Dzuwa Lisanalowe: Kusintha Chemical Chemistry, Global Marine Resources, ndi Malire a Zida Zathu Zalamulo Kuthana ndi Zowopsa.

Olemba: Mark J. Spalding
Dzina Lofalitsidwa: Nkhani ya International Environmental Law Committee. May 2011: Vol. 13, No. 2, Tsamba 8.
Tsiku Lofalitsidwa: Lamlungu, May 1, 2011

UTHENGA OCHOKERA KWA MIPANDE

Robin Craig Florida State University College of Law 
Wapampando, Marine Resources Committee ABA Gawo la Zachilengedwe, Mphamvu, ndi Zida
Roger Martella Sidley ndi Austin LLP Chair, International Environmental Law Committee ABA Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources
Chris J. Costanzo SolarReserve Co-Chair, International Environmental Law Committee ABA Gawo la International Law
Royal C. Gardner Stetson University College of Law Co-Chair, International Environmental Law Committee ABA Section of International Law

Takulandirani ku kalata yapaderayi yophatikizana ya SEER Marine Resources ndi SEER ndi SIL International Environmental Law Committees! Nyanja zakhala zikugwirizana momveka bwino ndi malamulo a mayiko, kuyambira ku miyambo yakale. Kuyesa kutsata malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi omwe amagwira ntchito panyanja kuyambira Hugo Grotius's 1609 Mare Liberum mpaka kubadwa kwaposachedwa kwambiri kwa United States.
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ndi mkangano wokhazikika wa United States wokhudza kuvomereza mgwirizanowu. Chifukwa chake makomiti athu atatu ali okondwa kupereka kalata yolumikizana iyi pozindikira kugwirizana kumeneku.

Nkhani zomwe zili mu kalatayi zikukamba za mitu yosiyanasiyana yomwe ilipo panopa pamzere wa zinthu za m'nyanja ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani ina ya mutu wakuti, “Papahânaumokuâkea Inscribed as World Heritage Site”—ikufotokoza mmene World Heritage Convention posachedwapa yasinthiratu udindo wa malo otchedwa Papahânaumokuâkea Marine National Monument. Malo akuluakulu apanyanjawa amateteza zachilengedwe za ku Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, ndipo tsopano ndi amodzi mwa malo ochepa a World Heritage Sites omwe adasankhidwa chifukwa cha chilengedwe komanso chikhalidwe chake.

Nkhani zina zikukamba za nkhani zomwe zikungoyamba kumene padziko lonse lapansi. Mu "Dzuwa Lisanalowe: Kusintha Chemistry Yam'nyanja, Zida Zapanyanja Zapadziko Lonse, ndi Malire a Zida Zathu Zalamulo Kuti Tithane ndi Zowopsa," Mark Spalding akufotokoza zavuto lomwe likuchulukirachulukira - komanso lomwe likukulirakulira - la kusakhazikika kwa asidi m'nyanja, lomwe ena amalitcha. kusintha kwa nyengo "mapasa oipa". Mofanana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, kusintha kwa nyanja kumafuna yankho la dziko lonse-ndipo kumaperekanso malingaliro okhudzana ndi kudalira geo-engineering monga njira yothetsera mavuto ochiritsira a kusintha kwa nyengo. Chad McGuire, nayenso, amatenga… MISSING PGS 2-8

DZUWA LISINALOWA: KUSINTHA CHEMISTRY OCEAN, GLOBAL MARINE RESOURCES, NDI MALIRE A ZIPANGIZO ZA MALAMULO ZATHU ZOCHITIKA ZONSE

Introduction

Zomwe tatsala pang'ono kuziwona m'nyanja zimakhala ngati dzuŵa litalowa m'chipululu: maonekedwe a mapiri ndi malo akusintha-kutaya mitundu yawo yowala ndi yofunda, kukhala imvi ndi yopanda mawonekedwe. Nyanja ikulandira mpweya wambiri wochokera m'magalimoto, mafakitale opangira magetsi, ndi mafakitale monga sinki yathu yaikulu ya carbon, koma silingathe kuyamwa CO2 yonseyi kuchokera mumlengalenga mu plankton ndi zomera. Choncho mu njira yosavuta ya mankhwala, CO2 m'malo mwake imasungunuka m'madzi, koma osakhazikika mu zomera kapena zinyama, ndipo imachepetsa pH ya madzi, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale acidic. Izi zayamba kusintha pH ya m'nyanja yonse, ndipo zikuyembekezeka kusokoneza mphamvu ya zamoyo zokhala ndi calcium kuti zizikula bwino. Pamene pH ikutsika, tidzaona kutayika kwa kuwala pansi pa madzi, ndipo miyala yathu ya coral idzataya mtundu wake, mazira athu a nsomba, urchins, ndi nkhono zidzasungunuka, nkhalango za kelp zidzachepa, ndipo dziko lathu la pansi pa madzi lidzakhala lotuwa komanso lopanda mawonekedwe. . Padzakhala mbandakucha watsopano pamene mtundu ndi moyo zidzabwerera, pambuyo pa dongosolo lokhazikika lokha, koma sizingatheke kuti aliyense wa ife adzakhala pano kuti awone.

Pamene tikusintha chemistry ya m'nyanja ndi liwiro losakhala lachilengedwe, timayamba ndi lingaliro lakuti tonsefe timafuna ndipo titha kupindula pamodzi pobwezeretsa ndi kusunga pH ya nyanja yapadziko lonse lapansi pamlingo womwe umathandizira nyanja zolimba komanso zopindulitsa, malinga ndi zomwe tafotokozazi. zomwe tikudziwa. Kodi tifunika kuchita chiyani kuti tipititse patsogolo njira zochepetsera komanso zosinthira ocean acidization (OA)? Chemistry ndi yolunjika. Kupitilira konenedweratu kwa chiwopsezo cha acidity yayikulu ndikudziwikiratu, ndipo n'kovuta kuneneratu mwachindunji. Zotsatira za zamoyo zomwe zimakhala mu zipolopolo za calcium bicarbonate ndi matanthwe ndizosavuta kulingalira. Kuonongeka kwa madera a phytoplankton ndi zooplankton, maziko a ukonde wazakudya kotero kuti mitundu yonse ya zamalonda zam'madzi imakolola, ndizovuta kuneneratu, ponse pa malo komanso kwakanthawi.

Timadziwa “motani” ndi “chifukwa chiyani” koma osati zambiri za “motani, kuti, kapena liti.” Titha kuphunzira zambiri pambuyo poti lipoti laperekedwa kuchokera mu January 2011 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Workshop on Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Biology and Ecosystems. Popanda ndandanda yanthawi, kuneneratu kotheratu, komanso kutsimikizika kwa malo pazovuta za acidity ya m'nyanja (zosalunjika kapena mwachindunji), mamembala a gulu loteteza zachilengedwe akufuna kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu pakukula kwa acidity yam'nyanja kuti abwezeretse ndikulimbikitsa nyanja yabwino. kuchedwetsedwa ndi ena omwe akufuna kudziwa zambiri za nthawi yomwe tikuyembekezera kuti tidzafike pazigawo zomwe zidzakhudza zamoyo zina, ndi kutchula mbali za nyanja zomwe zidzakhudzidwe kwambiri komanso liti. Ena mwa iwo amene adzaika mabuleki adzakhala asayansi amene akufuna kufufuza zambiri, ena adzakhala amene akufuna kusunga mafuta opangidwa ndi mafuta.

Ndizovuta kupanga zitsanzo za momwe chuma chikuyendera komanso zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa kuti zichitike pazamalonda zamtundu wina ndi anthu omwe amadalira. Momwemonso, sitingathe kupenda mokwanira mtengo wa kusachitapo kanthu kwa madera okhudzidwa, makamaka omwe chuma chawo cha coral reef ndicho maziko a chuma chawo, chitetezo cha chakudya, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Komabe, tingayambe kulemba madera omwe akhudzidwa ndi zachuma-pakati pawo madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja; nsomba, nkhanu, ndi nkhanu; ndi ogulitsa nkhono ndi alimi. Choncho tikhoza kuyamba kuwerengetsa zowonongeka, kapena ndalama zosinthira, monga kukhazikitsa makina osungira ndi pH balancing mu nthawi yochepa ndikupita kumtunda wotsekedwa ndi ulimi wa nsomba zam'madzi ndi nyama zina. Tithanso kuganiza kuti zidzakhala zovuta kwambiri kwa alimi a nkhono za m'nyanja yotseguka kugula inshuwalansi kapena kupeza ndalama zothandizira ntchito zawo.

Iyi ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri pazachuma padziko lonse lapansi: ocean bivalve mariculture (scallops, oyster, and mussels) yokha yakwera kwambiri mzaka makumi awiri zapitazi- kuwirikiza kawiri ku United States ndikuyimira mazana a mamiliyoni a madola pazachuma zachindunji komanso zosalunjika (Andrew 2009 ( zomwe zasiyidwa). Nthawi zambiri imatengedwa ngati chida chotukuka chokhazikika pazachuma m'deralo, bivalve, mussel, ndi pearl mariculture imalemba anthu opitilira 200,000 m'midzi ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku India. Mariculture of the giant clam ndi bizinesi yomwe ikubwera kumadera akumidzi monga ku Solomon Islands, kumene kudyera masuku pamutu kunachititsa kuti nkhonozi zimene anthu amadalira kwambiri ziwonongeke.

Theka la anthu amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja kapena pafupi ndi nyanja, ndipo nyanja imapereka gawo lalikulu la chakudya cha tsiku ndi tsiku kwa anthu mamiliyoni mazana ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa chake, kuchepa kwa acidity m'nyanja kumapereka chiwopsezo chachikulu pachitetezo cha chakudya. Kusatetezeka kwa chakudya, kungayambitsenso zovuta zosiyanasiyana zachitetezo chapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zimachokera ku mpikisano wokhudzana ndi chakudya chofunikira, kusamuka kokakamiza, komanso kuchuluka kwa othawa kwawo.

Kuchokera kumalingaliro azamalamulo apadziko lonse lapansi, tili ndi kusamvana koyipa komanso kusakwanira kwa mfundo. Chifukwa cha OA ndi chapadziko lonse lapansi, monganso njira zothetsera vutoli. Koma ndalama zambiri zimakhala zakumaloko monga kusodza kotayika, kutayika kwa alendo oyenda pansi pamadzi / snorkel, ndipo pamapeto pake, kuchepa kwa mapuloteni am'deralo chifukwa chakutayika kwakukulu kwa zokolola za m'nyanja. Tilibe malamulo enieni apadziko lonse okhudzana ndi OA. Tikayang'ana mapangano omwe alipo padziko lonse lapansi, tilibe njira zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito kukakamiza mayiko akuluakulu otulutsa mpweya wa CO2 kuti asinthe machitidwe awo. Ku United States, pangakhale kugwiritsa ntchito pang'ono kwa Act Clean Water Act kulengeza kuti matupi ena amadzi ndi "owonongeka" chifukwa cha kusintha kwa pH. Momwemonso, titha kugwiritsa ntchito National Environmental Policy Act, Endangered Species Act, ndi zina zotero, kuteteza malo ndi zamoyo ku OA. Komabe, palibe lamulo limodzi mwamalamulowa lomwe lidaganizira kwenikweni kuyipitsa kwa CO2 komwe kumayambitsa kusintha kwa pH m'madzi adziko lathu, kutanthauzira kwamalamulo kumatha kupita mwanjira iliyonse, motero zotsatira zalamulo sizidziwika. Chifukwa chake, timafika ku mawonedwe akale omwe maloya oweruza amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito: "Ngati zenizeni sizili kumbali yanu, tsutsani malamulo. Ngati palibe amene ali kumbali yanu, tsutsani ngati gehena. " Chifukwa chake, tiyenera kukhala okonzeka kuthana ndi kusintha kwamankhwala kumeneku mokweza komanso nthawi zambiri ndikuyembekeza kukayikira kuti kunyengerera kumagonjetse chikhumbo cha anthu chofuna kuchita zinthu mwanzeru.

Chidziwitso cha Monaco (October 2008) chinavomerezedwa ndi asayansi 155 ochokera m'mayiko 26, omwe ali atsogoleri a kafukufuku wa acidity ya nyanja, kuphatikizapo zotsatira zake. Chotsatirachi ndi chidule cha mitu ya chilengezocho, ndipo mwina ndicho chiyambi cha chiitano chakuchitapo kanthu: (1) kusungunuka kwa asidi m’nyanja kuli mkati; (2) zochitika za acidification m'nyanja zayamba kale kudziwika; (3) acidification ya m'nyanja ikupita patsogolo ndipo kuwonongeka kwakukulu kuli pafupi; (4) acidity ya m'nyanjayi idzakhala ndi zotsatira za chikhalidwe cha anthu; (5) acidification m'nyanja ndi mofulumira, koma kuchira adzakhala pang'onopang'ono; ndi (6) acidity ya m'nyanja imatha kulamuliridwa pochepetsa milingo ya CO2 yamtsogolo.

Mwachidule, tingathe kuganiza kuti pali zokonda zamalonda, zotsutsana ndi umphawi, ndi chitetezo cha dziko zomwe ziyenera kugwirizana ndi zokonda zachitetezo cha nyanja kuyitanitsa njira zothetsera ndondomeko ndi malamulo zomwe zimabweretsa njira zochepetsera OA ndi kusintha. Tikudziwa kuti zachilengedwe za m’nyanja za m’nyanja n’zolimba kwambiri, choncho ngati mgwirizano umenewu wa anthu odzikonda ungabwere pamodzi n’kuyenda mofulumira, mwina sikuchedwa kwambiri kuti tipitirire ku nthawi ndi malo amene tikulimbikitsa kuyanjananso kwachilengedwe kwa nyanja. chemistry.

I. Lamulo Lapadziko Lonse ndi Zachilengedwe Zam'madzi
Mapangano oyenerera apadziko lonse lapansi amakhazikitsa "alamu yamoto" yomwe ingatchule vuto la acidity yam'nyanja padziko lonse lapansi. Mapanganowa akuphatikizapo UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Kyoto Protocol, ndi UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Chotsatira chake, tili ndi ndondomeko yomwe ingabweretse nkhaniyi kwa maphwando ku mgwirizano uliwonse, pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zonyengerera makhalidwe kuti zichititse manyazi maboma kuti achitepo kanthu. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri chifukwa chovulalacho nthawi zambiri chimayembekezeredwa ndipo chamwazikana, m'malo mokhalapo, chomveka bwino, komanso chapadera. Monga tawonera kale pakuwona zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo mokulirapo, ngati kupitilizabe kuchitapo kanthu kwapadziko lonse lapansi pang'ono kapena kulibe, ambiri omwe ali pachiwopsezo adzayang'ana maufulu owonjezera omwe angakhale nawo.

Mwachiwonekere, kuyesayesa kuyenera kuchitidwa kuti agwirizane pakuchitapo kanthu pa OA dziko lililonse lisanalowe m'milandu yapadziko lonse lapansi motsutsana ndi omwe atulutsa mpweya wambiri wa CO2 pofuna kuletsa zomwe zikuchitika ku OA. Ku United States, malingaliro olakwika okhudza ntchito ya mapangano a mayiko pa nkhani zapakhomo ali ochuluka. Mlandu uliwonse wapadziko lonse lapansi ungapangitse anthu kufuna kuti US achepetse kutenga nawo gawo pamapangano aliwonse amayiko monga mapangano a chilengedwe. Kumbali ina, milandu yotereyi, kuphatikiza kuyitanidwa kuti ateteze ntchito zokhudzana ndi nyanja, zitha kupatsa oyang'anira omwe amakhalapo chivundikiro chokwanira kuti apange mwachangu.
malonjezano ofunikira.

Mgwirizano wa UN pa Biological Diversity sutchulapo za OA, koma cholinga chake pa kuteteza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo zimayamba chifukwa cha nkhawa zathu za OA, zomwe zakhala zikukambidwa pamisonkhano yosiyanasiyana yamagulu. Osachepera, titha kuyembekezera Secretariat kuyang'anira mwachangu ndikupereka lipoti za OA kupita mtsogolo.

Msonkhano wa London ndi Protocol ndi MARPOL, mgwirizano wa International Maritime Organisation wokhudza kuipitsa m'madzi akungoyang'ana kwambiri pakutaya, kutulutsa, ndi kutulutsa zombo zapanyanja kuti zithandizire kwambiri kuthana ndi OA.

Bungwe la UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) ndi Kyoto Protocol ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Ngakhale mgwirizano kapena protocol imanena za acidity ya m'nyanja. Ndipo, "maudindo" a maphwando a UNFCC amawonetsedwa mwakufuna kwawo. Kungakhale bwino, misonkhano ya maphwando a msonkhano uno idzapereka nthawi ndi malo oti akambirane za OA. Komabe, zotsatira zoipa za msonkhano wa nyengo ku Copenhagen ndi Msonkhano wa Maphwando ku Cancun sizikuwoneka bwino posachedwapa. Ndipo, gulu laling'ono kwambiri la osunga malamulo likubweretsa ndalama zambiri ku United States, komanso m'mayiko ena, kuti kusintha kwa nyengo kukhala "njanji yachitatu" ya ndale yomwe iwo omwe amawakweza akhoza kuchotsedwa mwachidule ngati ochita zinthu monyanyira. akufuna kuwononga moyo waku America, kusankha, ndi capitalism yokha.

Mofananamo, UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) samatchula OA. Koma imafotokoza momveka bwino za ufulu ndi udindo wa Maphwando okhudzana ndi chitetezo cha nyanja. Ndime 194 ndi 207 makamaka zimavomereza lingaliro lakuti magulu a UNCLOS ayenera kuteteza, kuchepetsa, ndi kuletsa kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe cha m'nyanja. Mwina pamene kulembedwa malamulowa analibe OA m'maganizo, koma udindo umenewu, pamodzi ndi makonzedwe a udindo ndi udindo komanso chipukuta misozi ndi kutengera dongosolo lazamalamulo m'dziko lililonse, akhoza kupereka njira zina kuchita nawo mbali kuti athane ndi OA. Chifukwa chake, UNCLOS ikhoza kukhala muvi wamphamvu kwambiri paphodo lathu, koma United States sinavomerezepo.

Mosakayikira, UNCLOS itayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1994, idakhala lamulo lapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo United States ikuyenera kuchita zomwe ikupereka. Koma tingakhale opusa kunena kuti zingakhale zophweka kukokera United States mu njira yothetsera mikangano ya UNCLOS poyitanira kuti iyankhe kudziko lomwe lili pachiwopsezo chofuna kuchitapo kanthu pa OA. Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale United States ndi China, omwe ndi mayiko awiri akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi, adachita nawo njirayi, chipani chodandaula chikhoza kukhala chovuta kutsimikizira kuti chiwonongeko, kapena kuti maboma awiri a emitter adayambitsa makamaka kuvulaza, zomwe ndi zofunikira zaulamuliro. kwa UNCLOS njira yothetsera mikangano.

II. Lamulo Lapakhomo la US, Mwayi Wolankhula ndi Emitter Wofunika Kwambiri
Ocean acidization ndi nkhani yapadziko lonse lapansi yomwe imafuna kuchitapo kanthu kunyumba. Titha kuchitapo kanthu kuti tithane ndi vutoli, kapena titha kugwa m'ndondomeko zoyendetsedwa ndi zovuta (nthawi zambiri zokhala ndi zotulukapo zilizonse kapena palibe). Mu 2009, kutsatira zoyesayesa za oyimira ambiri kuphatikiza Stephen Lutz, Ph.D. (ya projekiti ya Ocean Foundation ya Blue Climate Solutions), Congress idapereka lamulo la Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring (FOARAM) Act, lomwe likufuna kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndondomeko/pulogalamu ya federal ocean acidification planation process/program, yomwe iyenera kuphatikizapo (1) kuwonetsetsa mwamphamvu. netiweki, (2) kafukufuku wokwaniritsa zofunikira zazidziwitso, (3) kuunika ndi kuthandizira kuti apereke chidziwitso choyenera kwa opanga zisankho, (4) kasamalidwe ka data, (5) malo ndi maphunziro a ofufuza a OA, ndi (6) kukonza bwino pulogalamu ndi kasamalidwe. Mwanjira iyi, tili ndi chiyambi chakumvetsetsa bwino vutoli, koma mwina osati njira yodzitetezera mokwanira. (Mwatsoka, kuchepetsedwa kwa ndalama zomwe zaperekedwa ku Nyumba ya Oyimilira kuthetseratu pulogalamu ya NOAA yomwe yatsala pang'ono kutha ya acidification ya nyanja ndi ndondomeko ya kafukufuku, kuthetsa kufufuza kofunikira komwe kumathandiza kuteteza mamiliyoni a ntchito zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi nsomba za m'nyanja ndi mwayi wosangalala wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja.)

Ocean acidization sichimangika kwenikweni kumakampani apadera kapena gawo lamakampani. Choncho, tikukamba za kusachitapo kanthu kwa boma kuti athetse mpweya wa CO2 nthawi zambiri, zomwe sizimayankhidwa mosavuta pogwiritsa ntchito makhothi apakhomo. Kuonjezera apo, chifukwa OA sikuyipitsa kuwulutsa komwe kumatumizidwa kudutsa malire, koma kuipitsidwa komwe kumakokedwa m'nyanja ndi nyanja ngati sink ya kaboni (yomwe tikufuna kuti izitha kuchita, apo ayi tikhala oyipa kwambiri), mwina sitingatero. athe kufikira pachiwopsezo chachindunji kuti alandire ulamuliro. Pakhoza kukhala zovuta za umboni (kusakhalapo kwa zowonongeka mwamsanga-kuvulaza / mtengo), ndipo sizingatheke kuti munthu angapeze mpumulo weniweni, kapena kuwonongeka kwa chilango. Pomaliza, pafupifupi boma lililonse (kapena munthu) limathandizira kutulutsa mpweya wa CO2, kotero palibe amene angabwere kukhoti ndi "manja oyera" (ndipo tiwona kuti mfundo yofananira yosavulaza ingachepetse kugwiritsa ntchito Khothi Lalikulu Ladziko Lonse. ).

Mlandu woyamba wapakhomo m’dzikoli unaperekedwa pansi pa lamulo la federal Water Act ndipo anakasuma ku Khoti Lachigawo la US ku Seattle mu May 2009. Bungwe la Center for Biological Diversity linanena kuti bungwe la US Environmental Protection Agency (ndi boma la Washington) lalephera. kuzindikira zotsatira za acidity ya nyanja pamadzi a ku Washington, monga akuyenera kutero pansi pa ndime 303(d) ya Act Clean Water Act. Madandaulo a CBD akuwoneka kuti akuwonetsa kuti CO2 ndi choipitsa chomwe chimayambitsa kusintha kwa pH komwe kumalowa mkati mwa tanthauzo la "madzi osokonekera" omwe amafunikira kukonzanso. Muyezo wapano womwe udayamba mu 1976 (ndipo womwe wavomerezedwa ndi mayiko ambiri) umafunikira kupezedwa kwa kuwonongeka ngati madzi apatuka kupitilira mayunitsi a 0.2 pH kuchokera kukusintha kwachilengedwe. Palibe kukayikira kuti madzi aku Washington State amaposa izi. Zotsatira zake, OA yaimbidwa mlandu chifukwa cha kulephera kwa zokolola m'mafamu a nkhono, ndipo, mosasamala kanthu za ndalama zamakina apadera azosefera, zanenedweratu kuti kukolola kwa nkhono ku Washington kudzakhala ndi vuto la malonda mkati mwa miyezi 24 ikubwerayi (Personal kukambirana ndi Tony Haymet wa Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Oct. 19, 2010).

CBD ndi EPA zinathetsa mlandu wa Meyi 2009 ndipo udachotsedwa mwakufuna kwawo ndi CBD mu Marichi 2010. Mu Novembala 2010, kuti akwaniritse zina mwazofunikira zake, EPA idatulutsa chikalata chothandizira madera ndi mayiko pokonzekera, kuwunika, ndi kupereka lipoti za zotsatirapo. za acidization ya m'nyanja (potero kuvomereza kutanthauzira kwa CBD kwa Clean Water Act). Komabe, malinga ndi Disembala 1, 2010, blog yolembedwa ndi Center for Ocean Solutions pankhani ya memorandum, pali nkhawa kuti ngakhale malangizowo amalimbikitsa kufunikira kolemba madzi omwe asokonekera pakupatuka kwa mayunitsi a 0.2 pH, maiko ochepa kwambiri a m’mphepete mwa nyanja ali ndi zida zoyezera kwambiri zoyezera mulingo wa pH woyambira, kudziwa mulingo wachilengedwe wa kusintha kwa pH, ndikutsata kusintha kwa pH.

Ngakhale chikumbutso sichimakhazikitsa malamulo atsopano a pH m'nyanja, ikadali sitepe yofunika kwambiri pozindikira kuti acidity ya m'nyanja ndi vuto lalikulu la zinthu za m'nyanja ndi zam'madzi. Chofunika kwambiri, chimapereka mwayi wopita kumadera ndi madera omwe ali ndi data yodalirika ya pH kuti aphatikizepo madzi owonjezera acidity pamndandanda wawo 303 (d) "owonongeka". Ngakhale kuti memorandum iyi ikuwonetsa kupita patsogolo kwa malamulo okhudzana ndi OA, zikuoneka kuti zitha kukhudzidwa ndi kuwukira komwe kwachitika ndi mabungwe oteteza zachilengedwe omwe amaperekedwa ndi makampani opangira mafuta opangira zinthu zakale omwe adapereka madola kukayikira ngati EPA ili ndi mphamvu zowongolera kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha.

Njira ina yogwiritsira ntchito malamulo pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti chisamaliro chikuperekedwa ku OA ndiyo lamulo la Endangered Species Act, lomwe limakhudza ndandanda ya zamoyo, kamangidwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka anthu. zamoyo zoterezi zili pangozi. Pa January 25, 2011, bungwe la Center for Biological Diversity “linalemba chikalata chosumira bungwe la National Marine Fisheries Service chifukwa chakuti bungweli linalephera kuteteza mitundu 82 ya matanthwe omwe ali pangozi malinga ndi lamulo la Endangered Species Act. Makorali amenewa, omwe amapezeka m’madzi a ku United States kuyambira ku Florida ndi ku Hawaii mpaka kumadera a ku United States ku Caribbean ndi Pacific, amakumana ndi zoopsa zambiri, koma kutentha kwa dziko lapansi ndi acidity ya m’nyanja zikuluzikulu ndizomwe zimawopseza kwambiri moyo wawo.” (CBD, 2011).

Lamulo lathu la National Environmental Policy Act, kuwonjezera pakupanga Bungwe la Purezidenti pa Ubwino wa Zachilengedwe komanso kulimbikitsa kupititsa patsogolo chilengedwe, likufuna kuti zidziwitso zakukhudzidwa kwa chilengedwe zomwe zitha (ndi Novembala 2010 EPA memorandum on OA) zifunikire kuchepetsa zomwe boma lachitapo zitha kuwononga chilengedwe pokhudzana ndi acidity ya m'nyanja. Inshuwaransi yolimbana ndi kulephera kwa nkhono zokolola kapena kulimidwa ingakhale yankho limodzi ku chipukuta misozi chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa malonda monga zotsatira za OA, koma sizingatheke kukhala njira yotsika mtengo ndipo imangofika pa nkhani ya chipukuta misozi, osati kupewa ngozi.

Kutsiliza
Zachilengedwe zam'madzi zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi gawo la maziko a chuma chathu komanso kukhazikika kwa mayiko. Kuchuluka kwa acidity m'nyanja ndikuwopseza kwambiri chumacho. Pakali pano mwayi wovulazidwa ndi waukulu, ndipo zotsatira zake ngati ziloledwa kuchitika ndizovuta kwambiri. Tilibe lamulo lokakamiza kuti tichepetse mpweya wa CO2 (ndipo ngakhale zolinga zathu zabwino zapadziko lonse lapansi zimatha mu 2012), motero tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo omwe tili nawo kulimbikitsa mfundo zatsopano zapadziko lonse lapansi. Ndondomeko yapadziko lonse yotereyi iyenera kuthana ndi izi:

• Kubwezeretsedwa kwa zomera za m'nyanja monga udzu wa m'nyanja, mangrove, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zidzabwezeretsanso mphamvu za m'nyanja kuti zikonzere mwachilengedwe ndikuchotsa mpweya.
• Kuchepetsa zowononga zochokera kumtunda komanso zopanda mfundo kuphatikiza ma nitrate, ma sulfates, ndi zowononga zachikhalidwe zomwe zimachulukitsa komanso/kapena zomwe zimathandizira ku OA.
• Kuwonjezeka kwa malo otetezedwa ndi kulumikizidwa kwa malo okhala [Zinthu zitatu zoyambirirazi zitha kulipiridwa kudzera mu thumba lazachuma logwirizana ndi mfundo yodzitetezera (mwachitsanzo, titha kukweza kwambiri mtengo wa lendi ya malasha, mafuta, ndi gasi kuti tipeze thumba loterolo).]
• Kuonjezera umboni wa OA ndi zovulaza zomwe zikubweretsa pakuyesetsa kwathu kuchepetsa CO2 zomwe zikuchitika panopa pothana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo padziko lonse.
• Thandizo pakuphatikizidwa kwa carbon and marine ecosystem carbon ndi OA m'mawu okambirana zakusintha kwanyengo padziko lonse lapansi.
• Kuzindikiritsa njira zokonzanso / zolipirira kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe cha OA (lingaliro loyipitsitsa limalipira) zomwe zimapangitsa kusachitapo kanthu kukhala kocheperako.
• Kuchepetsa zodetsa nkhawa zina, monga kupha nsomba mopambanitsa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida zowononga zasodzi, pazachilengedwe za m'madzi kuti muwonjezere kulimba mtima pokumana ndi acidity ya m'nyanja.
• Kuchepetsa ndalama zothandizira kufufuza ndi chitukuko cha malasha, mafuta, ndi gasi, ndi kusinthidwa ndi thandizo la mphamvu zowonjezera mphepo, dzuwa, ndi nyanja.
• Kuchepetsa pochepetsa kutulutsa kwa CO2 (kuti mukwaniritse zosakwana 350 ppm).

Popanda ndondomeko zatsopano (ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwawo kwachikhulupiriro), tikhoza kuyembekezera kuyesedwa pamilandu yapadziko lonse, ndipo tayamba kale kuwona milandu yapakhomo. Zotsatira zochulukira za mlanduwu zitha kubweretsa zovuta zake pakukana kusintha. Koma tiyenera kukumbukira kuti nthawi yomweyo OA ndi chimodzi chokha chodetsa nkhawa cha ambiri omwe amawononga zachilengedwe za m'nyanja, kuti amalepheretsa kupirira komanso kuti zovuta zonse zimachulukana kuti ziwononge. Pamapeto pake, mtengo wosachitapo kanthu udzaposa kwambiri mtengo wachuma wochitapo kanthu. Tiyenera kuchitapo kanthu dzuwa lisanalowe. Koma zimenezo zikafunikira nsembe yamasiku ano, imene ili pamwambapo ndi “kudya mochepa ndi kuwonjezereka” monga chosankha chokondweretsa kuchita.

Mark J. Spalding, JD, MPIA, ndi pulezidenti wa Ocean Foundation ku Washington, DC Akufuna kuthokoza Lea Howe chifukwa cha chithandizo chabwino cha kafukufuku chomwe anapereka pa nkhaniyi. Bambo Spalding atha kulumikizidwa pa [imelo ndiotetezedwa].