Aquaculture na-adịgide adịgide nwere ike ịbụ isi ihe na-enye ndị mmadụ na-eto eto nri. Ugbu a, 42% nke nri mmiri anyị na-eri bụ nke a na-akọ ugbo, mana enweghị ụkpụrụ nke mebere ihe “ezigbo” aquaculture ka dị. 

Aquaculture na-enye aka dị ukwuu n'inye nri anyị, yabụ a ga-eme ya n'ụzọ ga-adigide. Kpọmkwem, The OF na-eleba anya na teknụzụ sistemụ mechiri emechi, gụnyere tankị na-ekesa ọzọ, ụzọ ịgba ọsọ, sistemu na-asọpụta, na ọdọ mmiri dị n'ime ala. A na-eji usoro ndị a eme ọtụtụ ụdị azụ, azụ azụ, na osisi mmiri. Ọ bụ ezie na achọpụtara uru doro anya (ahụ ike na ndị ọzọ) nke sistemu aquaculture sistem mechiri emechi, anyị na-akwadokwa mbọ iji zere mmejọ nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na nri nke aquaculture mepere emepe. Anyị na-atụ anya ịrụ ọrụ maka mbọ mba ụwa na nke ụlọ nke nwere ike ime mgbanwe dị mma.

The Ocean Foundation achịkọtala isi mmalite ndị a dị n'èzí n'ime akwụkwọ nkọwapụta iji nyekwuo ozi na Sustainable Aquaculture maka ndị niile na-ege ntị. 

Tebulu ọdịnaya

1. Okwu Mmalite nke Aquaculture
2. Ihe ndabere nke Aquaculture
3. Mmetọ na ihe iyi egwu na gburugburu ebe obibi
4. Mmepe dị ugbu a na usoro ọhụrụ na Aquaculture
5. Aquaculture na di iche iche, nha nha nha, nsonye, ​​na ikpe ziri ezi
6. Iwu na iwu gbasara Aquaculture
7. Ihe ndị ọzọ na akwụkwọ ọcha mepụtara site na The Ocean Foundation

1. Okwu Mmalite

Aquaculture bụ ihe a na-achịkwa ma ọ bụ ịkụ azụ, azụ azụ, na osisi mmiri. Ebumnuche bụ ịmepụta isi iyi nke nri mmiri na ngwaahịa azụmaahịa n'ụzọ ga-eme ka nnweta ya dịkwuo elu ma na-ebelata mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi yana ichekwa ụdị mmiri dị iche iche. Enwere ụdị aquaculture dị iche iche nke nke ọ bụla nwere ogo nkwado dị iche iche.

Mmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na ego ga-aga n'ihu na-abawanye agụụ maka azụ. Na n'ọkwa njide anụ ọhịa dị larịị, mmụba niile na azụ na mmepụta ihe oriri na-esi na aquaculture pụta. Ọ bụ ezie na aquaculture na-eche ihe ịma aka ihu dị ka ịnya mmiri na mmetọ, ọtụtụ ndị egwuregwu na ụlọ ọrụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike iji dozie nsogbu ya. 

Aquaculture — Ụzọ anọ

Enwere ụzọ anọ dị mkpa maka aquaculture a na-ahụ taa: mkpịsị oghe nke dị nso n'ikpere mmiri, mkpịsị oghe oghe nke oke osimiri, sistemụ “mechiri emechi” nke ala dabere na sistemụ mepere emepe “oge ochie”.

1. Pens mepere emepe dị nso n'ikpere mmiri.

A na-ejikarị usoro aquaculture nke dị nso n'ikpere azụ azụ azụ azụ, salmon na azụ azụ ndị ọzọ na-eri anụ na, ma e wezụga maka ịhịa aka n'ahụ, a na-ahụta ya dị ka nke kacha nta na-adigide na ụdị aquaculture kacha emerụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Ihe dị n'ime ya "meghere ihe ndị dị ndụ" nke usoro ndị a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe siri ike ilebara nsogbu nke nsị nsị, mmekọrịta ya na ndị na-eri anụ, iwebata ụdị ndị na-abụghị ụmụ amaala / ndị ọzọ, ntinye aka (nri, ọgwụ nje), mbibi ebe obibi, na ọrịa. nyefe. Na mgbakwunye, mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri enweghị ike ịkwado omume dị ugbu a nke ịkwaga n'ikpere mmiri na-esochi ntiwapụ nke ọrịa n'ime pensụl. [NB: Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-eto mollusks dị nso n'ikpere mmiri, ma ọ bụ na-amachi obere pensụl oghere dị nso n'akụkụ oke ma lekwasị anya n'ịzụlite ahịhịa ahịhịa, enwere ọganihu na nkwado nke usoro aquaculture. N'echiche anyị, ọ bara uru inyocha nhọrọ ndị a nwere oke.]

2. Pens mepere emepe nke dị n'ụsọ.

Sistemụ aquaculture pen a na-eme nnwale ọhụrụ na-ewepụ mmetụta ọjọọ ndị a n'anya ma gbakwunyekwa mmetụta ndị ọzọ na gburugburu ebe obibi, gụnyere nnukwu akara ukwu carbon iji jikwaa akụrụngwa ndị dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri. 

3. Sistemụ “mechiri emechi” dabere na ala.

Sistemu “mechiri emechi” nke ala, nke a na-akpọkarị sistemu aquaculture aquaculture (RAS), na-anata nlebara anya ka ukwuu dịka ihe ngwọta ga-adịte aka maka aquaculture, ma na mba mepere emepe na mba ndị na-emepe emepe. A na-emepụta usoro mechiri emechi nke dị obere, nke na-adịghị ọnụ ka a ga-eji mee ihe na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe ebe a na-emepụta nhọrọ buru ibu, nke nwere ike ịzụ ahịa na nke dị oke ọnụ na mba ndị mepere emepe. Usoro ndị a nwere onwe ya ma na-enyekarị ohere maka ụzọ polyculture dị irè iji zụọ anụmanụ na akwụkwọ nri ọnụ. A na-ele ha anya dị ka ihe ga-adigide mgbe a na-akwado ha site na ume ọhụrụ, ha na-ahụ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 100% nkwụghachi mmiri ha, ha na-elekwasị anya n'ịzụlite omnivores na herbivores.

4. "Ochie" Open Systems.

Ịkụ azụ̀ abụghị ihe ọhụrụ; A na-eme ya kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ n'ọtụtụ omenala. Ndị obodo China oge ochie na-enye nri silkworm na nymphs na kap ndị a zụlitere na ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'ugbo silkworm, ndị Ijipt na-akọ tilapia dị ka akụkụ nke nkà na ụzụ ịgba mmiri ha, na ndị Hawaii nwere ike ịkọ ọtụtụ ụdị dị ka milkfish, mullet, prawns, na crab ( Costa ) -Pierce, 1987). Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie achọtawokwa ihe àmà maka ịkụ azụ̀ n’obodo Mayan nakwa n’ọdịnala nke ụfọdụ obodo ndị dị n’Ebe Ugwu America. (www.enaca.org).

Okwu ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi

Dị ka e kwuru n'elu, e nwere ọtụtụ ụdị Aquaculture nke ọ bụla nwere akara ukwu nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke dị iche iche site na adigide ruo na nnukwu nsogbu. A na-ahụta aquaculture nke dị n'ụsọ mmiri (nke a na-akpọkarị oké osimiri ma ọ bụ aquaculture mepere emepe) dị ka isi iyi ọhụrụ nke uto akụ na ụba, mana ọ na-eleghara usoro gburugburu ebe obibi na ụkpụrụ omume nke ụlọ ọrụ ole na ole na-achịkwa nnukwu akụ site na nkeonwe. Anụ mmiri ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwere ike bute mgbasa ọrịa, kwalite omume nri azụ̀ na-adịghị adịgide adịgide, na-ebute mwepụ nke ihe ndị dị ize ndụ, na-ekekọta anụ ọhịa, na azụ̀ ogbi gbapụ. Ụzọ mgbapụ azụ bụ mgbe azụ̀ ndị a na-akọ na-agbaba na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke na-akpata mmerụ ahụ dị ukwuu nye ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ̀ ọhịa na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ozuzu ya. Akụkọ ihe mere eme ọ bụghị ajụjụ nke if mgbapụ na-eme, ma mgbe ole ha ga-eme. Otu nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya chọpụtara na 92% nke azụ niile mgbapụ sitere n'ugbo azụ̀ ndị sitere n'oké osimiri (Føre & Thorvaldsen, 2021). Aquaculture aquaculture nke dị n'ụsọ osimiri na-akpa nnukwu ego ma ọ bụghị n'ụzọ ego ka ọ dị ugbu a.

Enwekwara nsogbu gbasara mkpofu na mkpofu mmiri na-ekpofu na aquaculture dị nso. N'otu ihe atụ, ụlọ ọrụ dị nso n'ikpere mmiri ka achọtara na-ahapụ nde galọn mmiri 66 - gụnyere narị narị paụnd nitrates - n'ime ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri mpaghara kwa ụbọchị.

Kedu ihe kpatara eji agba ume Aquaculture?

Ọtụtụ nde mmadụ gburugburu ụwa na-adabere na azụ̀ maka nri na ihe ha ji ebi ndụ. A na-azụ ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke oke azụ̀ zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide, ebe ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke azụ̀ oké osimiri ka na-azụta nke ọma ugbu a. Aquaculture na-enye aka dị ukwuu n'inye nri anyị, yabụ a ga-eme ya n'ụzọ ga-adigide. Kpọmkwem, TOF na-eleba anya na teknụzụ sistemụ mechiri emechi dị iche iche, gụnyere tankị na-emegharịgharị, ụzọ ịgba ọsọ, sistemu na-asọpụta, na ọdọ mmiri dị n'ime ala. A na-eji usoro ndị a eme ọtụtụ ụdị azụ, azụ azụ, na osisi mmiri. Ọ bụ ezie na achọpụtara uru doro anya (ahụ ike na ndị ọzọ) nke sistemu aquaculture sistem mechiri emechi, anyị na-akwadokwa mbọ iji zere mmejọ nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na nri nke aquaculture mepere emepe. Anyị nwere olile anya ịrụ ọrụ na mbọ mba ụwa yana mbọ ụlọ nwere ike imetụta mgbanwe dị mma.

N'agbanyeghị ihe ịma aka nke Aquaculture, The Ocean Foundation na-akwado maka mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ aquaculture na-aga n'ihu - n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ metụtara ahụike oké osimiri - n'ihi na ụwa ga-ahụ ịrị elu na-achọ nri mmiri. N'otu ihe atụ, The Ocean Foundation na-arụkọ ọrụ na Rockefeller na Credit Suisse ka ya na ụlọ ọrụ aquaculture kwurịta okwu gbasara mbọ ha na-agba n'ịgbaba n'oké osimiri, mmetọ, na nkwado nke nri azụ.

The Ocean Foundation na-arụkwa ọrụ na mmekorita ya na ndị mmekọ na Ụlọ ọrụ iwu gburugburu ebe obibi (ELI) na Ụlọ akwụkwọ Iwu Harvard's Emmett Environmental Law and Policy Clinic iji dokwuo anya na melite otu esi ejikwa aquaculture na mmiri oke osimiri gọọmenti etiti United States.

Chọta akụrụngwa ndị a n'okpuru na n'ihu Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ELI:

2. Ihe ndabere nke Aquaculture

Òtù nri na ọrụ ugbo nke United Nations. (2022). Azụ na Aquaculture. United Nations. https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/aquaculture

Aquaculture bụ ọrụ ochie nke narị afọ iri nke taa na-enye ihe karịrị ọkara nke azụ niile a na-eri gburugburu ụwa. Otú ọ dị, aquaculture akpatala mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịghị mma gụnyere: esemokwu ọha na eze n'etiti ndị na-eji ala na ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri, nbibi nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị mkpa, mbibi ebe obibi, iji kemịkalụ na-emerụ ahụ na ọgwụ anụmanụ, mmepụta na-adịghị adịgide adịgide nke azụ azụ na mmanụ azụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. mmetụta omenala na ndị ọrụ aquaculture na obodo. Nlebanya zuru oke nke Aquaculture maka ma ndị nkịtị na ndị ọkachamara na-ekpuchi nkọwa nke aquaculture, nchọpụta ahọpụtara, mpempe akwụkwọ eziokwu, ihe ngosi arụmọrụ, nyocha mpaghara, na ụkpụrụ omume maka ịkụ azụ.

Jones, R., Dewey, B., na Seaver, B. (2022, Jenụarị 28). Aquaculture: Ihe kpatara na ụwa ji achọ mmepụta nri ọhụrụ. Nzukọ Akụ na ụba Ụwa. 

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/01/aquaculture-agriculture-food-systems/

Ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ime mmiri nwere ike bụrụ ndị na-ahụ maka mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi. Aquaculture nke mmiri na-enye ọtụtụ uru site n'inyere ụwa aka ịgbasa usoro nri ya siri ike, na mbọ mbelata ihu igwe dị ka carbon sequestering na ntinye aka na ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-emepụta ngwaahịa enyi na enyi. Ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ọnọdụ pụrụ iche iji mee ihe dị ka ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ịkọ akụkọ mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndị ode akwụkwọ kwenyere na aquaculture enweghị nsogbu na mmetọ, ma ozugbo emezigharịrị omume, aquaculture bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị oke mkpa maka mmepe na-adigide ogologo oge.

Alice R Jones. 72, peeji nke 2–2022, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biab126

Aquaculture na-emepụta 52% nke ngwaahịa anụmanụ mmiri nke ejiri mariculture rie 37.5% nke mmepụta a yana 97% nke owuwe ihe ubi nke ahịhịa mmiri n'ụwa. Agbanyeghị, idobe ikuku griin haus (GHG) ga-adabere na atumatu echere nke ọma ka aquaculture aquaculture na-aga n'ihu. Site n'ijikọta onyinye nke ngwaahịa wii wii na ohere nkwụsị nke GHG, ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-arụ ụka na ụlọ ọrụ aquaculture nwere ike ịkwalite omume enyi na ihu igwe nke na-emepụta ihe gburugburu ebe obibi, mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba na-adịgide adịgide ruo ogologo oge.

FAO. 2021. World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2021. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4477en

Kwa afọ Òtù nri na ọrụ ugbo na-ewepụta akwụkwọ ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nwere ozi gbasara nri na ala ubi zuru ụwa ọnụ yana ozi dị mkpa gbasara akụ na ụba. Akụkọ ahụ gụnyere ọtụtụ ngalaba na-atụle data gbasara azụ na aquaculture, oke ọhịa, ọnụ ahịa ngwa ahịa mba ụwa, na mmiri. Ọ bụ ezie na akụrụngwa a abụghị nke ezubere iche dịka isi mmalite ndị ọzọ ewepụtara ebe a, ọrụ ya n'ịchọpụta mmepe akụ na ụba nke aquaculture enweghị ike ileghara anya.

FAO. 2019. Ọrụ FAO na mgbanwe ihu igwe - Azụ & aquaculture. Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/ca7166en/ca7166en.pdf

Òtù nri na ọrụ ugbo metụtara akụkọ pụrụ iche dabara na mkpesa 2019 pụrụ iche na oke osimiri na Cryosphere. Ha na-arụ ụka na mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-eduga na mgbanwe dị ukwuu na nnweta na ịzụ ahịa azụ na ngwaahịa mmiri nwere ike dị mkpa geopolitical na akụ na ụba. Nke a ga-esi ike karịsịa na mba ndị na-adabere n'oké osimiri na nri mmiri dị ka isi iyi protein (ndị na-adabere na azụ azụ).

Bindoff, NL, WWL Cheung, JG Kairo, J. Arístegui, VA Guinder, R. Hallberg, N. Hilmi, N. Jiao, MS Karim, L. Levin, S. O'Donoghue, SR Purca Cuicapusa, B. Rinkevich, T. Suga, A. Tagliabue, na P. Williamson, 2019: Na-agbanwe n'Oké Osimiri, Ecosystem nke mmiri, na obodo ndị dabere. N'ime: Akụkọ pụrụ iche IPCC gbasara oke osimiri na Cryosphere na ihu igwe na-agbanwe agbanwe [H.-O. Pörtner, DC Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, NM Weyer ( ed.)). Na pịa. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/09_SROCC_Ch05_FINAL.pdf

N'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke sitere n'oké osimiri agaghị adị ogologo oge ma ọ bụrụ na emeghị omume na-adigide karịa. Akụkọ pụrụ iche nke 2019 na oké osimiri na Cryosphere na-ekwu na ngalaba ịkụ azụ na aquaculture dị nnọọ mfe maka ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala ihu igwe. Karịsịa, isi nke ise nke akụkọ ahụ na-arụ ụka maka ịba ụba ego na aquaculture ma gosipụta ọtụtụ akụkụ nke nyocha dị mkpa iji kwalite nkwado ogologo oge. Na nkenke, a pụghị ileghara mkpa omume aquaculture na-adigide anya.

Heidi K Alleway, Chris L Gillies, Melanie J Bishop, Rebecca R Gentry, Seth J Theuerkauf, Robert Jones, The Ecosystem Services of Marine Aquaculture: Uru bara uru nye ndị mmadụ na okike, BioScience, Mpịakọta 69, mbipụta 1, Jenụwarị 2019, ibe 59 -68, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biy137

Ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'ụwa na-aga n'ihu na-eto eto, Aquaculture ga-abụ ihe dị mkpa maka inye nri mmiri n'ọdịnihu. Otú ọ dị, ihe ịma aka ndị metụtara akụkụ ọjọọ nke aquaculture nwere ike igbochi mmụba mmepụta ihe. A ga-ebelata mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi naanị site n'ịbawanye nnabata, nghọta, na ndekọ ego nke inye ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi site na ịhịa aka n'ahụ site na atumatu ohuru, ego, na atụmatụ asambodo nke nwere ike ịkwalite nnyefe uru. N'ihi ya, aquaculture kwesịrị ile anya na ọ bụghị dị iche iche na gburugburu ebe obibi kama dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ bụrụhaala na etinyere usoro nlekọta kwesịrị ekwesị.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2017). Nnyocha Aquaculture NOAA – Map Akụkọ. Ngalaba Azụmahịa. https://noaa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Shortlist/index.html?appid=7b4af1ef0efb425ba35d6f2c8595600f

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration mepụtara maapụ akụkọ mmekọrịta nke na-akọwapụta ọrụ nyocha nke ime nke ha na aquaculture. Ọrụ ndị a na-agụnye nyocha nke ọdịbendị nke ụdị ụfọdụ, nyocha usoro ndụ, nri ndị ọzọ, acidification oké osimiri, na uru na mmetụta ndị nwere ike ibi na ya. Map akụkọ ahụ na-akọwapụta ọrụ NOAA site na 2011 ruo 2016 ma bara uru maka ụmụ akwụkwọ, ndị nchọpụta nwere mmasị na ọrụ NOAA gara aga, na ndị na-ege ntị n'ozuzu.

Engle, C., McNevin, A., Racine, P., Boyd, C., Paungkaew, D., Viriyatum, R., Quoc Tinh, H., na Ngo Minh, H. (2017, Eprel 3). Economics of Sustainable Intensification of Aquaculture: Ihe akaebe sitere na Ugbo na Vietnam na Thailand. Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke World Aquaculture Society, Vol. 48, Nke 2, p. 227-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12423.

Uto nke aquaculture dị mkpa iji nye nri maka ịba ụba ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ụwa niile. Ọmụmụ ihe a lere anya n'ugbo 40 aquaculture na Thailand na 43 na Vietnam iji chọpụta ka uto nke aquaculture na mpaghara ndị a si na-adigide. Nchọcha a chọpụtara na ọ bara uru mgbe ndị ọrụ ugbo na-akụ ahịhịa na-eji ihe ndị sitere n'okike na ihe ndị ọzọ eme ihe n'ụzọ dị mma nakwa na a pụrụ ime ka aquaculture dị n'ikpere mmiri dịkwuo mma. A ka ga-achọ nyocha ndị ọzọ iji nye nduzi na-aga n'ihu metụtara omume nlekọta na-adigide maka aquaculture.

3. Mmetọ na iyi egwu gburugburu

Føre, H. na Thorvaldsen, T. (2021, Febụwarị 15). Nyocha ihe kpatara mgbapụ nke salmon Atlantic na egwurugwu egwurugwu sitere na ugbo Azụ Norwegian N'oge 2010 - 2018. Aquaculture, Vol. 532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736002

Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya banyere ugbo azụ̀ Norwegian chọpụtara na 92% nke azụ̀ niile a na-agbapụ bụ site n'ugbo azụ̀ ndị dị n'oké osimiri, ebe ihe na-erughị 7% sitere na akụrụngwa ala na 1% sitere na njem. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ lere anya n'afọ itoolu (2019-2018) wee gụọ ihe karịrị 305 kọrọ na ihe gbapụrụ agbapụ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde abụọ gbapụrụ azụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ a dị ịrịba ama n'ihi na ọmụmụ ihe ahụ bụ naanị Salmon na Rainbow Trout na-arụ ọrụ na Norway. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụzọ mgbapụ ndị a bụ oghere ndị dị n'ụgbụ ahụ kpatara, ọ bụ ezie na ihe ndị ọzọ na nkà na ụzụ dị ka ngwá ọrụ mebiri emebi na ihu igwe na-adịghị mma na-ekere òkè. Ọmụmụ ihe a na-akọwapụta nsogbu dị mkpa nke aquaculture aquaculture na-emeghe mmiri dịka omume na-adịghị adịgide adịgide.

Racine, P., Marley, A., Froehlich, H., Gaines, S., Ladner, I., MacAdam-Somer, I., na Bradley, D. (2021). Okwu maka nsonye aquaculture aquaculture n'oké osimiri na njikwa mmetọ nri US, amụma mmiri, Vol. 129, 2021, 104506, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104506.

Ahịhịa ahịhịa nwere ike ibelata mmetọ nri mmiri, igbochi eutrophication na-eto eto (gụnyere hypoxia), yana ịbawanye njikwa mmetọ nke ala site na iwepu nnukwu nitrogen na phosphorus site na gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ụsọ osimiri. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ka ọ dị ugbu a, a naghị eji ahịhịa ndụ eme ihe n'ọrụ a. Ka ụwa na-aga n'ihu na-ata ahụhụ site na mmetụta nke mmiri ozuzo na-edozi ahụ, ahịhịa mmiri na-enye ngwọta enyi na gburugburu ebe obibi nke bara uru itinye ego na-adịru nwa oge maka ụgwọ ọrụ ogologo oge.

Flegel, T. na Alday-Sanz, V. (2007, Julaị) Nsogbu dị na Asia Shrimp Aquaculture: Ọnọdụ dị ugbu a na mkpa ọdịnihu. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Applied Ichthyology. Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1998.tb00654.x

N'ime etiti afọ 2000, ahụrụ ahịhịa niile a na-akọkarị n'Eshia nwere ọrịa White-Spot na-akpata ọ ga-efunahụ ọtụtụ ijeri dollar. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekwu okwu banyere ọrịa a, nchọpụta ikpe a na-eme ka ihe egwu dị na ọrịa dị n'ime ụlọ ọrụ aquaculture pụta ìhè. Ịga n'ihu n'ihu nyocha na ọrụ mmepe ga-adị mkpa, ma ọ bụrụ na ụlọ ọrụ shrimp ga-adịgide, gụnyere: nghọta ka mma nke nchebe shrimp megide ọrịa; nyocha ọzọ banyere nri; na mkpochapụ mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi.

Boyd, C., D'Abramo, L., Glencross, B., David C. Huyben, D., Juarez, L., Lockwood, G., McNevin, A., Tacon, A., Teletchea, F., Tomasso Jr, J., Tucker, C., Valenti, W. (2020, Jun 24). Inweta Aquaculture Sustainable: Echiche akụkọ ihe mere eme na ugbu a yana mkpa na ihe ịma aka n'ọdịnihu. Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke World Aquaculture Society. Wiley Online Libraryhttps://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12714

N'ime afọ ise gara aga, ụlọ ọrụ Aquaculture ebelatala akara ụkwụ carbon ya site na iji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emepụta usoro mmepụta ọhụrụ nke belatara ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ, belata ojiji nke mmiri dị ọcha n'otu nkeji a na-emepụta, meziwanye usoro nlekọta nri, ma nakwere omume ọrụ ugbo ọhụrụ. Ọmụmụ ihe a na-egosi na ọ bụ ezie na aquaculture na-aga n'ihu na-ahụ ụfọdụ mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi, usoro n'ozuzu ya na-aga n'ihu na ụlọ ọrụ na-adịgide adịgide.

Turchini, G., Jesse T. Trushenski, J., na Glencross, B. (2018, Septemba 15). Echiche maka Ọdịnihu nke Aquaculture Nutrition: Echiche na-emezigharị iji tụgharịa uche n'okwu ndị dị ugbu a metụtara iji ikike mmiri eme ihe na Aquafeeds. American Fisheries Society. https://doi.org/10.1002/naaq.10067 https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/naaq.10067

N'ime ọtụtụ iri afọ gara aga, ndị nchọpụta enweela nnukwu ọganihu na nyocha ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ na nri nri ọzọ. Agbanyeghị, ịdabere na akụrụngwa mmiri ka bụ ihe mgbochi na-aga n'ihu na-ebelata nkwado. Atụmatụ nyocha zuru oke-dakọtara na mkpa ụlọ ọrụ yana lekwasịrị anya na nhazi nri na mmeju ihe na-eme ihe - dị mkpa iji kpalite ọganihu n'ọdịnihu na nri nri aquaculture.

Buck, B., Troell, M., Krause, G., Angel, D., Grote, B., na Chopin, T. (2018, Mee 15). Ọnọdụ nka na ihe ịma aka maka Aquaculture Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture Offshore (IMTA). Ọganihu na Sayensị Marine. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00165

Ndị dere akwụkwọ a na-arụ ụka na ịkwaga akụrụngwa aquaculture gaa n'oké osimiri mepere emepe ma pụọ ​​​​na usoro gburugburu ebe obibi dị nso ga-enyere aka mgbasawanye nke mmepụta nri mmiri. Ọmụmụ ihe a kacha mma na nchịkọta ya nke ugbu a na mmepe teknụzụ aquaculture nke dị n'ụsọ osimiri, karịsịa iji aquaculture multi-trophic jikọtara ọnụ ebe ọtụtụ ụdị (dị ka finfish, oysters, cucumbers, na kelp) na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji mepụta usoro ihe ọkụkụ. Agbanyeghị, ekwesiri iburu n'uche na aquaculture aquaculture nke dị n'ụsọ mmiri ka nwere ike ịkpata mmerụ ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ kabeghị nke ọma n'ụzọ akụ na ụba.

Duarte, C., Wu, J., Xiao, X., Bruhn, A., Krause-Jensen, D. (2017). Ịkụ ahịhịa mmiri nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na mbelata na mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe? Oke oke na Science Marine, Vol. 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00100

Aquaculture nke ahịhịa mmiri abụghị naanị akụkụ na-eto ngwa ngwa nke mmepụta nri zuru ụwa ọnụ mana ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike inye aka mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe na usoro mgbanwe. Aquaculture aquaculture nke ahihia nwere ike ime ka carbon sink maka mmepụta biofuel, meziwanye mma ala site n'ime ihe ngbanwe na fatịlaịza sịntetik na-emerụ emerụ karị, ma na-ebelata ike ebili mmiri iji chebe oke osimiri. Agbanyeghị, ụlọ ọrụ aquaculture aquaculture dị ugbu a nwere oke site na enwere mpaghara kwesịrị ekwesị yana asọmpi maka mpaghara dabara adaba na ojiji ndị ọzọ, sistemụ injinia nwere ike ịnagide ọnọdụ siri ike n'ụsọ mmiri, yana ịba ụba ahịa ahịa maka ngwaahịa ahịhịa, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ.

5. Aquaculture na di iche iche, nha nha nha, nsonye, ​​na ikpe ziri ezi

FAO. 2018. State of World Fisheries na Aquaculture 2018 - izute ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe na-adigide. Rome. Akwụkwọ ikike: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. http://www.fao.org/3/i9540en/i9540en.pdf

Agenda 2030 nke United Nations maka mmepe na-adigide na ebumnuche mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na-enye ohere nyocha nke ịkụ azụ na aquaculture nke na-elekwasị anya na nchekwa nri, oriri na-edozi ahụ, iji ihe ndị sitere n'okike na-adịgide adịgide, ma na-eburu n'uche ọnọdụ akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ a dị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ ise ugbu a, nlebara anya ya na ọchịchị dabere na ikike maka mmepe ziri ezi na nke gụnyere ka dị oke mkpa taa.

6. Iwu na iwu gbasara Aquaculture

National Oceanic and Atmospheric nchịkwa. (2022). Ntuziaka maka ikwe ka mmiri mmiri na United States. Ngalaba Azụmahịa, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/2022-02/Guide-Permitting-Marine-Aquaculture-United-States-2022.pdf

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration mepụtara ntuziaka maka ndị nwere mmasị na atumatu aquaculture nke United States na inye ikike. Ezubere ntuziaka a maka ndị nwere mmasị itinye akwụkwọ maka ikike ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri yana ndị chọrọ ịmụtakwu maka usoro inye ikike gụnyere ngwa ngwa. Ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ ahụ ezughị oke, ọ gụnyere ndepụta nke steeti site na steeti na-enye ohere maka azụ azụ, finfish na ahịhịa mmiri.

Ụlọ ọrụ Executive nke President. (2020, Mee 7). US Executive Order 13921, Na-akwalite asọmpi nri oke osimiri America na uto akụ na ụba.

Na mbido 2020, Onye isi ala Biden bịanyere aka na EO 13921 nke Mee 7, 2020, iji kwalite ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ US. N'ụzọ doro anya, Nkebi nke 6 depụtara ụkpụrụ atọ maka ikike ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri: 

  1. dị n'ime EEZ na n'èzí mmiri nke Steeti ma ọ bụ Territory ọ bụla,
  2. chọrọ nyocha gburugburu ma ọ bụ ikike site na ụlọ ọrụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa (Federal), na
  3. Ụlọ ọrụ nke ga-abụ ụlọ ọrụ ndu ekpebiela na ọ ga-akwado nkwupụta mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi (EIS). 

Ebumnuche ndị a bụ iji kwalite ụlọ ọrụ nri mmiri na-asọ mpi n'ime United States, tinye nri dị mma na ahụike na tebụl America, ma tinye aka na akụ na ụba America. Iwu nchịkwa a na-elebakwa anya na nsogbu ndị ahụ na ịkụ azụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, nke a na-akọghị, na nke na-achịkwaghị achịkwa, ma na-akwalite nghọta.

FAO. 2017. Climate Smart Agriculture Sourcebook – Climate-Smart Fisheries and Aquaculture. Rome.http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/production-resources/module-b4-fisheries/b4-overview/en/

Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo emepụtala akwụkwọ akụkọ iji "ịkọwakwuo echiche nke ọrụ ugbo nke ihu igwe" gụnyere ma ikike ya na njedebe ya maka ime ihe banyere mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe. Isi iyi a ga-akacha baa uru maka ndị na-eme amụma na ọkwa mba na nke mba.

Iwu AQUAculture nke mba nke 1980 nke Septemba 26, 1980, Iwu Ọhaneze 96-362, 94 Stat. 1198, 16 USC 2801, na nke ọzọ. https://www.agriculture.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/National%20Aquaculture%20Act%20Of%201980.pdf

Ọtụtụ n'ime iwu United States banyere Aquaculture nwere ike ị nwetaghachi na National Aquaculture Act nke 1980. Iwu a chọrọ Ngalaba Agriculture, Ngalaba Azụmahịa, Ngalaba nke ime ime, na Regional Fishery Management Councils iji guzobe National Aquaculture Development Development. Atụmatụ. Iwu ahụ kpọrọ oku maka atụmatụ iji chọpụta ụdị mmiri ndị nwere ike iji azụmaahịa, wepụta ihe ndị a tụrụ aro ka ha mee ma ndị na-eme ihe n'onwe na nke ọha iji kwalite aquaculture na nyocha mmetụta nke aquaculture na estuarine na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri. Ọ mekwara Interagency Working Group on Aquaculture dị ka usoro ụlọ ọrụ iji nye ohere maka nhazi n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti US na mmemme metụtara aquaculture. Ụdị atụmatụ kachasị ọhụrụ, nke Atụmatụ Strategic nke Mba maka Nchọpụta Aquaculture Federal (2014-2019), nke National Science and Technology Council Council on Science Interagency Working Group on Aquaculture kere ya.

7. Ihe ndị ọzọ

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration kere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ lekwasịrị anya n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke Aquaculture na United State. Akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara ibe nyocha a gụnyere: Aquaculture na mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi, Aquaculture na-enye ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi bara uru, Idozi ihu igwe na Aquaculture, Enyemaka Ọdachi Maka Azụ Azụ, Aquaculture Marine na US, Ihe ize ndụ nwere ike ịgbanarị Aquaculture, Iwu nke Mmiri Aquaculture, na Nri Aquaculture na-adigide na nri azụ.

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