Chebe ala mmiri dị gburugburu ụwa, mgbe ahụ na ugbu a: Mgbakọ Ramsar

nke Luke Elder
Sabine Wetlands Walk, Hackberry, Louisiana (Foto sitere na Louisiana Tourism Locations & Events – Peter A Mayer Advertising / Assoc. Onye isi ihe okike: Neil Landry; Ndị isi akaụntụ: Fran McManus & Lisa Costa; Mmepụta nka: Janet Riehlmann)
Sabine Wetlands Walk, Hackberry, Louisiana (Foto sitere na Louisiana Tourism Locations & Events – Peter A Mayer Advertising / Assoc. Onye isi ihe okike: Neil Landry; Ndị isi akaụntụ: Fran McManus & Lisa Costa; Mmepụta nka: Janet Riehlmann)

Kwa afọ, ógbè ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-echegbu onwe ha na-ekiri amụma amụma cyclones okpomọkụ na-abịanụ—nke a maara dị ka ajọ ifufe ma ọ bụ typhoons mgbe ha tolitere, dabere n'ebe ha nọ. Mgbe oké ifufe ndị ahụ rutere n'ala, dị ka Ajọ Ifufe Isaac mere ná ngwụcha ọnwa gara aga, a na-echetara ndị obodo nọ n'ụzọ nke oké ifufe ahụ maka uru ala mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ọhịa, na ebe obibi ndị ọzọ dị n'ichebe ha pụọ ​​​​na mmetụta kacha njọ nke oké ifufe ahụ.

N'ụwa taa nke oke oke osimiri na-arị elu na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, ala mmiri na ala mmiri na-arụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ihe dị mkpa na mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe na mbelata. Na mgbakwunye, ala mmiri bụ isi iyi dị mkpa nke uru akụ na ụba, sayensị, na ntụrụndụ. Ma gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a na-eche mbibi na mbibi ihu.
RAMSAR Enwere ike inwe mfu na-enweghị atụ nke ala mmiri site na ntinye aka na-aga n'ihu na mmepe n'ime ala mmiri site n'akụkụ ala, na mmebi nke ala mmiri site na mmiri n'ihi mmiri nke mmadụ mere na ihe ndị ọzọ. Naanị ihe karịrị afọ 40 gara aga, mba dị iche iche gbakọtara iji mata uru ala mmiri na ebe obibi dị nso, na imepụta usoro maka nchekwa ha. Mgbakọ Ramsar bụ nkwekọrịta mba ụwa e mere iji nyere aka gbochie mmechi a, yana ịkwado mbọ iji weghachi, rụzigharị na ichekwa ala mmiri dị n'ụwa niile. Mgbakọ Ramsar na-echebe ala mmiri maka ọrụ na ọrụ ha pụrụ iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka nhazi nke usoro mmiri na ebe obibi nke ha na-enye maka ụdị dị iche iche site na ọkwa gburugburu ebe obibi ruo n'ogo nke ụdị.
Emere Mgbakọ mbụ na ala Wetland na obodo Iran nke Ramsar na 1971. Ka ọ na-erule 1975, Mgbakọ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ zuru oke, na-enye usoro maka mmemme mba na mba na imekọ ihe ọnụ maka nchebe na-adịgide adịgide na nlekọta nke ala mmiri na ihe onwunwe ha na ọrụ ha. . Mgbakọ Ramsar bụ nkwekọrịta gọọmentị etiti na-eme ka mba ndị otu ya na-edobe iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụfọdụ saịtị mmiri na iji nọgide na-eji ala mmiri ndị a eme ihe. Nkwupụta ozi nke mgbakọ ahụ bụ "ichekwa na iji amamihe mee ihe n'ala mmiri niile site na omume mpaghara, mpaghara na mba na nkwado mba ụwa, dịka ntinye aka iji nweta mmepe na-adịgide adịgide n'ụwa nile".
Mgbakọ Ramsar pụrụ iche site na mbọ gburugburu ụwa ndị ọzọ yiri ya n'ụzọ abụọ dị mkpa. Nke mbụ, ọ bụghị ihe jikọrọ ya na usoro United Nations nke Multilateral Environmental Agreements, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-arụ ọrụ na MEAs na NGO ndị ọzọ na ọ bụ nkwekọrịta a ma ama nke jikọtara ya na nkwekọrịta ndị ọzọ metụtara ụdị ndụ dị iche iche. Nke abụọ, ọ bụ naanị nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ nke na-ekwu maka otu gburugburu ebe obibi: ala mmiri. Mgbakọ ahụ na-eji nkọwa sara mbara nke ukwuu maka ala mmiri, nke gụnyere “apiti na ala mmiri, ọdọ mmiri na osimiri, ahịhịa ahịhịa na ala ahịhịa juru, oases, estuaries, deltas and tidal flats, mmiri dị nso n'ikpere mmiri, mangroves na coral reefs, na mmadụ mere. saịtị ndị dị ka ọdọ mmiri azụ̀, ahịhịa osikapa, ọdọ mmiri, na ite nnu.”
Isi okwu nke Mgbakọ Ramsar bụ Ndepụta Ramsar nke ala mmiri dị mkpa nke mba ụwa, ndepụta nke ala mmiri mmiri niile nke Mgbakọ ahụ họpụtara dị ka saịtị ndị dị mkpa maka ahụike nke ala mmiri na mmiri n'akụkụ ụwa dum.
Ebumnobi List ahụ bụ “ịzụlite ma jikwaa netwọkụ mba ụwa nke ala mmiri dị mkpa maka ichekwa ụdị ndu dị iche iche nke ụwa yana maka ịkwado ndụ mmadụ site n'ịkwado akụrụngwa, usoro na uru/ọrụ ha.” Site na isonye na Mgbakọ Ramsar, obodo ọ bụla ga-arụ ọrụ inye opekata mpe otu ebe mmiri mmiri dị ka ala Wetland nke mkpa mba ụwa, ebe ndị mba ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ saịtị ndị ọzọ maka itinye n'ime ndepụta ala mmiri a họpụtara.
Ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke Ramsar Wetland nke International Importance dị na North America gụnyere Chesapeake Bay Estuarine Complex (USA), Laguna de Términos Reserve na Campeche (Mexico), ebe nchekwa na nsọtụ ndịda Cuba's Isla de la Juventud, Everglades National Park na Campeche. Florida (USA), na saịtị Alaska dị na Fraser River Delta nke Canada. Saịtị Ramsar ọ bụla nwere nsogbu idobe iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe gburugburu ebe obibi na nke ndu nke Mgbakọ ahụ hiwere nwere ike itinye ya na ndepụta pụrụ iche ma nwee ike nweta enyemaka teknụzụ iji dozie nsogbu saịtị ahụ na-eche ihu. Na mgbakwunye, mba nwere ike itinye akwụkwọ ịnata nkwado site na Ramsar Small Grant Fund na Wetlands for Future Fund maka imecha ọrụ nchekwa ala mmiri. Ọrụ US National Fish and Wildlife Service na-eje ozi dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-eduzi saịtị Ramsar 34 dị na US yana nchikota ya na obodo ndị ọzọ.
Mgbakọ Ramsar nwere ọgbakọ nke ndị otu nkwekọrịta (COP) kwa afọ atọ iji kparịta ma kwalite ntinye n'ihu nke ntuziaka na atumatu nkwekọrịta ahụ. N'ihe gbasara mmemme kwa ụbọchị, e nwere Ramsar Secretariat na Gland, Switzerland, onye na-ahụ maka Mgbakọ ahụ na mba ụwa. N'ọkwa mba, otu ọ bụla na-enye nkwekọrịta nwere ikike nchịkwa ahapụtara bụ onye na-ahụ maka mmejuputa iwu nke nkwekọrịta na obodo ha. Ọ bụ ezie na Mgbakọ Ramsar bụ mbọ mba ụwa, Mgbakọ ahụ na-agbakwa mba ndị otu ume ka ha guzobe kọmitii wetland nke mba nke ha, gụnyere itinye aka na NGO, na itinye aka na ọha mmadụ na mbọ ha na-echekwa nchekwa mmiri.
Julaị nke afọ 2012 bụ ọgbakọ nke iri na otu nke ọgbakọ ndị nkwekọrịta nke Ramsar Convention, nke e mere na Bucharest, Romania. N'ebe ahụ, e mere ka ọ pụta ìhè ka njem nlegharị anya na-adịgide adịgide nke ala mmiri na-enye aka na akụ na ụba ndụ ndụ.
Nzukọ a mechiri site na nkwanye ugwu na-asọpụrụ nnukwu ọrụ a rụrụ, na nkwenye maka mkpa ọ dị ịnọgide na-anọgidesi ike na ntinye aka na nchekwa na mweghachi nke ala mmiri na gburugburu ụwa. Site n'echiche nchekwa oke osimiri, Mgbakọ Ramsar na-akwado nchekwa nke otu n'ime ihe mgbochi kachasị mkpa maka ahụike oke osimiri.
United States of America: Saịtị Ramsar 34, 4,122,916.22 Acres dị ka nke 15 Juun 2012 (Isi mmalite: USFWS)

Ebe mgbaba anụ ọhịa nke mba Ash Meadows 18/12/86    
Nevada
9,509 ha
Ọdọ mmiri Bolinas 01/09/98    
California
445 ha
Cache-Osimiri Ọcha dị ala 21/11/89    
Arkansas
81,376 ha
Cache River-Cypress Creek Wetlands 01/11/94    
Illinois
24,281 ha
Ọdọ Mmiri Caddo 23/10/93    
Texas
7,977 ha
Ọdọ Mmiri Cathoula 18/06/91    
Louisiana
12,150 ha
Chesapeake Bay Estuarine mgbagwoju 04/06/87    
Virginia
45,000 ha
N'ala Cheyenne 19/10/88    
Kansas
10,978 ha
Congaree National Park 02/02/12    
South Carolina
10,539 ha
Ihe mgbagwoju anya nke Connecticut River Estuary & Tidal Wetland Complex 14/10/94    
Connecticut
6,484 ha
Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary 23/03/09    
Florida
5,261 ha
Delaware Bay Estuary 20/05/92    
Delaware, New Jersey
51,252 ha
Edwin B Forsythe mgbaba anụ ọhịa nke mba 18/12/86    
New Jersey
13,080 ha
Everglades National Park 04/06/87    
Florida
610,497 ha
Francis Beidler ọhịa 30/05/08    
South Carolina
6,438 ha
Mpaghara gburugburu ebe obibi Grassland 02/02/05    
California
65,000 ha
Humbug Marsh 20/01/10    
Michigan
188 ha
Horicon Marsh 04/12/90    
Wisconsin
12,912 ha
Ọdọ Mmiri Izembek mgbaba anụ ọhịa 18/12/86    
Alaska
168,433 ha
Kakagon na Bad River Sloughs 02/02/12    
Wisconsin
4,355 ha
Kawainui na Hamakua Marsh Complex 02/02/05    
Hawaii
414 ha
Laguna de Santa Rosa Wetland Complex 16/04/10    
California
1576 ha
Okefenokee mgbaba anụ ọhịa 18/12/86    
Georgia, Florida
162,635 ha
Palmyra Atoll mgbaba anụ ọhịa nke mba 01/04/11    
Hawaii
204,127 ha
Ebe mgbaba anụ ọhịa nke Pelican Island 14/03/93    
Florida
1,908 ha
Mgbaba anụ ọhịa nke Quivira 12/02/02    
Kansas
8,958 ha
Roswell Artesian Wetland 07/09/10    
New Mexico
917 ha
Ebe mgbaba anụ ọhịa nke Sand Lake 03/08/98    
South Dakota
8,700 ha
Sue na Wes Dixon Waterfowl mgbaba na Hennepin &
Ọdọ mmiri Hopper 02/02/12    
Illinois
1,117 ha
Ihe mgbagwoju anya Emiquon 02/02/12    
Illinois
5,729 ha
Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve 02/02/05    
California
1,021 ha
Tomales Bay 30/09/02    
California
2,850 ha
Upper Mississippi Iju mmiri Ala mmiri 05/01/10    
Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois
122,357 ha
Wilma H. ​​Schiermeier Olentangy River Wetland Research Park 18/04/08    
Ohio
21 ha
Luke Elder jere ozi dị ka onye nyocha n'oge okpomọkụ nke TOF maka oge okpomọkụ nke 2011. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ nọrọ na-amụ ihe na Spain ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Spanish National Research Council na-arụ ọrụ na Environmental Economics Group. N'oge okpomọkụ a Luke rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Conservation Intern maka The Nature Conservancy na-eme ala na nlekọta ọrụ. Onye isi na Middlebury College, Luke na-amụba na Conservation Biology and Environmental Studies na obere nwa na Spanish, ma na-atụ anya ịchọta ọrụ n'ọdịnihu na nchekwa mmiri.