwapụtara na amụma gburugburu. Edemede a na-emesi ike na ihe ngwọta maka akụ na ụba na-adịgide adịgide na okirikiri chọrọ ihe ọhụrụ ọhụrụ, agụmakwụkwọ ndị ahịa na ihe kachasị mkpa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.

Akụ na ụba kwụ n'ahịrị, akụ na ụba imegharị ihe, na akụ na ụba okirikiri — Gorrasi, G., Sorrentino, A., & Lichtfouse, E. (2021). *Laghachi na mmetọ rọba n'oge COVID*. Akwụkwọ ozi Chemistry Environmental. 19 (p.1-4). HAL Open Science. https://hal.science/hal-02995236

Center for International Environmental Iwu. (2023, Maachị). N'ofe mwegharị: iji Plastics na-atụle na Economy okirikiri. Center for International Environmental Iwu. https://www.ciel.org/reports/circular-economy-analysis/

Edere maka ndị na-eme iwu, akụkọ a na-arụ ụka maka nleba anya ka ukwuu ka a ga-eme mgbe a na-emepụta iwu gbasara rọba. Karịsịa onye na-ede akwụkwọ na-arụ ụka na e kwesịrị imekwu ihe n'ihe gbasara nsi nke plastik, ekwesịrị ikweta na plastik na-ere ọkụ abụghị akụkụ nke akụ na ụba okirikiri, na a pụrụ iwere imewe nchekwa dị okirikiri, na ịkwado ikike mmadụ dị mkpa. nweta a okirikiri nhọrọ ukwuu akụ. Amụma ma ọ bụ usoro teknụzụ nke chọrọ ịga n'ihu na mgbasawanye nke mmepụta plastik enweghị ike ịde akara okirikiri, yabụ na e kwesịghị iwere ha ihe ngwọta maka nsogbu rọba ụwa. N'ikpeazụ, onye edemede na-arụrịta ụka na nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ ọ bụla zuru ụwa ọnụ maka plastik, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ga-ebu amụma maka mmachi na mmepụta plastik na mkpochapụ kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu n'ime ụdọ plastik.

Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2022, Nọvemba 2). Nkwupụta ọganihu zuru ụwa ọnụ 2022. Mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi nke United Nations. https://emf.thirdlight.com/link/f6oxost9xeso-nsjoqe/@/#

Ntụle ahụ chọpụtara na ebumnuche ndị ụlọ ọrụ setịpụrụ iji nweta nkwakọ ngwaahịa 100% reusable, recyclable, ma ọ bụ compostable n'afọ 2025 agaghị emezurịrị ma ọ ga-atụfu ebumnuche 2025 isi maka akụ na ụba okirikiri. Akụkọ ahụ kwuru na a na-enwe ọganihu siri ike, mana atụmanya nke ịghara imezu ebumnuche na-emesi mkpa ọ dị ime ngwa ngwa ma na-arụrịta ụka maka mwepu uto azụmahịa site na iji nkwakọ ngwaahịa na ngwa ngwa gọọmentị chọrọ iji kpalie mgbanwe. Akụkọ a bụ akụkụ dị mkpa maka ndị na-achọ ịghọta ọnọdụ ụlọ ọrụ dị ugbu a iji belata plastik ma na-enye nkatọ dị mkpa maka azụmahịa iji mee ihe ọzọ.

Greenpeace. (2022, Ọktoba 14). Mkpesa okirikiri dara ada ọzọ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Greenpeace. https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/reports/circular-claims-fall-flat-again/

Dị ka mmelite na Ọmụmụ GreenPeace 2020, ndị ode akwụkwọ na-enyocha nkwuputa ha gara aga na onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala akụ na ụba maka ịnakọta, nhazi na nhazi ngwaahịa rọba na-azụ ahịa nwere ike ịka njọ ka mmepụta rọba na-abawanye. Ndị ode akwụkwọ chọpụtara na n'ime afọ abụọ gara aga, nkwupụta a egosila na ọ bụ eziokwu na naanị ụfọdụ ụdị karama rọba ka a na-emegharị n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ tụlekwara ihe kpatara imegharị igwe na kemịkalụ ji ada gụnyere etu usoro mwegharị ihe si na-emebi emebi na nke na-egbu egbu nakwa na ọ bụghị ego. N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, ọ dị mkpa ka e mee ihe ozugbo iji dozie nsogbu na-eto eto nke mmetọ rọba.

Hocevar, J. (2020, Febụwarị 18). Akụkọ: Mkpesa okirikiri dabara adaba. Greenpeace. https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Greenpeace-Report-Circular-Claims-Fall-Flat.pdf

Nyocha nke nchịkọta mkpofu rọba dị ugbu a, nhazi na nhazigharị na US iji chọpụta ma ngwaahịa nwere ike ịkpọ "megharia". Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile mmetọ rọba na-emekarị, gụnyere ọrụ nri na ngwaahịa dị mma, enweghị ike ịmegharị ya n'ihi ihe dị iche iche site na ndị obodo na-anakọta mana ọ bụghị imegharị ya na akwa mkpuchi plastik na karama na-eme ka ha ghara imegharị ya. Lee n'elu maka akụkọ 2022 emelitere.

Agafee plastik (2022, Mee). Akuko: Ezi Eziokwu Banyere Ọnụego Nrụgharị Plastics US. Nchacha osimiri ikpeazụ. https://www.lastbeachcleanup.org/_files/ ugd/dba7d7_9450ed6b848d4db098de1090df1f9e99.pdf

A na-eche na ọnụego imegharị plastik US dị ugbu a dị n'etiti 2021 na 5%. N'ịkọba na mfu ndị ọzọ a na-atụghị atụ, dị ka ihe mkpofu rọba anakọtara n'okpuru ihe a na-eme ka a na-eme ka a na-emegharị ihe nke a na-agba ọkụ, kama nke ahụ, ezigbo ọnụ ahịa plastik US nwere ike ịdị ntakịrị. Nke a dị ịrịba ama n'ihi na ọnụego maka kaadiboodu na ọla dị elu nke ukwuu. Akụkọ ahụ wee nye nkọwa nke ọma gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mkpofu rọba, mbupụ, na ọnụ ahịa nrụgharị na United States ma na-arụrịta ụka maka omume na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ plastik a na-eri dị ka mmachibido iwu plastik a na-eji otu eme ihe, ọdụ mmiri na-ejuputa mmiri, na akpa a na-eji eme ihe. mmemme.

Economy Plastics ọhụrụ. (2020). Ọhụụ nke Economy okirikiri maka rọba. PDF

Ihe njirimara isii dị mkpa iji nweta akụ na ụba okirikiri bụ: (a) iwepụ nsogbu ma ọ bụ plastik na-enweghị isi; (b) a na-ejigharị ihe ndị ọzọ iji belata mkpa maka plastik eji otu eme ihe; (c) plastik niile ga-abụrịrị nke a ga-ejigharị, megharịa, ma ọ bụ compostable; (d) a na-ejigharị, megharịa, ma ọ bụ composted n'omume niile nkwakọ ngwaahịa; (e) A na-ewepụ plastik site na oriri nke ihe ndị nwere oke; (f) Nkwakọ ngwaahịa rọba niile enweghị kemịkal dị ize ndụ yana a na-asọpụrụ ikike mmadụ niile. Akwụkwọ ahụ kwụ ọtọ bụ ngwa ngwa agụ maka onye ọ bụla nwere mmasị na ụzọ kacha mma maka akụ na ụba okirikiri na-enweghị nkọwa zuru oke.

Nunez, C. (2021, Septemba 30). Echiche anọ dị mkpa iji wuo akụ na ụba okirikiri. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/paid-content-four-key-ideas-to-building-a-circular-economy-for-plastics

Ndị ọkachamara n'ofe ngalaba kwenyere na anyị nwere ike ịmepụta usoro dị irè karị ebe a na-eji ihe ndị ọzọ eme ihe ugboro ugboro. Na 2021, American Beverage Association (ABA) fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpọkọta otu ndị ọkachamara, gụnyere ndị isi gburugburu ebe obibi, ndị na-eme iwu na ndị nrụpụta ụlọ ọrụ, iji kparịta ọrụ plastik na nkwakọ ngwaahịa ndị ahịa, nrụpụta n'ọdịnihu, na sistemụ nrụpụta, yana nnukwu usoro bụ echiche nke mgbanwe okirikiri akụ na ụba ngwọta.

Meys, R., Frick, F., Westhues, S., Sternberg, A., Klankermayer, J., & Bardow, A. (2020, Nọvemba). N'ebe akụ na ụba okirikiri dị okirikiri maka mkpofu nkwakọba plastik - ikike gburugburu ebe obibi nke imegharị kemịkal. Akụrụngwa, Nchekwa na imegharị ihe. 162 (105010). DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105010.

Keijer, T., Bakker, V., & Slootweg, JC (2019, Febụwarị 21). Chemistry okirikiri iji mee ka akụ na ụba okirikiri nwee ike. Chemistry okike. 11 (190-195). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-019-0226-9

Iji kwalite arụmọrụ akụrụngwa ma mee ka ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ na-enweghị ihe mkpofu mechiri emechi, a ga-edochirịrị usoro akụ na ụba n'efu. Iji mee nke a, nlebanya nkwado ngwaahịa kwesịrị ịgụnye usoro ndụ ya niile ma chọọ iji kemistri okirikiri dochie usoro ahịrị ahịrị.

Spalding, M. (2018, Eprel 23). Ekwela ka Plastic banye n'oké osimiri. The Ocean Foundation. earthday.org/2018/05/02/ ekwela ka-plastic-abanye-ime-the-ocean

Isi okwu a na-eme maka mkparịta ụka maka ịkwụsị mmetọ plastik na ụlọ ọrụ Embassy nke Finland kwadoro okwu nke rọba na oké osimiri. Spalding na-atụle nsogbu nke rọba dị n'oké osimiri, ka plastik ndị na-eji otu eme ihe na-ekere, na ebe plastik si abịa. Mgbochi bụ isi, esonyela na nsogbu ahụ, na ime ihe onwe onye bụ mmalite dị mma. Ejigharị na mbelata ihe mkpofu dịkwa mkpa.

Azụ n'elu

5. Green Chemistry

Tan, V. (2020, Maachị 24). Bio-plastics bụ ihe ngwọta na-adịgide adịgide? Mkparịta ụka TEDx. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Kjb7AlYOSgo.

Bio-plastics nwere ike bụrụ ihe ngwọta maka mmepụta rọba nke sitere na mmanụ ala, mana bioplastics anaghị akwụsị nsogbu mkpofu rọba. Bioplastics dị ugbu a dị oke ọnụ yana adịghịkwa adị ngwa ngwa ma e jiri ya tụnyere rọba ndị dabeere na mmanụ ala. Ọzọkwa, bioplastics adịchaghị mma maka gburugburu ebe obibi karịa rọba ndị sitere na mmanụ ala n'ihi na ụfọdụ bioplastics agaghị adị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi. Naanị bioplastics enweghị ike idozi nsogbu rọba anyị, mana ha nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ nke ngwọta ya. Anyị chọrọ iwu zuru oke yana mmejuputa iwu nke na-ekpuchi mmepụta, oriri na mkpofu rọba.

Tickner, J., Jacobs, M. na Brody, C. (2023, Febụwarị 25). Chemistry chọrọ ngwa ngwa iji wulite ngwa dị mma. Scientific American. www.scientificamerican.com/article/chemistry-urgently-needs-to-develop-safer-materials/

Ndị ode akwụkwọ na-arụ ụka na ọ bụrụ na anyị ga-akwụsị ihe omume kemịkalụ dị ize ndụ nke na-eme ka ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na-arịa ọrịa, anyị kwesịrị ileba anya na ịdabere n'ụdị mmadụ na kemịkalụ ndị a na usoro nrụpụta dị mkpa iji mepụta ha. Ihe a chọrọ bụ ọnụ ahịa na-akwụ ụgwọ, na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, na ngwọta na-adịgide adịgide.

Neitzert, T. (2019, Ọgọst 2). Kedu ihe kpatara plastik compostable nwere ike ghara ịdị mma maka gburugburu ebe obibi. Ihe Mkparita uka. theconversation.com/why-compostable-plastics- may-be-no-kamma-for-the-environment-100016

Ka ụwa na-apụ na plastik a na-eji otu eme ihe, ngwaahịa ọhụrụ nwere ike imebi ma ọ bụ compostable yiri ka ọ bụ ihe ọzọ dị mma karịa rọba, mana ha nwere ike ịdị njọ maka gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọtụtụ nsogbu na-adabere na nkọwa okwu, enweghị ihe eji emegharị ihe ma ọ bụ akụrụngwa composting, na nsi nke plastik ndị na-emebi emebi. Ọ dị mkpa ka enyocha usoro ndụ ngwaahịa niile tupu akpọọ ya dị ka ihe ọzọ dị mma karịa rọba.

Gibbens, S. (2018, Nọvemba 15). Ihe Ị Kwesịrị Ịma Banyere Plastics nke Osisi. National Geographic. nationalgeographic.com.au/nature/what-you-need-to-know-about-plant-based-plastics.aspx

N'ile anya, bioplastics yiri ka ọ bụ ihe ọzọ dị mma na plastik, mana eziokwu dị mgbagwoju anya karị. Bioplastic na-enye ihe ngwọta iji belata mmanụ ọkụ na-ere ọkụ, mana ọ nwere ike iwebata mmetọ karịa site na fatịlaịza yana ọtụtụ ala na-atụgharị site na mmepụta nri. A na-atụkwa amụma na bioplastics ga-eme ntakịrị ihe n'ịkwụsị ọnụ ọgụgụ plastik na-abanye n'okporo ụzọ mmiri.

Steinmark, I. (2018, Nọvemba 5). Nrite Nobel maka Evolving Green Chemistry Catalysts. Royal Society of Chemistry. eic.rsc.org/soundbite/nobel-prize-ward-for-evolving-green-chemistry-catalysts/3009709.article

Frances Arnold bụ otu n'ime ndị Nobel Laureates na kemistrị nke afọ a maka ọrụ ya na Directed Evolution (DE), mbanye anataghị ikike nke ndụ ndụ kemịkalụ biochemical nke a na-agbanwe agbanwe na protein / enzymes na-enweghị usoro ọtụtụ ugboro, wee nyochaa ya iji chọpụta nke kacha mma. Ọ nwere ike megharịa ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ.

Greenpeace. (2020, Septemba 9). Aghụghọ site na Ọnụ Ọgụgụ: Kansụl Chemistry America na-ekwu maka itinye ego eji emegharị kemịkalụ akwụsịghị nyocha.. Greenpeace. www.greenpeace.org/usa/research/deception-by-the-numbers

Otu dị iche iche dị ka American Chemistry Council (ACC), akwadola ka a na-emegharị kemịkalụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe ngwọta maka nsogbu mmetọ rọba, mana ọ ka na-enyo enyo na enwere ike ịmegharị kemịkal. Ntugharị kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ “nrụgharị n'ọganihu” na-ezo aka na rọba-na-mmanu, ihe mkpofu na mmanụ, ma ọ bụ plastik-na-plastic ma na-eji ihe mgbaze dị iche iche na-eweda polymer rọba n'ime ihe ụlọ ha bụ isi. Greenpeace chọpụtara na ihe na-erughị 50% nke ọrụ ACC maka imegharị ihe dị elu bụ ọrụ nrụpụta ihe eji eme ihe na plastik-na-plastic recycling na-egosi ntakịrị ohere ịga nke ọma. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị na-atụ ụtụ isi enyela opekata mpe $506 nde iji kwado ọrụ ndị a nke na-ejighị n'aka. Ndị na-eri ihe na ndị mejupụtara kwesịrị ịma nsogbu nke ngwọta - dị ka mweghachi kemịkalụ - nke na-agaghị edozi nsogbu mmetọ rọba.

Azụ n'elu

6. Plastic and Ocean Health

Miller, EA, Yamahara, KM, French, C., Spingarn, N., Birch, JM, & Van Houtan, KS (2022). Ọbá akwụkwọ nleba anya nke Raman nke nwere ike ime ihe na-eme ka anthropogenic na ihe ndị dị ndụ polymers. Data Sayensị, 9(1), 1-9. DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01883-5

Achọpụtala microplastics na oke ogo na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri na ebe nri nri, Otú ọ dị, iji dozie nsogbu a zuru ụwa ọnụ, ndị nchọpụta emepụtala usoro iji chọpụta ihe mejupụtara polymer. Usoro a - nke Monterey Bay Aquarium na MBARI (Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute) na-eduzi - ga-enyere aka chọpụta isi mmalite nke mmetọ rọba site na ọbá akwụkwọ spectral Raman mepere emepe. Nke a dị oke mkpa dị ka ọnụ ahịa nke ụzọ na-etinye ihe mgbochi n'ọbá akwụkwọ polymer spectra maka ntụnyere. Ndị nyocha ahụ na-atụ anya na nchekwa data ọhụrụ a na ọbá akwụkwọ ntụaka ga-enyere aka mee ka ọganihu dị na nsogbu mmetọ rọba zuru ụwa ọnụ.

Zhao, S., Zettler, E., Amaral-Zettler, L., na Mincer, T. (2020, Septemba 2). Ikike ibu Microbial na Carbon Biomass nke ihe mkpori mmiri nke rọba. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ISME. 15, 67-77. DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00756-2

Achọtala irighiri ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri na-ebufe ihe ndị dị ndụ n'osimiri na mpaghara ọhụrụ. Ọmụmụ ihe a chọpụtara na plastik gosipụtara nnukwu ebe dị elu maka ịchịisi microbial na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke biomass na ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike imetụta ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi.

Abbing, M. (2019, Eprel). Ofe plastik: Atlas of the Ocean Pollution. Island Press.

Ọ bụrụ na ụwa na-aga n'ihu n'ụzọ ọ dị ugbu a, a ga-enwe plastik dị n'oké osimiri karịa azụ n'afọ 2050. N'ụwa nile, nkeji ọ bụla enwere otu gwongworo nke ihe mkpofu a na-atụba n'oké osimiri na ọnụego ahụ na-arị elu. Ofe rọba na-eleba anya ihe kpatara mmetọ rọba na ihe a ga-eme iji kwụsị ya.

Spalding, M. (2018, Juun). Otu esi akwụsị plastik na-emetọ oke osimiri anyị. Ihe kpatara ụwa. globalcause.co.uk/plastic/how-to-stop-plastics-polluting-our-ocean/

Plastic dị n'oké osimiri dabara n'ụdị atọ: irighiri mmiri, microplastics, na microfibres. Ihe ndị a niile na-emebi ndụ mmiri ma na-egbu mmadụ n'enweghị isi. Nhọrọ nke onye ọ bụla dị mkpa, ọ dị ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ mkpa ịhọrọ ihe nnọchi rọba n'ihi na mgbanwe omume na-agbanwe agbanwe na-enyere aka.

Attenborough, Sir D. (2018, June). Sir David Attenborough: plastic na oké osimiri anyị. Ihe kpatara ụwa. globalcause.co.uk/plastic/sir-david-attenborough-plastic-and-our-oceans/

Sir David Attenborough na-atụle ekele o nwere maka oke osimiri na otú o si bụrụ akụ dị mkpa nke “dị mkpa maka nlanarị anyị.” Okwu plastik nwere ike "gaghị adị njọ karị." Ọ na-ekwu na ndị mmadụ n6.1eed ka ha na-echekwu banyere ojiji rọba ha, na-emeso plastik n'ụzọ nkwanye ùgwù, na "ọ bụrụ na ịchọghị ya, ejila ya."

Azụ n'elu

6.1 Ghost Gear

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2023). Ngwa ịkụ azụ na-adịghị mma. Mmemme irighiri mmiri mmiri NOAA. https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/types/derelict-fishing-gear

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration na-akọwa ngwa ịkụ azụ dara ada, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ “gear ghost,” na-ezo aka na ngwa ịkụ azụ ọ bụla a tụfuru, furu efu, ma ọ bụ gbahapụrụ na mpaghara mmiri. Iji dozie nsogbu a, NOAA Marine Debris Programme anakọtara ihe karịrị 4 nde pound nke ghost gear, Otú ọ dị, n'agbanyeghị nke a dị ịrịba ama collection ghost gia ka na-eme ka akụkụ kasị ukwuu nke plastic mmetọ n'oké osimiri, na-egosipụta mkpa nke ọzọ ọrụ iji luso ọgụ. ihe iyi egwu na gburugburu mmiri.

Kuczenski, B., Vargas Poulsen, C., Gilman, EL, Musyl, M., Geyer, R., & Wilson, J. (2022). Atụmatụ mfu gia rọba site na nleba anya nke ọrụ ịkụ azụ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Azụ na Azụ, 23, 22–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12596

Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere The Nature Conservancy na Mahadum California Santa Barbara (UCSB), na mmekorita ya na Pelagic Research Group na Hawaii Pacific University, bipụtara nyocha nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ sara mbara nke na-enye atụmatụ mbụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke mmetọ rọba sitere na azụ azụ ụlọ ọrụ. N'ime ọmụmụ ihe, Atụmatụ mfu gia rọba site na nleba anya nke ọrụ ịkụ azụ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nyochara data anakọtara site na Global Fishing Watch na Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu (FAO) iji gbakọọ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọrụ ịkụ azụ̀ ụlọ ọrụ. Ijikọta data a na ụdị teknụzụ nke ngwa ịkụ azụ na ntinye isi sitere n'aka ndị ọkachamara ụlọ ọrụ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ike ibu amụma oke na ala dị ala nke mmetọ site na ịkụ azụ ụlọ ọrụ. Dị ka nchoputa ya si kwuo, ihe karịrị 100 nde pound nke mmetọ rọba na-abanye n'oké osimiri kwa afọ site na ngwa mmụọ. Ọmụmụ ihe a na-enye ozi ntọala dị mkpa achọrọ iji kwalite nghọta nke nsogbu gia mmụọ wee malite ime mgbanwe na ime mgbanwe ndị dị mkpa.

Giskes, I., Baziuk, J., Pragnell-Raasch, H. na Perez Roda, A. (2022). Kpesa maka omume dị mma iji gbochie na ibelata mkpoba rọba mmiri site na ọrụ ịkụ azụ. Rome na London, FAO na IMO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb8665en

Akụkọ a na-enye nkọwapụta etu ngwa ịkụ azụ gbahapụrụ, furu efu, ma ọ bụ tụfuo (ALDFG) si emebi gburugburu mmiri na oke osimiri yana akọwapụta oke mmetụta ya na ntinye aka ya na okwu zuru ụwa ọnụ nke mmetọ rọba mmiri. Otu akụkụ dị mkpa maka ịza ALDFG okwu nke ọma, dị ka akọwara n'akwụkwọ a, bụ ịge ntị nkuzi ndị a mụtara site na ọrụ ndị dị na mpaghara ndị ọzọ nke ụwa, ebe ị ghọtara na atụmatụ nlekọta ọ bụla nwere ike itinye n'ọrụ naanị na-echebara ọnọdụ/mkpa mpaghara. Akuko GloLitter a na-egosi ihe ọmụmụ ikpe iri nke na-egosipụta usoro izizi maka mgbochi, mbelata, na ngbanwe nke ALDFG.

Nsonaazụ oke osimiri. (2021, Julaị 6). Nyocha gbasara iwu Ghost Gear. Global Ghost Gear Initiative, World Wide Fund for Nature, na Nchekwa Oke Osimiri. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/ 5b987b8689c172e29293593f/t/60e34e4af5f9156374d51507/ 1625509457644/GGGI-OC-WWF-O2-+LEGISLATION+ANALYSIS+REPORT.pdf

Global Ghost Gear Initiative (GGGI) malitere na 2015 na ebumnuche nke ịkwụsị ụdị rọbas nke oké osimiri kacha egbu egbu. Kemgbe 2015, gọọmentị mba 18 abanyela na njikọ GGGI na-egosi ọchịchọ sitere na mba iji lebara mmetọ gia ha anya. Ugbu a, amụma a na-ahụkarị na mgbochi mmetọ ngwo bụ akara gia, na amụma ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ iweghachite ngwa ngwa furu efu na atụmatụ ime mmụọ nke mba. N'ịga n'ihu, ihe kacha mkpa kwesịrị ịbụ mmanye nke iwu gia mmụọ dị ugbu a. Dịka mmetọ rọba niile, ngwa ghost chọrọ nchikota mba ụwa na okwu mmetọ rọba na-agafe agafe.

Ihe kpatara eji agbahapụ ma ọ bụ tụfuo ngwa ịkụ azụ — Nsonaazụ oke osimiri. (2021, Julaị 6). Nyocha gbasara iwu Ghost Gear. Global Ghost Gear Initiative, World Wide Fund for Nature, na Nchekwa Oke Osimiri.

Ego zuru ụwa ọnụ maka okike. (2020, Ọktọba). Kwụsị Ghost Gear: Ụdị kacha egbu egbu nke ihe mkpori mmiri dị na mmiri. Ụlọ ọrụ WWF International. https://wwf.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Stop-Ghost-Gear_Advocacy-Report.pdf

Dị ka United Nations si kwuo, e nwere ihe karịrị tọn 640,000 nke ghost gia n'oké osimiri anyị, na-eme 10% nke mmetọ rọba n'oké osimiri. Ghost Gear bụ ọnwụ na-egbu oge na nke na-egbu mgbu nye ọtụtụ anụmanụ na ngwa na-ese n'elu mmiri nwere ike imebi ihe dị mkpa n'ikpere mmiri na ebe obibi mmiri. Ndị na-akụ azụ n'ozuzu achọghị ịlafu ngwa ha, ma 5.7% nke ụgbụ azụ azụ niile, 8.6% nke ọnyà na ite, na 29% nke ahịrị ịkụ azụ niile a na-eji n'ụwa niile na-ahapụ, furu efu, ma ọ bụ tụfuo ya na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ịkụ azụ n'oké osimiri na-akwadoghị iwu na-akwadoghị, nke akọpụtaghị akụkọ ya na nke a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa bụ nnukwu ihe na-enye aka n'ọnụọgụgụ ngwa mmụọ a tụfuru. Ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị ogologo oge na-akwado usoro iji mepụta atụmatụ mgbochi mfu ngwa ngwa dị irè. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọ dị mkpa ịmepụta atụmatụ ndị na-adịghị egbu egbu, nke dị nchebe iji belata mbibi mgbe furu efu n'oké osimiri.

Global Ghost Gear Initiative. (2022). Mmetụta nke ngwa ịkụ azụ dị ka isi iyi nke mmetọ plastik nke mmiri. Nchekwa oke osimiri. https://Static1.Squarespace.Com/Static/5b987b8689c172e2929 3593f/T/6204132bc0fc9205a625ce67/1644434222950/ Unea+5.2_gggi.Pdf

Edere akwụkwọ ozi a site na Ocean Conservancy na Global Ghost Gear Initiative iji kwado mkparita uka na nkwadebe maka Mgbakọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke United Nations 2022 (UNEA 5.2). N'ịza ajụjụ nke ihe bụ ghost gear, kedu ebe o si malite, na gịnị kpatara o ji na-emebi gburugburu oke osimiri, akwụkwọ a na-akọwapụta mkpa ọ dị maka ngwa mmụọ ka etinyere na nkwekọrịta ọ bụla zuru ụwa ọnụ nke na-ekwu maka mmetọ mmiri mmiri.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric nchịkwa. (2021). Imekọ ihe ọnụ n'ofe oke: Ntụpụta mkpokọta Netwọk North America. https://clearinghouse.marinedebris.noaa.gov/project?mode=View&projectId=2258

Site na nkwado sitere na mmemme NOAA Marine Debris Program, Ocean Conservancy's Global Ghost Gear Initiative na-ahazi ndị mmekọ na Mexico na California iji malite North American Net Collection Initiative, ebumnuche ya bụ ijikwa nke ọma ma gbochie mfu nke ngwa ịkụ azụ. Mgbalị a na-agafe agafe ga-anakọta ngwa ịkụ azụ ochie ka a hazie ya nke ọma na megharịa ya ma sorokwa azụ azụ US na Mexico kwalite usoro dị iche iche nke imegharị ihe ma melite njikwa ngwa ngwa eji eme ihe ma ọ bụ ezumike nka. A na-atụ anya na ọrụ a ga-amalite site na ọdịda 2021 ruo n'oge okpomọkụ 2023.

Charter, M., Sherry, J., & O'connor, F. (2020, Julaị). Ịmepụta ohere azụmahịa site na ụgbụ ịkụ azụ n'efu: Ohere maka ụdị azụmahịa okirikiri na ime okirikiri metụtara ngwa ịkụ azụ. Economy okirikiri Blue. Ewepụtara Site na Https://Cfsd.Org.Uk/Wp-Content/Uploads/2020/07/Final-V2-Bce-Master-Creating-Business-Opportunities-From-Waste-Fishing-Nets-July-2020.Pdf

Ego nke European Commission (EC) Interreg kwadoro, Blue Circular Economy weputara akụkọ a iji lebara nsogbu zuru ebe niile na nke na-adịgide adịgide nke akụrụngwa ịkụ azụ n'oké osimiri ma tụpụta ohere azụmaahịa metụtara na mpaghara Northern Periphery na Arctic (NPA). Ntụle a na-enyocha ihe ọ pụtara na nsogbu a na-ebute ndị na-etinye aka na mpaghara NPA, ma nyekwa mkparịta ụka zuru oke banyere ụdị azụmaahịa ọhụrụ okirikiri, atụmatụ ọrụ dịịrị ndị na-emepụta Extended Producer bụ akụkụ nke EC's Single Use Plastics Directive, na okirikiri nhọrọ ukwuu maka ịkụ azụ.

Onye Hindu. (2020). Mmetụta nke ngwa ịkụ azụ 'ghost' na anụ ọhịa dị n'oké osimiri. YouTube. https://youtu.be/9aBEhZi_e2U.

Ihe kacha enye aka na ọnwụ ndụ mmiri bụ ngwa mmụọ. Ọnyà Ghost Gear na-ejikọta nnukwu anụ ọhịa mmiri ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ na-enweghị nnyonye anya mmadụ gụnyere ụdị egwu whale, dolphins, akara, shark, nduru, ụzarị ọkụ, azụ, wdg. Ụdị tọrọ atọ na-adọtakwa anụ ndị na-egbu egbu mgbe ha na-agbalị ịchụ nta na iri nri. anụkọta anụ. Ghost Gear bụ otu n'ime ụdị mmetọ rọba na-eyi egwu, n'ihi na e mere ya maka ọnyà na igbu ndụ mmiri.

Azụ n'elu

6.2 Mmetụta na Ndụ mmiri

Eriksen, M., Cowger, W., Erdle, LM, Coffin, S., Villarrubia-Gómez, P., Moore, CJ, Carpenter, EJ, Day, RH, Thiel, M., & Wilcox, C. (2023) ). Smog rọba na-eto eto, nke a na-eme atụmatụ ugbu a ihe karịrị irighiri rọba 170 trillion na-ese n'elu oké osimiri nke ụwa—a chọrọ ngwọta ngwa ngwa. PLOS ONE. 18 (3), e0281596. DOI: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0281596

Ka ọtụtụ mmadụ na-amata nsogbu nke mmetọ rọba, a na-achọkwu data iji chọpụta ma atumatu etinyere na ọ dị irè. Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ a na-arụ ọrụ iji dozie ọdịiche a na data site na iji usoro oge zuru ụwa ọnụ nke na-eme atụmatụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke obere plastik na oyi akwa nke oké osimiri site na 1979 ruo 2019. Ha chọpụtara na taa, e nwere ihe dịka 82-358 trillion. Ngwakọta rọba dị arọ 1.1–4.9 nde tọn, maka ngụkọta nke ihe karịrị irighiri irighiri plastik 171 na-ese n'elu oke osimiri ụwa. Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ ahụ kwuru na ọ dịghị ihe a na-ahụ anya ma ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụ anya ruo mgbe 1990 mgbe enwere mmụba ngwa ngwa na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke plastik ruo ugbu a. Nke a na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè na ọ dị mkpa ka e mee ihe siri ike ngwa ngwa o kwere mee iji gbochie ọnọdụ ahụ ka ọ na-aga n'ihu.

Pinheiro, L., Agostini, V. Lima, A, Ward, R., na G. Pinho. (2021, Juun 15). Ọdịmma nke ahịhịa rọba n'ime ngalaba Estuarine: Nleba anya nke ihe ọmụma dị ugbu a maka okwu gafere oke iji duzie nyocha n'ọdịnihu. Mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi, Vol 279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116908

Aghọtachaghị ọrụ osimiri na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-ebufe rọba, mana o yikarịrị ka ha na-eje ozi dị ka isi ihe na-ebute mmetọ rọba n'oké osimiri. Microfibers ka bụ ụdị plastik a na-ahụkarị, yana ọmụmụ ọhụrụ na-elekwasị anya na ntule micro estuarine, microfibers na-ebili / imi dị ka ejiri njirimara polymer ha kpebisie ike, yana mgbanwe oge-oge n'ọtụtụ ebe. A chọrọ nyocha ndị ọzọ kpọmkwem maka gburugburu estuarine, yana ndetu pụrụ iche nke akụkụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke nwere ike imetụta atumatu njikwa.

Brahney, J., Mahowald, N., Prank, M., Cornwall, G., Kilmont, Z., Matsui, H. & Prather, K. (2021, Eprel 12). Na-egbochi akụkụ ikuku ikuku nke okirikiri plastik. Usoro nke National Academy of Sciences nke United States of America. 118 (16) e2020719118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020719118

Microplastic, gụnyere irighiri ihe na eriri bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na plastik ugbu a nwere okirikiri ikuku nke ya na ihe rọba na-esi n'ụwa gaa ikuku na azụ ọzọ. Akụkọ ahụ chọpụtara na microplastics achọtara n'ikuku na mpaghara ọmụmụ (ọdịda anyanwụ United States) bụ isi sitere na isi mmalite mpụta nke abụọ gụnyere okporo ụzọ (84%), oké osimiri (11%), na uzuzu ala ugbo (5% ). Ọmụmụ ihe a bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na ọ na-adọrọ uche gaa na nchegbu na-arịwanye elu maka mmetọ rọba sitere na okporo ụzọ na taya.

Azụ n'elu

6.3 Plastic Pellets (Nurdles)

Faber, J., van den Berg, R., & Raphaël, S. (2023, Maachị). Na-egbochi mwụfu nke pellets plastik: Ntụle nleba anya nke nhọrọ nhazi. CE Delft. https://cedelft.eu/publications/preventing-spills-of-plastic-pellets/

Plastic pellets (nke a na-akpọkwa 'nurdle') bụ obere iberibe plastik, nke na-adịkarị n'etiti 1 na 5 mm na dayameta, nke ụlọ ọrụ petrochemical mepụtara nke na-eje ozi dị ka ntinye maka ụlọ ọrụ rọba iji rụpụta ngwaahịa rọba. Ebe a na-ebufe nnukwu anụ mmiri site n'oké osimiri ma nye na ihe mberede na-eme, enweela ihe atụ pụtara ìhè nke ntapu pellet na-ejedebe na-emetọ gburugburu mmiri. Iji lebara nke a anya, International Maritime Organisation ewepụtala kọmitii na-eleba anya n'iwu iji lebara na jikwaa ntapu pellet.

Fauna & Flora International. (2022). Ịkwụsị mmiri ozuzo: na-akwụsị mmetọ pellet plastik. https://www.fauna-flora.org/app/uploads/2022/09/FF_Plastic_Pellets_Report-2.pdf

Plastic pellet bụ iberibe rọba nke nwere nha lentil nke agbazere ọnụ iji mepụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile dị adị. Dị ka nri nri maka ụlọ ọrụ plastik zuru ụwa ọnụ, a na-ebuga pellets gburugburu ụwa ma bụrụ isi iyi nke mmetọ microplastic; a na-eme atụmatụ na ọtụtụ ijeri pellet n'otu n'otu na-abanye n'oké osimiri kwa afọ n'ihi mwụfu n'elu ala na n'oké osimiri. Iji dozie nsogbu a onye odee na-arụrịta ụka maka mkpagharị ngwa ngwa gaa n'usoro nhazi nke nwere ihe ndị a chọrọ n'aka nke ụkpụrụ siri ike na atụmatụ asambodo kwadoro.

Tunnell, JW, Dunning, KH, Scheef, LP, & Swanson, KM (2020). Na-atụ pellet plastik (nurdle) n'ụba n'ikpere mmiri niile n'Ọwara Oké Osimiri Mexico site na iji ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ụmụ amaala: Ịmepụta ikpo okwu maka nyocha metụtara amụma.. Akwụkwọ akụkọ mmetọ mmiri. 151 (110794). DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110794

A hụrụ ọtụtụ nrdles (obere pellet rọba) na-asachapụ n'akụkụ osimiri Texas. E hiwere ọrụ sayensị nwa amaala nke onye ọrụ afọ ofufo, "Nurdle Patrol," hiwere. Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 744 emeela nyocha sayensị ụmụ amaala 2042 site na Mexico ruo Florida. Edekọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ iri abụọ kachasị elu n'ime saịtị dị na Texas. Nzaghachi amụma dị mgbagwoju anya, ọtụtụ ọnụọgụ, yana ihe mgbochi chere ihu.

Karlsson, T., Brosché, S., Alidoust, M. & Takada, H. (2021, Disemba). Pellet rọba a na-ahụ n'ụsọ osimiri n'akụkụ ụwa niile nwere kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu. International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN). ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/ipen-beach-plastic-pellets-v1_4aw.pdf

Plastics sitere na ebe niile atụpụtara nwere ihe nkwuba benzotriazole UV iri a nyochara, gụnyere UV-328. Plastics sitere na ebe niile atụpụtara nwekwara ihe iri na atọ a nyochara polychlorinated biphenyls. Nleta a kacha elu na mba Africa, n'agbanyeghị na ha abụghị ndị na-emepụta kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ plastik. Nsonaazụ gosiri na site na mmetọ rọba enwekwara mmetọ kemịkalụ. Nsonaazụ pụtakwara na-egosi na plastik nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'ibufe kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu ogologo oge.

Maes, T., Jefferies, K., (2022, Eprel). Mmetọ Plastic mmiri mmiri - Nurdles bụ okwu pụrụ iche maka iwu?. GRID-Arendal. https://news.grida.no/marine-plastic-pollution-are-nurdles-a-special-case-for-regulation

Atụmatụ maka ịhazi ụgbọ nke pellet rọba emepụtara tupu emepụta, nke a na-akpọ “nurdles,” nọ na ebumnuche maka Mgbochi Mmetọ na Mgbochi Mgbochi na Nzaghachi Sub-Committee (PPR). Nkenkenke a na-enye ezigbo nzụlite, na-akọwa nrdles, na-akọwa otú ha si aga gburugburu mmiri, na ikwurịta ihe iyi egwu gburugburu ebe obibi sitere n'aka ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi. Nke a bụ ezigbo ihe enyemaka maka ma ndị na-eme amụma na ọha na eze ga-ahọrọ nkọwa na-abụghị nke sayensị.

Bourzac, K. (2023, Jenuarị). Ịgbaso mgbaba mmiri rọba kacha ukwuu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ụlọ ọrụ C&EN Global Enterprise 101 (3), 24-31. DOI: 10.1021 / cen-10103- mkpuchi

Na Mee 2021, ụgbọ mmiri ibu, X-Press Pearl, gbara ọkụ wee mikpuo n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Sri Lanka. Mbibi a weputara ndekọ 1,680 metric ton nke pellet rọba na kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu na-enweghị atụ n'akụkụ oke osimiri Sri Lanka. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-enyocha ihe mberede ahụ, ọkụ rọba mmiri nke kasị ukwuu a ma ama na mwụfu, iji nyere aka n'ihu n'ịghọta mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụdị mmetọ a na-enyochachaghị nke ọma. Na mgbakwunye na ileba anya ka ụbụrụ na-agbaji ka oge na-aga, ụdị kemịkalụ kemịkalụ na-emetụta usoro ahụ na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke kemịkalụ dị otú ahụ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere mmasị kpọmkwem n'ịza ihe na-eme kemịkalụ mgbe akwara rọba na-ere ọkụ. N'ịdekọ mgbanwe na nurdles na-asachapụ n'akụkụ osimiri Sarakkuwa dị nso na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ kpuru, ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi Meththika Vithanage hụrụ ọkwa dị elu nke lithium n'ime mmiri na n'ime anụ ahụ (Sci. Total Environ. 2022, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154374; Mar. Pollut. ehi. 2022, DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114074). Ndị otu ya chọpụtakwara nnukwu kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ na-egbu egbu, nke nwere ike ime ka osisi ghara ito eto, mebie anụ ahụ dị n'ime anụ mmiri, ma mee ka akụkụ ahụ mmadụ kwụsị. Mbibi a na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu na Sri Lanka, ebe nsogbu akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-enye nsogbu maka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị obodo ma nwee ike ime ka mgbalị siri ike iji hụ na nkwụghachi ụgwọ maka mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi, nke a na-amaghị ebe ọ ga-adị.

Bǎlan, S., Andrews, D., Blum, A., Diamond, M., Rojello Fernández, S., Harriman, E., Lindstrom, A., Reade, A., Richter, L., Sutton, R. , Wang, Z., & Kwiatkowski, C. (2023, Jenụwarị). Na-ebuli njikwa kemịkalụ na United States na Canada site na Ụzọ dị mkpa-iji. Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi & Teknụzụ. 57 (4), 1568-1575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05932

Usoro nchịkwa ndị dị adị egosila na ha ezughị oke maka nyocha na ijikwa ọtụtụ iri puku kemịkalụ na azụmahịa. Ụzọ dị iche dị mkpa ngwa ngwa. Nkwanye onye ode akwụkwọ nyere nkọwapụta ụzọ dị mkpa-eji kemịkalụ nwere nchegbu kwesịrị iji naanị n'ọnọdụ ebe ọrụ ha na ngwaahịa akọwapụtara dị mkpa maka ahụike, nchekwa, ma ọ bụ arụ ọrụ nke ọha yana mgbe enwere ike ịme nhọrọ ọzọ.

Wang, Z., Walker, GR, Muir, DCG, na Nagatani-Yoshida, K. (2020). Maka nghọta zuru ụwa ọnụ nke mmetọ kemịkalụ: nyocha zuru oke nke mbụ nke ngwaahịa kemịkalụ nke mba na mpaghara. Science & Teknụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi. 54 (5), 2575–2584. DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b06379

N'ime akụkọ a, a na-enyocha ngwaahịa kemịkalụ 22 sitere na mba na mpaghara 19 iji nweta nyocha nke mbụ gbasara kemịkalụ ugbu a n'ahịa ụwa. Nnyocha e bipụtara bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ dị mkpa iji nweta nghọta zuru ụwa ọnụ banyere mmetọ kemịkal. N'ime nchọpụta ndị dị ịrịba ama bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-eledaghị anya na mbụ na nzuzo nke kemịkalụ edebanyere na mmepụta. Dịka nke 2020, edebanyela ihe karịrị kemịkalụ 350 000 na ngwakọta kemịkalụ maka mmepụta na ojiji. Ndepụta ngwaahịa a dị okpukpu atọ karịa nke e mere atụmatụ tupu ọmụmụ ihe. Ọzọkwa, ọha na eze amataghị njirimara nke ọtụtụ kemịkalụ n'ihi na a na-ekwu na ha bụ ihe nzuzo (karịa 50 000) ma ọ bụ kọwapụtara nke ọma (ruo 70 000).

OECD (2021). Echiche kemịkalụ na imepụta plastik na-adịgide adịgide: ebumnuche, echiche na azụmaahịa. Mbipụta OECD, Paris, France. doi.org/10.1787/f2ba8ff3-en.

Akụkọ a na-achọ ime ka imepụta ngwaahịa rọba na-adịgide adịgide site na ijikọ echiche kemịkalụ na-adigide na usoro nhazi. Site n'itinye oghere kemịkalụ n'oge usoro nhọrọ ihe eji eme rọba, ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị injinia nwere ike ịme mkpebi mara mma iji tinye plastik na-adigide mgbe ha na-emepụta ngwaahịa ha. Akuko a na-enye usoro agbakwunyere maka nhọpụta rọba na-adigide site n'echiche kemịkalụ, na-achọpụtakwa otu setịpụrụ ebumnuche ebumnuche na-adigide ọkọlọtọ, nleba anya usoro ndụ na azụmaahịa.

Zimmermann, L., Dierkes, G., Ternes, T., Völker, C., & Wagner, M. (2019). Benchmarking na Vitro Toxicity na Ngwakọta kemịkalụ nke ngwaahịa ndị ahịa rọba. Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi & Teknụzụ. 53 (19), 11467-11477. DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b02293

Plastics bụ isi mmalite nke mkpughe kemịkalụ na ole na ole, kemịkalụ metụtara plastik ama ama - dị ka bisphenol A - agbanyeghị, njirimara zuru oke nke ngwakọta kemịkalụ dị mgbagwoju anya dị na plastik dị mkpa. Ndị nchọpụta ahụ chọpụtara kemịkalụ 260 gụnyere monomers, ihe mgbakwunye, na ihe ndị na-abụghị nke agbakwunyere, ma nyekwa kemịkalụ 27 ụzọ. Mwepụta nke polyvinyl chloride (PVC) na polyurethane (PUR) butere nsi kachasi elu, ebe polyethylene terephthalate (PET) na polyethylene dị elu (HDPE) kpatara enweghị ma ọ bụ dị ala.

Aurisano, N., Huang, L., Milà i Canals, L., Jolliet, O., & Fantke, P. (2021). Chemicals nke nchegbu na ihe egwuregwu ụmụaka. Environment International. 146, 106194. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106194

Plastic n'ime ihe ụmụaka ji egwuri egwu nwere ike inye ụmụaka ihe ize ndụ, iji lebara nke a anya, ndị odee mepụtara usoro nhazi na ihe egwu ihuenyo nke kemịkalụ n'ime ihe ụmụaka ji egwuri egwu rọba ma wepụta usoro nyocha iji nyere aka chọpụta ọdịnaya kemịkalụ anabatara na ihe egwuregwu ụmụaka. Ugbu a enwere kemịkalụ 126 na-akpata nchegbu a na-ahụkarị na ihe egwuregwu ụmụaka, na-egosi mkpa ọ dị maka inwekwu data, mana ọtụtụ n'ime nsogbu ndị a ka amabeghị ma chọkwuru iwu.

Azụ n'elu

7. Plastic na ahụike mmadụ

Center for International Environmental Iwu. (2023, Maachị). Plastic iku ume: Mmetụta ahụike nke Plastics A Na-adịghị ahụ anya na Ikuku. Center for International Environmental Iwu. https://www.ciel.org/reports/airborne-microplastics-briefing/

Microplastic na-aghọ ebe niile, a na-ahụ ya ebe ọ bụla ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-achọ ya. Ụmụ irighiri irighiri ihe ndị a bụ nnukwu ihe na-enye aka na mmadụ iri plastik ruo 22,000,000 microplastic na nanoplastics kwa afọ yana ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-atụ anya na ọ ga-ebili. Iji luso nke a ọgụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-atụ aro na ngwakọta "cocktail" nke plastic dị ka nsogbu dị iche iche na ikuku, mmiri, na ala, na a chọrọ usoro iwu kwadoro ozugbo iji luso nsogbu a na-eto eto ọgụ, na ngwọta niile ga-edozi ndụ zuru oke. okirikiri nke plastik. Plastics bụ nsogbu, mana enwere ike igbochi mmerụ ahụ na ahụ mmadụ site na ime ngwa ngwa na nke siri ike.

Baker, E., Thygesen, K. (2022, Ọgọst 1). Plastic na Agriculture- Ihe ịma aka gburugburu ebe obibi. Nkọwapụta amụma ihunanya. Ịdọ aka ná ntị mbụ, Okwu na-apụta na ọdịnihu. Mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi nke United Nations. https://www.unep.org/resources/emerging-issues/plastics-agriculture-environmental-challenge

Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na-enye nkọwa dị mkpirikpi ma na-enye nkọwa banyere nsogbu na-eto eto nke mmetọ rọba na ọrụ ugbo na mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke mmetọ rọba. Akwụkwọ akụkọ a lekwasịrị anya n'ụzọ bụ isi n'ịchọpụta ebe e si enweta rọba na ileba anya n'ọdịmma nke ihe fọdụrụ rọba n'ime ala ugbo. Nkenke a bụ nke mbụ n'ime usoro a na-atụ anya nke na-eme atụmatụ ịchọpụta mmegharị nke rọba ugbo ala site na isi iyi gaa n'oké osimiri.

Wiesinger, H., Wang, Z., & Hellweg, S. (2021, Jun 21). Mikpuo n'ime igwe igwe plastik, ihe mgbakwunye na ihe enyemaka nhazi. Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi & Teknụzụ. 55 (13), 9339-9351. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00976

Enwere kemịkalụ 10,500 na rọba, 24% n'ime ha nwere ike ịgbakọta na mmadụ na anụmanụ ma na-egbu egbu ma ọ bụ carcinogenic. Na United States, European Union, na Japan, a naghị ahazi ihe karịrị ọkara nke kemikal. A kwadoro ihe karịrị 900 n'ime kemịkalụ ndị a nwere ike igbu egbu na mba ndị a maka iji n'ime akpa nri rọba. N'ime kemịkalụ 10,000 ahụ, 39% n'ime ha enweghị ike ịhazi ya n'ihi enweghị "nhazi ihe egwu." Nsi bụ ma nsogbu mmiri na ahụike ọha na-atụle oke mmetọ rọba.

Ragusa, A., Svelatoa, A., Santacroce, C., Catalano, P., Notarstefano, V., Carnevali, O., Papa, F., Rongioletti, M., Baioccoa, F., Draghia, S., D'Amorea, E., Rinaldod, D., Matta, M., & Giorgini, E. (2021, Jenuarị). Plasticenta: Ihe akaebe mbụ nke Microplastics na Plasenta mmadụ. Environmental International. 146 (106274). DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106274

Na nke mbụ, a chọtara microplastics na placentas mmadụ, na-egosi na plastik nwere ike imetụta mmadụ tupu a mụọ ya. Nke a bụ nsogbu karịsịa ka microplastics nwere ike ịnwe kemịkalụ nke na-eme dị ka ndị na-akpaghasị usoro endocrine nke nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu ahụike mmadụ ogologo oge.

Mmejọ, J. (2020, Disemba). Plastics, EDCs, & Health: Nduzi maka ndị otu mmasị ọha na ndị na-eme amụma banyere kemịkalụ na-emebi Endocrine & Plastic. Endocrine Society & IPEN. https://www.endocrine.org/-/media/endocrine/files/topics/edc_guide_2020_v1_6bhqen.pdf

Ọtụtụ n'ime kemịkalụ a na-ahụkarị nke na-esi na plastik mara bụ Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs), dị ka bisphenols, ethoxylates, brominated flame retardants, na phthalates. Chemicals bụ EDC nwere ike imetụta mmeputakwa mmadụ, metabolism, thyroids, sistemu ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, na ọrụ akwara ozi. Na nzaghachi, Endocrine Society wepụtara akụkọ gbasara njikọ dị n'etiti mmiri ọgwụ kemịkalụ sitere na rọba na EDC. Akụkọ a na-akpọ maka mbọ ndị ọzọ iji chebe ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi site na EDC nwere ike imerụ ahụ na plastik.

Teles, M., Balasch, J., Oliveria, M., Sardans, J., na Peñuel, J. (2020, Ọgọst). Ntụle n'ime mmetụta Nanoplastics na ahụike mmadụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sayensị. 65 (23). DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.08.003

Dị ka plastik na-eweda ala, a na-agbajikwa ya gaa n'obere obere ma anụmanụ ma mmadụ nwere ike iri ya. Ndị nchọpụta chọpụtara na ịtinye nano-plastics na-emetụta nhazi na ụdị dị iche iche nke obodo microbiome intestinal mmadụ ma nwee ike imetụta usoro ọmụmụ, mgbochi na endocrine ụjọ. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ruru 90% nke rọba nke a na-etinye na-apụ ngwa ngwa, 10% ikpeazụ - na-abụkarị obere akụkụ nke nano-plastic - nwere ike ịbanye na mgbidi cell ma kpatara mmerụ ahụ site n'ime ka cytotoxicity, ijide cell cycles, na mmụba okwu nke mmeghachi omume sel na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ. mmalite nke mmeghachi omume mkpali.

Ntọala ofe Plastic. (2022, Eprel). Plastic: Ngwa ihe mara mma zoro ezo. Kpoo Microbead. Beatthemicrobead.Org/Wp-Ọdịnaya/ebugote/2022/06/Plastic-Thehiddenbeautyingredients.Pdf

Akụkọ a nwere ọmụmụ ihe mbụ buru ibu banyere ọnụnọ microplastics n'ihe karịrị puku asaa dị iche iche ịchọ mma na ngwaahịa nlekọta onwe onye. Kwa afọ a na-ewepụta ihe karịrị tọn 3,800 microplastics na gburugburu ebe obibi site na iji ihe ịchọ mma na ngwaahịa nlekọta kwa ụbọchị na Europe. Dị ka European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) na-akwado imelite nkọwa ha nke microplastics, akụkọ a zuru oke na-eme ka akụkụ nke nkọwa a tụrụ anya ya, dị ka mwepu nke nanoplastics, dara mkpụmkpụ na nsonaazụ nwere ike iso nkuchi ya.

Zanolli, L. (2020, Febụwarị 18). Ngwongwo rọba ọ dị mma maka nri anyị? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/feb/18/are-plastic-containers-safe-to-use-food-experts

Ọ bụghị naanị otu polymer ma ọ bụ ogige, enwere ọtụtụ puku ogige ndị a na-ahụ na ngwaahịa rọba na-eji n'ime nri nri, yana obere ihe a maara banyere ọtụtụ mmetụta ha na ahụike mmadụ. Ụfọdụ kemịkalụ a na-eji na nkwakọ ngwaahịa nri na rọba nri ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata arụghị ọrụ nke ịmụ nwa, ụkwara ume ọkụ, mmebi ụbụrụ nwa ọhụrụ na nwa ọhụrụ, na nsogbu ndị ọzọ na-emetụta ụbụrụ.

Muncke, J. (2019, Ọktoba 10). Mgbakọ ahụike plastik. Plastic Soup Foundation. youtube.com/watch?v=qI36K_T7M2Q

Egosiputara ya na Mgbakọ Ahụike Plastic, Ọkachamara Toxicologist Jane Muncke na-atụle kemịkalụ dị ize ndụ na nke amabeghị na rọba nwere ike banye n'ime nri site na nkwakọ ngwaahịa rọba. Plastics niile nwere ọtụtụ narị kemịkalụ dị iche iche, nke a na-akpọ ihe ndị na-abụghị nke a na-agbakwunyere, nke a na-emepụta site na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ na ndakpọ rọba. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a bụ ihe a na-amaghị, ma, ha mejupụtara ọtụtụ kemịkalụ na-abanye n'ime nri na ihe ọṅụṅụ. Gọọmenti kwesịrị ịmalite ịmụba ọmụmụ ihe na nlekọta nri iji chọpụta mmetụta ahụike nke ihe ndị na-abụghị ụma agbakwunyere.

Njikọ Ahụike Plastic. (Ọktoba 2019, 3). Mgbakọ plastik na ahụike 2019. Njikọ Ahụike Plastic. plastichealthcoalition.org/plastic-health-summit-2019/

Na Mgbakọ Ahụike Plastic mbụ emere na Amsterdam, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Netherlands, ndị na-eme iwu, ndị na-eme ihe, na ndị na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ gbakọtara ọnụ iji kesaa ahụmịhe na ihe ọmụma ha na nsogbu nke rọba dịka ọ metụtara ahụike. Mgbakọ ahụ wepụtara vidiyo nke ndị ọkà okwu ọkachamara 36 na nnọkọ mkparịta ụka, nke niile dị maka ikiri ọha na weebụsaịtị ha. Isiokwu vidiyo gụnyere: okwu mmeghe nke rọba, okwu sayensị na microplastics, okwu sayensị na mgbakwunye, amụma na nkwado, mkparịta ụka gburugburu tebụl, nnọkọ na ndị na-eme ihe n'ike mmụọ nsọ ime ihe megide iji plastik gabigara ókè, na n'ikpeazụ òtù na ndị na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ raara onwe ha nye ịzụlite ihe a na-ahụ anya. ngwọta maka nsogbu plastik.

Li, V., & Ntorobịa, I. (2019, Septemba 6). Mmetọ rọba mmiri nke mmiri na-ezochi ihe na-egbu ahụ́ akwara na nri anyị. Phys Org. phys.org/news/2019-09-marine-plastic-pollution-neurological-toxin.html

Plastic na-arụ ọrụ dị ka magnet na methylmercury (mercury), a na-eri anụ ahụ plastik ahụ site na anụ oriri, nke ụmụ mmadụ na-eri. Methylmercury ma bioaccumulates n'ime ahụ, nke pụtara na ọ naghị apụ, kama na-ewuli elu ka oge na-aga, ma biomagnifies, nke pụtara na mmetụta methylmercury siri ike na anụ anụ karịa anụ anụ.

Cox, K., Covrenton, G., Davies, H., Dower, J., Juanes, F., & Dudas, S. (2019, Jun 5). Ndị mmadụ na-eri microplastics. Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi & Teknụzụ. 53 (12), 7068-7074. DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b01517

Na-elekwasị anya na nri ndị America, nyocha nke ọnụọgụ microplastic n'ime nri ndị a na-erikarị n'ihe gbasara oriri ha na-atụ aro kwa ụbọchị.

Ihe omume a na-ekebeghị. (2019, Juun). Ihe ize ndụ ahụike nke Plastics na Nkwakọ ngwaahịa Chemicals. https://unwrappedproject.org/conference

Nzukọ ahụ tụlere ọrụ Plastic Exposed, nke bụ mmekorita mba ụwa iji kpughee egwu ahụike mmadụ nke plastik na nkwakọ nri ndị ọzọ.

Azụ n'elu

8. Ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi

Vandenberg, J. na Ota, Y. (eds.) (2023, Jenuarị). N'akuku na zie ezi ụzọ maka mmetọ Plastic mmiri mmiri: Ocean Nexus Equity & Marine Plastic Pollution Report 2022. Mahadum Washington. https://issuu.com/ocean_nexus/docs/equity_and_marine_plastic_ pollution_report?fr=sY2JhMTU1NDcyMTE

Mmetọ rọba mmiri n'ime mmiri na-emetụta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi (gụnyere nchekwa nri, ebe obibi, ahụike anụ ahụ na nke uche, na omume omenala na ụkpụrụ), ọ na-emetụtakwa ndụ na ibi ndụ nke ndị bi n'ike n'ike. Akụkọ ahụ na-eleba anya na ọrụ, ihe ọmụma, ọdịmma na nhazi nhazi site na ngwakọta nke isiakwụkwọ na ọmụmụ ihe na ndị edemede na-edepụta mba 8, sitere na United States na Japan ruo Ghana na Fiji. N'ikpeazụ, onye na-ede akwụkwọ na-arụ ụka na nsogbu nke mmetọ rọba bụ enweghị ike ilekọta ahaghị nhata. Akuko a kwubiri site n'ikwu ruo mgbe edoziri oke nha anya na nrigbu nke ndi mmadu na ala ndi ozo na-eme ihe banyere mmeto nke mmeto plastik mgbe ahu agaghi enwe mkpebi maka nsogbu mmetọ plastik.

GRID-Arendal. (2022, Septemba). Oche dị na Tebụl - Ọrụ nke Ngalaba Ntugharị Na-adịghị Anya na Mbelata Mmetọ Plastic, yana Mgbanwe Amụma akwadoro. GRID-Arendal. https://www.grida.no/publications/863

Ngalaba a na-emegharị ihe n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, nke na-enwekarị ndị ọrụ a na-ekewaghị ekewa na ndị a na-edekọghị edekọ, bụ akụkụ bụ isi nke usoro ịmegharị ihe na mba ndị na-emepe emepe. Akwụkwọ amụma a na-enye nchịkọta nke nghọta anyị ugbu a banyere mpaghara imegharị ihe na-emeghị eme, àgwà ya na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ihe ịma aka ndị ngalaba na-eche ihu. Ọ na-eleba anya na mbọ mba ụwa na nke mba iji mata ndị ọrụ na-abụghị ndị ọrụ ma tinye ha n'usoro iwu na nkwekọrịta, dị ka Global Plastics Treaty, akụkọ ahụ na-enyekwa usoro ndụmọdụ amụma ọkwa dị elu gụnyere mpaghara imegharị ihe n'oge, na-enye ohere mgbanwe dị mma. na nchekwa nke ebe obibi ndị ọrụ na-emegharị ahụ n'oge.

Cali, J., Gutiérrez-Graudiņš, M., Munguía, S., Chin, C. (2021, Eprel). AKWỤKWỌ: Mmetụta Ikpe Ziri Ezi gburugburu ebe obibi nke ahịhịa mmiri na mmetọ rọba. Mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi nke United Nations & Azul. https://wedocs.unep.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/ 35417/EJIPP.pdf

Akuko 2021 nke United Nations Environment Programme na Azul, otu ndi na-abughi ndi ochichi na-ekpe ikpe ziri ezi, na-akpo oku ka abawanye nnabata nke obodo n'ihu nke mkpofu plastik na nsonye ha na ime mkpebi ime obodo. Ọ bụ akụkọ mba ụwa izizi jikọtara ntụpọ n'etiti ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi na nsogbu mmetọ ikuku mmiri. Mmetọ rọba na-emetụtaghị obodo ndị a na-akpachapụ anya bi na nso ma mmepụta rọba na ebe mkpofu. Ọzọkwa, plastik na-eyi ndụ nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ na akụrụngwa mmiri na ndị na-eri nri mmiri na micro-nano-plastic na-egbu egbu. Edebere gburugburu mmadụ, akụkọ a nwere ike ịtọ ntọala maka amụma mba ụwa iji jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ wepụ mmetọ na mmepụta plastik.

Creshkoff, R., & Enck, J. (2022, Septemba 23). Ọsọ Ịkwụsị Osisi Plastics nwetara mmeri dị mkpa. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-race-to-stop-a-plastics-plant-scores-a-crucial-win/

Ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na St. James Parish, Louisiana meriri nnukwu ụlọikpe megide Formosa Plastics, bụ nke nọ na-akwado iji wuo ụlọ ọrụ plastik kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa na mpaghara ahụ site na nkwado nke gọvanọ, ndị omebe iwu steeti, na ndị na-ere ọkụ na mpaghara. The grassroots movement na-emegide mmepe ọhụrụ ahụ, nke Sharon Lavigne nke Rise St. James na-eduzi na obodo ndị ọzọ nke ndị ọka iwu kwadoro na Earthjustice, mere ka Ụlọikpe Ikpe Ikpe nke 19 nke Louisiana kagbuo ikike mmetọ ikuku nke 14 nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe obibi nke steeti nyere ga-enwe. kwere ka Formosa Plastics wuo ogige petrochemical ya chọrọ. A na-eji Petrochemicals eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ngwaahịa, gụnyere plastik, nkwụsị nke nnukwu ọrụ a, na mgbasawanye nke Formosa Plastics, dị oké mkpa maka ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ịbụ nke dị n'akụkụ 85-mile nke Osimiri Mississippi nke a maara dị ka "Cancer Alley," ndị bi na St. James Parish, karịsịa ndị na-enweghị ego na ndị na-acha agba, nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị elu nke ịmalite ọrịa cancer n'oge ndụ ha karịa nke mba. nkezi. Dị ka akwụkwọ ikike ha si dị, ogige ọhụrụ nke Formosa Plastics gaara etinyela St. James Parish ka ọ nwetakwuo tọn 800 nke mmetọ ikuku dị ize ndụ, okpukpu abụọ ma ọ bụ okpukpu atọ nke ọkwa carcinogens nke ndị obodo ga-eku ume kwa afọ. N'agbanyeghị na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ekwela nkwa ịrịọ arịrịọ, mmeri a na-emeri siri ike ga-atụ anya ime ka mmegide obodo na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ebe a na-atụ aro ụlọ ọrụ mmetọ ndị yiri ya-mgbe niile na mpaghara ndị nwere obere ego.

Madapoosi, V. (2022, Ọgọst). Imperialism nke ụbọchị nke oge a na ahia ahia mkpofu zuru ụwa ọnụ: Ngwa ngwa dijitalụ na-enyocha njikọ dị na ahia mkpofu zuru ụwa ọnụ, (J. Hamilton, Ed.) Intersectional Environmentalist. www.intersectionalenvironmentalist.com/toolkits/global-waste-trade-toolkit

N'agbanyeghị aha ya, ịzụ ahịa mkpofu zuru ụwa ọnụ abụghị azụmahịa, kama ọ bụ usoro mmepụta ihe gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na imperialism. Dị ka mba eze ukwu, US na-ebunye njikwa mkpofu ya n'aka mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe gburugburu ụwa iji dozie ihe mkpofu ihe eji emegharị rọba emeru. N'agbanyeghi oke mkpata gburugburu ebe obibi nke oke osimiri, mmebi ala, na mmetọ ikuku, ahia ahia mkpofu zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ebuli ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi na nsogbu ahụike ọha, mmetụta nke na-emetụta ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe. Ngwa ngwa dijitalụ a na-enyocha usoro mkpofu na US, ihe nketa nke colonial gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'ahịa mkpofu ụwa, gburugburu ebe obibi, mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke usoro njikwa mkpofu ụwa ugbu a, yana atumatu mpaghara, mba na ụwa nwere ike ịgbanwe ya.

Ụlọ ọrụ nyocha gburugburu. (2021, Septemba). Eziokwu dị n'azụ ahịhịa: Ọnụ na mmetụta nke ahia mba ụwa na mkpofu rọba. EIA. https://eia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/EIA-The-Truth-Behind-Trash-FINAL.pdf

Ngalaba na-ahụ maka mkpofu ahịhịa n'ọtụtụ mba ndị na-akpata nnukwu ego adaberela n'ịbupụ ihe mkpofu rọba gaa na mba ndị na-akpata obere ego na-emepe emepe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba na ime nke a emeela ka ọnụ ahịa ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi pụta ìhè n'ụdị nke colonialism. Dị ka akụkọ EIA a si kwuo, Germany, Japan na US bụ mba ndị na-ebupụ ihe mkpofu kachasị mma, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha ebupụla okpukpu abụọ nke ihe mkpofu rọba nke obodo ọ bụla kemgbe akụkọ malitere na 1988. China bụ onye na-ebubata ihe mkpofu rọba, na-anọchi anya 65% mbubata site na 2010 ruo 2020. Mgbe China mechiri ókèala ya na mkpofu plastik na 2018, Malaysia, Vietnam, Turkey, na ndị omempụ na-arụ ọrụ na SE Asia pụtara dị ka isi ebe maka mkpofu plastik sitere na Japan, US na EU. A maghị onyinye ziri ezi nke azụmaahịa azụmaahịa rọba na mmetọ rọba zuru ụwa ọnụ, mana o doro anya na ọ bara nnukwu uru dabere na nghọtahie dị n'etiti oke ahịa mkpofu na ikike ịrụ ọrụ nke mba mbubata. Mbupu ihe mkpofu rọba gburugburu ụwa enyerela mba ndị na-akpata nnukwu ego aka ịga n'ihu na-agbasa mmepụta nke plastik na-amaghị nwoke nke a na-achịkwaghị ya site n'ikwe ka ha zere nsonaazụ kpọmkwem nke oriri rọba nwere nsogbu. EIA International na-atụ aro na enwere ike idozi nsogbu mkpofu rọba site na atụmatụ zuru oke, n'ụdị nkwekọrịta mba ụwa ọhụrụ, nke na-ekwusi ike na ngwọta dị elu iji belata mmepụta na oriri plastik na-amaghị nwoke, n'ihu traceability na nghọta nke mkpofu plastik ọ bụla na azụmaahịa, yana n'ozuzu ya. na-akwalite nrụpụta akụrụngwa ka ukwuu na akụ na ụba okirikiri dị mma maka rọba - ruo mgbe enwere ike machibido mbupụ ihe mkpofu rọba n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi n'ụwa niile.

Global Alliance For Incinerator Alternatives. (2019, Eprel). Achụpụrụ: Ogbe ndị nọ n'ihu nke nsogbu rọba zuru ụwa ọnụ. GAIA. www.No-Burn.Org/Resources/Discarded-Communities-On-The-Frontlines-of-The-Global-Plastic-Crisis/

Mgbe China mechiri ókèala ya na mkpofu rọba ebubata na 2018, mba ndị dị na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia juputara na mkpofu dị ka ihe eji emegharị ihe, nke sitere na mba ndị bara ọgaranya na Global North. Akuko nyocha a na-ekpughe ka ndị obodo dị n'ala siri metụta ntuba mberede nke mmetọ mba ọzọ, yana otu ha si alụ ọgụ.

Karlsson, T, Dell, J, Gündoğdu, S, & Carney Almroth, B. (2023, Maachị). Azụmahịa mkpofu rọba: Nọmba zoro ezo. International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN). https://ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/ipen_plastic_waste _trade_akụkọ-ikpeazụ-3digital.pdf

Usoro mkpesa nke ugbu a na-eleda oke mkpofu rọba nke a na-ere n'ụwa niile anya, na-eduga n'ịgụ akụkọ na-ezighi ezi nke ahia mkpofu plastik site n'aka ndị nchọpụta na-adabere na data a kọrọ. Ọdịda usoro ịgbakọ na soro usoro mkpofu rọba n'ụzọ ziri ezi bụ n'ihi enweghị nghọta na ọnụọgụ azụmaahịa mkpofu, nke a na-emezigharịghị iji chọpụta ụdị akụrụngwa akọwapụtara. Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya chọpụtara na ahia plastik zuru ụwa ọnụ karịrị 40% dị elu karịa atụmatụ ndị gara aga, na ọbụna ọnụ ọgụgụ a adịghị egosipụta nnukwu foto nke plastik etinyere na textiles, akwụkwọ mpempe akwụkwọ a gwakọtara ọnụ, e-waste, na roba, ọ bụghị ịkọ nsị na-egbu egbu. kemịkalụ eji eme ihe na usoro mmepụta plastik. Ihe ọ bụla ọnụọgụ zoro ezo nke ahia mkpofu rọba nwere ike ịbụ, oke mmepụta plastik ugbu a na-eme ka ọ ghara ikwe omume obodo ọ bụla ijikwa oke mkpofu na-emepụta. Isi ihe ewepụrụ abụghị na a na-ere ahịa ihe mkpofu karịa, kama na mba ndị nwere nnukwu ego ejirila mmetọ rọba na-emejupụta mba ndị na-emepe emepe n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ dị elu karịa ka akọwara ya. Iji luso nke a ọgụ, mba ndị nwere nnukwu ego kwesịrị imekwu ihe iji were ọrụ maka mkpofu rọba ha na-emepụta.

Karasik R., Lauer NE, Baker AE., Lisi NE, Somarelli JA, Eward WC, Fürst K. & Dunphy-Daly MM (2023, Jenụarị). Nkesa na-ezighi ezi nke uru rọba na ibu dị na akụ na ụba na ahụike ọha. Oke na Sayensị Marine. 9:1017247. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.1017247

Plastic dị iche iche na-emetụta ọha mmadụ, site na ahụike ọha ruo na mpaghara na akụ na ụba ụwa. N'ịkọwa uru na ibu dị n'ọkwa ọ bụla nke okirikiri ndụ rọba, ndị nchọpụta achọpụtala na uru plastik bụ isi akụ na ụba, ebe ibu na-adakwasị ahụike mmadụ. Ọzọkwa, enwere ọdịiche dị iche n'etiti onye na-enweta uru ma ọ bụ ibu nke rọba dị ka uru akụ na ụba na-adịkarịghị etinye aka iji rụkwaa ibu ahụike plastik na-emepụta. Azụmahịa mkpofu rọba mba ụwa emeela ka ahaghị nhata a dịkwuo elu n'ihi na ibu ọrụ maka nlekọta mkpofu na-adakwasị obodo ndị dị n'okpuru ala na mba ndị na-akpata obere ego, karịa na ndị na-emepụta na mba ndị nwere nnukwu ego, na-eri ihe dị elu bụ ndị arụpụtala uru akụ na ụba ka ukwuu. Ntụle uru bara uru ọdịnala nke na-eme ka atụmatụ amụma na-atụle uru akụ na ụba nke rọba n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi, na-enweghị ike ịkọwapụta, ọnụ ahịa ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi.

Liboiron, M. (2021). Mmetọ bụ Colonialism. Mahadum Duke University.

In Mmetọ bụ Colonialism, odee biputere na ụdị nile nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nnyocha na activism nwere ala mmekọrịta, na ndị nwere ike kwekọọ na ma ọ bụ megide colonialism dị ka otu ụdị nke mwepu, isiokwu metụtara ala. N'ilekwasị anya na mmetọ rọba, akwụkwọ ahụ na-egosi na mmetọ abụghị nanị ihe mgbaàmà nke ikekete ego, kama ọ bụ mmebe ime ihe ike nke mmekọrịta ala ndị colonial nke na-ekwu na ịnweta ala ndị amaala. N'ịtụle ọrụ ha na Civic Laboratory for Environmental Action Research (CLEAR), Liboiron na-egosipụta omume sayensị na-emegide ọchịchị na-ebute ụzọ ala, ụkpụrụ omume, na mmekọrịta, na-egosi na sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi anticolonial abụghị naanị ekwe omume, mana ugbu a na-eme ya.

Bennett, N., Alava, JJ, Ferguson, CE, Blythe, J., Morgera, E., Boyd, D., & Côté, IM (2023, Jenuarị). Environmental (na) ikpe ziri ezi na oke osimiri Anthropocene. Iwu mmiri. 147 (105383). DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105383

Ọmụmụ ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi lekwasịrị anya na mbụ na nkesa na-ezighi ezi na mmetụta nke mmetọ na mkpofu nsị na-egbu egbu na obodo ndị a na-akpachapụ anya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ka ogige ahụ na-etolite, oke gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ nke usoro gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri na ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-enweta n'ozuzu obere mkpuchi na akwụkwọ ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ịgbasa oghere nyocha a, akwụkwọ a gbasaa n'akụkụ ise nke ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi nke oké osimiri: mmetọ na ihe mkpofu nsị, plastik na ihe mkpofu mmiri, mgbanwe ihu igwe, mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi, na ịkụda azụ azụ.

Mcgarry, D., James, A., & Erwin, K. (2022). Mpempe akwụkwọ ozi: Mmetọ Plastic mmiri dị ka okwu ikpe na-ezighị ezi gburugburu ebe obibi. Otu Ocean Hub. https://Oneoceanhub.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/2022/06/Information-Sheet_4.Pdf

Mpempe akwụkwọ ozi a na-ewebata akụkụ ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmetọ rọba mmiri site n'echiche nke ndị mmadụ na-akpachapụ anya, mba ndị na-akpata obere ego dị na Global South, na ndị nwere oke na mba ndị nwere nnukwu ego bụ ndị na-ahụ maka mmepụta na oriri plastik nke bụ isi. chọta ụzọ ha na oké osimiri.

Owens, KA, & Conlon, K. (2021, Ọgọst). Ikpochapụ ma ọ bụ gbanyụọ mgbata ahụ? Ikpe na-ezighị ezi gburugburu ebe obibi na ụkpụrụ omume nke mmetọ plastik. Oke na Sayensị mmiri mmiri, 8. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.713385

Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mkpofu ahịhịa enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ n'ime oghere na-amaghị ihe mmerụ ahụ nke ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi ọ na-aghọrọ. Mgbe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-akwalite ihe ngwọta nke na-eleba anya na mgbaàmà nke mmetọ plastik ma ọ bụghị ihe kpatara ya, ha anaghị ejide ndị na-etinye aka na isi iyi ma si otú a na-amachi mmetụta nke usoro mmezi ọ bụla. Ụlọ ọrụ plastik ugbu a na-etinye ihe mkpofu rọba dị ka mpụga nke chọrọ ngwọta teknụzụ. Mbupụ nsogbu ahụ na ịpụpụ ihe ngwọta ahụ na-ebute ibu na nsonaazụ nke mkpofu rọba na obodo ndị a na-akpachapụ anya na gburugburu ụwa, na mba ndị nwere akụ na ụba na-emepe emepe, na ọgbọ ndị na-abịa n'ihu. Kama ịhapụ nsogbu ahụ n'aka ndị na-emepụta nsogbu, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị na-eme iwu na ndị gọọmentị ka a dụrụ ọdụ ka ha mepụta akụkọ ihe mkpofu plastik na-emesi ike na mbelata elu, nhazigharị, na ijikwa ọzọ, kama njikwa ala.

Mah, A. (2020). Ihe nketa na-egbu egbu na ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi. na Ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi (ederede nke mbụ). Mahadum Manchester Press. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/978042902 9585-12/toxic-legacies-environmental-justice-alice-mah

Ngosipụta na-ezighi ezi nke obodo nta na obere ego na mmetọ nsị na ebe mkpofu dị ize ndụ bụ ihe dị mkpa ma dị ogologo oge n'ime mmegharị ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ọtụtụ akụkọ banyere ọdachi ndị na-egbu egbu n'ụwa nile, ọ bụ nanị akụkụ ole na ole n'ime ikpe ndị a ka e mere ka ọ pụta ìhè n'ihe ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ebe ndị ọzọ ka na-eleghara anya. Isiakwụkwọ a na-atụle ihe nketa nke nnukwu ọdachi ndị na-egbu egbu, nlebara anya ọha na eze na-ezighi ezi nyere ụfọdụ ikpe na-ezighị ezi gburugburu ebe obibi, yana ka mmegharị mgbochi nsị na US na ná mba ọzọ si dị n'ime usoro ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ.

Azụ n'elu

9. Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke plastik

Science History Institute. (2023). Akụkọ banyere Plastics. Science History Institute. https://www.sciencehistory.org/the-history-and-future-of-plastics

Akwụkwọ akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke atọ nke plastik na-enye ozi dị nkenke, ma dị oke mma banyere ihe plastik, ebee ka ha si bịa, kedu ihe mbụ plastik sịntetịt, oge plastik na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na nchegbu na-eto eto banyere plastik n'ọdịnihu. Isiokwu a kacha mma maka ndị ga-amasị ndị ọzọ sara mbara strok na mmepe nke plastic na-enweghị na-abanye na oru akụkụ nke e kere eke nke plastic.

Mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi United Nations (2022). Ụwa anyị na-akpagbu na plastik. https://www.unep.org/interactives/beat-plastic-pollution/

Mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu emepụtala ibe weebụ na-emekọrịta ihe iji nyere aka n'ichepụta nsogbu na-eto eto nke mmetọ rọba ma tinye akụkọ ihe mere eme nke plastik n'ọnọdụ nke ọha na eze nwere ike ịghọta ngwa ngwa. Ozi a gụnyere ihe onyonyo, maapụ mmekọrịta, wepụta ngụpụta, yana njikọ na ọmụmụ sayensị. Ibe a kwụsịrị na ndụmọdụ ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu nwere ike iwere iji belata oriri rọba ha na-agba ume maka mgbanwe site na gọọmentị ime obodo nke onye ọ bụla.

Hohn, S., Acevedo-Trejos, E., Abrams, J., Fulgencio de Moura, J., Spranz, R., & Merico, A. (2020, Mee 25). Ihe nketa nke Plastic Mass Production nke ogologo oge. Sayensị nke mkpokọta gburugburu. 746, 141115. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141115

E wepụtala ọtụtụ ihe ngwọta iji nakọta rọba n'osimiri na oké osimiri, Otú ọ dị, a ka amabeghị irè ha. Akụkọ a na-achọpụta na ngwọta dị ugbu a ga-enwe naanị ihe ịga nke ọma n'iwepụ plastik na gburugburu ebe obibi. Naanị otu ụzọ isi belata ihe mkpofu rọba n'ezie bụ site n'ibelata ikuku ikuku rọba, yana nchikota na-emesi ike na mkpokọta na osimiri tupu rọba ahụ erute oke osimiri. Mmepụta plastik na ọkụ ga-aga n'ihu na-enwe mmetụta dị ogologo oge na mmefu ego ikuku ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ na gburugburu ebe obibi.

Dickinson, T. (2020, Maachị 3). Kedu ka nnukwu mmanụ na nnukwu Soda si mee ka ọdachi gburugburu ụwa bụrụ ihe nzuzo ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ. Nkume Rolling. https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/plastic-problem-recycling-myth-big-oil-950957/

Kwa izu, nkezi mmadụ n'ofe ụwa na-eri ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ irighiri plastik 2,000. Nke ahụ bụ gram ise rọba ma ọ bụ otu ọnụ ahịa kaadị kredit zuru ezu. Ihe karịrị ọkara nke plastik ugbu a n'ụwa ka e kere kemgbe 5, na mmetọ plastik na-aga n'ihu na okpukpu abụọ site na 2002. Site na mmegharị mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọhụrụ iji dozie mmetọ plastik, ụlọ ọrụ na-amalite ime ihe iji hapụ plastic n'azụ mgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ nke. mmegbu.

Ostle, C., Thompson, R., Broughton, D., Gregory, L., Wootton, M., & Johns, D. (2019, Eprel). Mmụba nke rọba mmiri n'oké osimiri gosipụtara site na usoro oge 60 afọ. Nkwukọrịta Nature. rdcu.be/bCso9

Ọmụmụ ihe a na-egosi usoro oge ọhụrụ, site na 1957 ruo 2016 ma na-ekpuchi ihe karịrị 6.5 nautical miles, na ọ bụ nke mbụ gosipụtara mmụba dị ukwuu na rọba plastik mepere emepe n'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya.

Taylor, D. (2019, Maachị 4). Kedu ka plastik siri riri US ahụ. Grist. grist.org/article/how-the-us-got-addicted-to-plastics/

Cork bụbu ihe bụ isi a na-eji na-emepụta ihe, mana edobere ya ngwa ngwa mgbe plastik batara na ebe ahụ. Plastics ghọrọ ihe dị mkpa na WWII na US na-adabere na rọba kemgbe ahụ.

Geyer, R., Jambeck, J., & Iwu, KL (2017, Julaị 19). Mmepụta, ojiji, na akara aka nke plastik niile emerela. Ọganihu Sayensị, 3(7). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700782

Nyocha mbụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke plastik niile emepụtara n'ọtụtụ ebe emepụtarala. Ha na-eme atụmatụ na dị ka nke 2015, 6300 nde metric ton nke 8300 nde metric ton nke plastik na-amaghị nwoke emepụtara mechara bụrụ ihe mkpofu rọba. N'ime nke a, ọ bụ naanị 9% ka emegharịrị, 12% gbara ọkụ, na 79% agbakọbagoro na gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ n'ime ala. Ọ bụrụ na mmepụta na njikwa mkpofu na-aga n'ihu na usoro ha ugbu a, ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpofu rọba na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi ga-arị elu okpukpu abụọ n'afọ 2050.

Ryan, P. (2015, Juun 2). Mkpirikpi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nyocha mmiri mmiri. Mmiri Anthropogenic Awụba n'oké osimiri: p 1-25. link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_1#enumeration

Isiakwụkwọ a na-akọwapụta akụkọ mkpirikpi ka esi enyocha ihe mkpofu mmiri n'ime afọ iri ọ bụla malite na 1960 ruo ugbu a. N'afọ ndị 1960, ọmụmụ mmalite nke mkpoba mmiri n'oké osimiri malitere bụ nke lekwasịrị anya na ntinye na ntinye plastik site na ndụ mmiri. Kemgbe ahụ, a na-elekwasị anya na microplastics na mmetụta ha na ndụ organic.

Hohn, D. (2011). Moby Duck. Viking Press.

Onye edemede Donovan Hohn na-enye akụkọ akụkọ gbasara akụkọ ọdịnala plastik wee nweta mgbọrọgwụ nke ihe mere plastics nwere ike ịwụfu na mbụ. Mgbe austerities nke WWII gasịrị, ndị na-azụ ahịa na-achọsi ike ịkwado onwe ha na ngwaahịa, ya mere na 1950s mgbe patent na polyethylene kubie ume, ihe ahụ bịara dị ọnụ ala karịa mgbe ọ bụla. Nanị ụzọ ndị na-emepụta plastik nwere ike isi nweta uru bụ site n'ime ka ndị na-azụ ahịa kwenye ka ha tụfuo, zụta ihe, tụfuo, zụta ihe. N'akụkụ ndị ọzọ, ọ na-enyocha isiokwu ndị dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na ụlọ ọrụ ihe egwuregwu ndị China.

Bowermaster, J. (onye nchịkọta akụkọ). (2010). oké osimiri. Mgbasa ozi ndị so na ya. 71-93.

Captain Charles Moore chọpụtara ihe a maara ugbu a dị ka Great Pacific Garbage Patch na 1997. N'afọ 2009, ọ laghachiri na patch ahụ na-atụ anya na ọ ga-eto ntakịrị, ma ọ bụghị okpukpu iri atọ ka ọ mere n'ezie. David de Rothschild rụrụ ụgbọ mmiri na-aga n'oké osimiri nke dị mita 60 n'ogologo, nke a rụrụ kpamkpam site na karama rọba bu ya na ndị otu ya si California gawa Australia iji mee ka a mara banyere irighiri mmiri dị n'oké osimiri.

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10. Akụ dị iche iche

Rhein, S., & Sträter, KF (2021). Nkwenye onwe onye ụlọ ọrụ iji belata nsogbu rọba zuru ụwa ọnụ: Imegharị ihe kama ibelata na ijigharị. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Cleaner Production. 296 (126571).

Ka ị na-agbalị ịmegharị mgbanwe ahụ gaa n'ọnọdụ akụ na ụba okirikiri, ọtụtụ mba na-aga n'ihu na akụ na ụba na-enweghị isi. Agbanyeghị, na-enweghị nkwekọrịta zuru ụwa ọnụ, a na-ahapụ òtù dị iche iche ka ha kọwaa nkọwa nke ha maka echiche nke atụmatụ na-adigide. Enweghị nkọwa otu na ọnụ ọgụgụ achọrọ maka mbelata na ijikwa ya mere ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-elekwasị anya na imegharị ihe na atụmatụ nhicha mgbe mmetọ gasịrị. Ngbanwe n'ezie na mmiri mkpofu rọba ga-achọ ka a na-ezere nkwakọ ngwaahịa otu ihe, na-egbochi mmetọ rọba site na mmalite ya. Ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-emekọrịta ihe na nkwekọrịta zuru ụwa ọnụ nwere ike inye aka mejupụta oghere ahụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-elekwasị anya na atụmatụ mgbochi.

Onye na-anya ụgbọ mmiri. (2020). Kpachara anya maka ọpụpụ adịgboroja plastik. Surfrider Europe. PDF

A na-emepụta ihe ngwọta maka nsogbu nke mmetọ rọba, ma ọ bụghị ihe ngwọta "mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi" ga-enyere aka n'ezie ichekwa ma chekwaa gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-eme atụmatụ na plastik 250,000 na-ese n'elu oke osimiri, mana nke a bụ naanị 1% nke plastik niile dị n'oké osimiri. Nke a bụ nsogbu dị ka ọtụtụ ihe a na-akpọ ngwọta naanị na-ekwu okwu na-ese n'elu plastik (dị ka Seabin Project, The Manta, na The Ocean Clean-up). Nanị ezi ihe ngwọta bụ imechi mgbata plastik ma kwụsị plastik ịbanye n'oké osimiri na gburugburu mmiri. Ndị mmadụ kwesịrị itinye nrụgide na azụmahịa, chọọ ka ndị ọchịchị obodo mee ihe, wepụ plastik ebe ha nwere ike, ma kwado ndị NGO na-arụ ọrụ na nke a.

Data NASA m (2020). Ụdị okirikiri osimiri: Map akụkọ ihe mkpofu.

Maapụ akụkọ NASA na-ejikọta data satịlaịtị ka ọ dị mfe ịnweta ibe weebụ nke na-enye ndị ọbịa ohere inyocha usoro mgbasa nke oke osimiri ka ha na-ejikọta na ihe mkpofu oke osimiri nke ụwa site na iji data NASA osimiri. A na-eduzi webụsaịtị a n'ọkwa ụmụ akwụkwọ 7-12 ma na-enyekwu ihe enyemaka na akwụkwọ ndị a na-ebipụta akwụkwọ maka ndị nkuzi iji kwe ka ejiri map ahụ mee ihe na nkuzi.

DeNisco Rayome, A. (2020, Ọgọst 3). Anyị nwere ike igbu plastik? CNET. PDF

Onye edemede Allison Rayome na-akọwa nsogbu mmetọ rọba maka ọha mmadụ. A na-emepụta plastik a na-eji naanị otu ihe kwa afọ, mana enwere usoro ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu nwere ike ime. Isiokwu ahụ na-egosipụta ịrị elu nke plastik, okwu gbasara imegharị ihe, nkwa nke ngwọta okirikiri, uru nke (ụfọdụ) plastik, na ihe ndị mmadụ nwere ike ime iji belata plastik (ma kwalite iji ya eme ihe). Rayome kwetara n'agbanyeghị na ndị a bụ usoro dị mkpa iji belata mmetọ mmetọ, imezu ezi mgbanwe chọrọ usoro iwu.

Persson, L., Carney Almroth, BM, Collins, CD, Cornell, S., De Wit, CA, Diamond, ML, Fantke, P., Hassellöv, M., MacLeod, M., Ryberg, MW, Jørgensen, PS , Villarrubia-Gómez, P., Wang, Z., & Hauschild, MZ (2022). N'èzí Oghere Ịrụ Ọrụ Nchekwa nke mbara ala maka ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ. Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi & Teknụzụ, 56(3), 1510–1521. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04158

Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwubiri na ụmụ mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na mpụga mbara ala dị nchebe nke ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ ebe mmepụta na mwepụta kwa afọ na-abawanye n'ọsọ nke karịrị ike zuru ụwa ọnụ maka nleba anya na nleba anya. Akwụkwọ a na-akọwapụta ókèala akwụkwọ akụkọ dị na mbara ala mbara ala dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ndị bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ n'echiche geological ma nwee nnukwu mmetụta nwere ike imebi iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke usoro usoro ụwa. N'ịkọwapụta mmetọ rọba dị ka akụkụ nke nchegbu dị elu, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-akwado ime ihe ngwa ngwa iji belata mmepụta na mwepụta nke ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ, na-achọpụta na n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, nnọgidesi ike nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ dị ka mmetọ rọba ga-anọgide na-ebute nnukwu nsogbu.

Lwanga, EH, Beriot, N., Corradini, F. et al. (2022, Febụwarị). Nyochaa isi mmalite microplastic, ụzọ njem na njikọ ya na nrụgide ala ndị ọzọ: njem site na saịtị ọrụ ugbo banye na gburugburu ebe obibi. Teknụzụ kemịkalụ na ihe ndị dị ndụ na ọrụ ugbo. 9 (20). DOI: 10.1186/s40538-021-00278-9

Obere data dị gbasara njem microplastic na gburugburu ụwa. Nyocha sayensị a na-enyocha mmekọrịta dị iche iche na usoro dị iche iche dị na mbufe microplastics site na usoro ọrụ ugbo gaa na gburugburu gburugburu ebe obibi, gụnyere nyocha ọhụụ banyere otú njem microplastic si eme site na plastisphere (cellular) ruo n'ogo ala.

Dị Mfe Dị Mfe. (2019, Nọvemba 7). Ụzọ 5 dị mfe iji belata plastik n'ụlọ. https://supersimple.com/article/reduce-plastic/.

Ụzọ 8 iji belata infographic plastik ị na-eji otu

Mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi nke United Nations. (2021). Ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe nkiri mmetọ plastik (Bekee). YouTube. https://youtu.be/8YPjYXOjT58.

Ndị na-akpata obere ego na ndị ojii, ụmụ amaala, ndị nwere agba (BIPOC) bụ ndị nọ n'ihu nke mmetọ rọba. Obodo ndị nwere agba na-enwekarị ike ibi n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-enweghị nchebe pụọ na idei mmiri, mmebi njem nlegharị anya, na ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ. Nzọụkwụ ọ bụla nke mmepụta rọba mgbe a na-achịkwaghị ya na enweghị nlekọta nwere ike imerụ ndụ mmiri, gburugburu ebe obibi, na obodo ndị ahụ dị nso. Obodo ndị a na-akpachapụ anya nwere ike ịta ahụhụ site na ahaghị nhata, ya mere chọrọ ego na nlebara anya mgbochi.

TEDx. (2010). TEDx Great Pacific mkpofu ahịhịa - Van Jones - Ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi. YouTube. https://youtu.be/3WMgNlU_vxQ.

N'okwu 2010 Ted na-akọwapụta mmetụta na-enweghị isi na obodo ndị dara ogbenye site na mkpofu mmetọ rọba, Van Jones na-agbagha ntụkwasị obi anyị na enweghị ike "iji kpofuo ụwa, ị ga-ekpochapụ ndị mmadụ." Ndị mmadụ na-akpata obere ego enweghị nnwere onwe akụ na ụba ịhọrọ nhọrọ ahụike ma ọ bụ nke na-enweghị plastik na-eduga n'ịbawanye ikpughe na kemịkalụ rọba na-egbu egbu. Ndị ogbenye na-ebukwa ibu ahụ n'ihi na ha adịchaghị nso na ebe mkpofu ahịhịa. A na-ebunye kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu n'ụzọ na-enweghị atụ n'ime obodo ndị dara ogbenye na ndị a na-ekewaghị ekewa na-akpata ọtụtụ mmetụta ahụike. Anyị ga-etinye olu sitere na obodo ndị a n'ihu nke iwu ka e wee mejuputa mgbanwe n'ezie na obodo.

Center for International Environmental Iwu. (2021). Mee ume nke ikuku a - kewapụ onwe ya na iwu mmetọ rọba. Center for International Environmental Iwu. YouTube. https://youtu.be/liojJb_Dl90.

Iwu nkwụsịtụ n'aka plastik nwere nlebara anya pụrụ iche na ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi na-arụ ụka na "mgbe ị na-ebuli ndị mmadụ elu na ala, ị na-ebuli onye ọ bụla elu." Ụlọ ọrụ Petrochemical na-emerụ ndị nwere agba na obodo ndị na-enweghị ego na-adịghị mma site n'iwepụta na ikpofu ihe mkpofu rọba na mpaghara ha. Anyị aghaghị inwere onwe anyị pụọ na ndabere rọba iji nweta nha anya n'ime obodo ndị mmetọ mmepụta rọba na-emetụta.

Mkparịta ụka Global Plastics Treaty Dialogues. (2021, Juun 10). Netwọk ndu nke Ocean Plastics. YouTube. https://youtu.be/GJdNdWmK4dk.

Tan, V. (2020, Maachị 24). Bio-plastics bụ ihe ngwọta na-adịgide adịgide? Mkparịta ụka TEDx. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Kjb7AlYOSgo.

Scarr, S. (2019, Septemba 4). Imikpu n'ime rọba: Na-ele anya ihe riri ahụ ụwa na karama rọba. Ihe eserese Reuters. Ewepụtara: graphics.reuters.com/ENVIRONMENT-PLASTIC/0100B275155/index.html

Gburugburu ụwa, a na-ere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu nde karama plastik kwa nkeji, a na-ere karama ijeri 1 kwa ụbọchị, nke ya na ọkara nke Ụlọ Elu Eiffel. Ihe na-erughị 1.3% nke rọba ọ bụla emere ka emegharịrị. N'agbanyeghị ihe niile na-egosi na plastik na-eyi egwu dị na gburugburu ebe obibi, mmepụta na-arịwanye elu.