Kugwidwa kwa Akapitawo: Pamene Zombo Zabwino Zigwidwa mu Khoka la Mithunzi

Kugwidwa kwaposachedwa kwa sitima yamafuta ya ku Venezuela ndi US Skipper imabweretsa mafunso osasangalatsa okhudza momwe kukakamiza zilango kungawonongere mwangozi miyezo yachitetezo cha panyanja yomwe imateteza nyanja yathu. Ngakhale boma la US likuvomereza izi ngati zofunika kuti zilango zikhazikitsidwe ndikusokoneza malonda amafuta ku Venezuela, kulanda sitima yotetezedwa bwino komanso yosamalidwa bwino kungakhale kukupangitsa makampani oyendetsa sitimayo kuchita zinthu zoopsa zomwe tiyenera kuziletsa.

Sindikunena kuti ndine katswiri pa malamulo andale kapena ziletso ku Venezuela. Mikangano imeneyo ikuphatikizapo kusiyana kovomerezeka pankhani ya demokalase, ufulu wa anthu, ndi ufulu wa anthu komwe kumapitirira zomwe ndidakumana nazo pakusunga nyanja.

Koma ndikudziwa zinazake zokhudza kuopsa kwa chilengedwe cha m'nyanja. Ndipo ndinganene motsimikiza kuti njira yomwe ilipo pano—kusamalira zombo zosamalidwa bwino monga Skipper mofanana ndi masoka achilengedwe omwe amabwera chifukwa cha dzimbiri—sikupangitsa nyanja yathu kukhala yotetezeka.

Malinga ndi BBC, Skipper Sitimayo inali pansi pa mbendera ya ku Panama ndi zikalata zovomerezeka, inshuwalansi, ndi chilolezo kuchokera ku bungwe logawa anthu pamene inagwidwa m'madzi apadziko lonse lapansi. Iyi sinali njira yopewera zinyalala—inali sitima yoyesera kusunga miyezo yoyenera ya panyanja ngakhale kuti inkagwira ntchito m'dziko lomwe linaloledwa.

Ndipo kusiyana kumeneko n'kofunika kwambiri pa thanzi la nyanja.

Magulu Awiri, Dzina LimodziMawu akuti “gulu la zombo za mthunzi” agwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza magulu awiri osiyana a zombo:

Gulu 1: Zombo zonyamula katundu zimatumikira mayiko omwe ali ndi zilolezo zomwe zimasungabe inshuwalansi, zimayendera nthawi zonse, zimalemba ntchito akatswiri, komanso zimatsatira miyezo ya chitetezo cha panyanja—ngakhale ziletsozo. Skipper zikuoneka kuti zikugwera m'gulu ili.

Gulu 2: Zombo zomwe zimaphatikiza kupeŵa zilango ndi kusiya kwathunthu zomangamanga zachitetezo cha panyanja. Zombozi zimagwira ntchito ndi zikalata zabodza, kusowa inshuwaransi yovomerezeka, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zakale, kuwononga antchito, komanso kuchita zinthu zoopsa monga kuzimitsa ma transponder a AIS ndikukana ntchito zoyendetsa ndege.

Poganizira za kusungirako nyanja, Gulu lachiwiri likuyimira vuto lenileni la chilengedwe. Gulu loyamba likuyimira mkangano wamalonda—wotsutsana ndi ndale koma wosawopseza kwambiri zachilengedwe za m'nyanja.

Malamulo a US omwe alipo pano akuchitira magulu onse awiri mofanana. Vuto ndi limenelo.

Zolimbikitsa Zolakwika za Kukakamiza Mosasankha: Kwa zaka zitatu zapitazi, taona gulu lankhondo la mthunzi likukula kuchokera pa zombo zosakwana 100 mpaka kufika pa zombo zokalamba zoposa 700 zomwe zikugwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi. Monga momwe ndidalembera mu a Nkhani yaposachedwa ya Seven Seas Media, zombo zimenezi zimakhala ndi zaka pafupifupi 16.8, sizili ndi inshuwalansi yokwanira, nthawi zambiri zimakana thandizo la akatswiri oyenda panyanja, ndipo zakhala zikuchita nawo ngozi zosachepera zisanu ndi zinayi zodziwika bwino kuyambira mu 2021.

Chiwopsezo cha chilengedwe kuchokera ku gulu la mthunzi chikukula. Chomwe chimandidetsa nkhawa ndi Skipper Kugwidwa ndi kuti kumagwiritsa ntchito njira zomwezo pa zombo zonse zololedwa, mosasamala kanthu kuti zikukwaniritsa miyezo yachitetezo yomwe ilipo kuti ziteteze thanzi la nyanja. Ngati sitima yapamadzi ya ku Venezuela yomwe imayika ndalama mu inshuwaransi yoyenera, kugawa, ndi kukonza ikulandira chithandizo chofanana ndi sitima yapamadzi yaku Iran yomwe yawonongeka popanda chivindikiro ndi zikalata zabodza, ndi chilimbikitso chiti chomwe chitsalira chosunga miyezo?

Izi ndi zofanana ndi mfundo zoletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo zomwe zimalanga kwambiri munthu amene ali ndi chamba monga kugulitsa heroin. Ngati zilango sizikunyalanyaza kusiyana kwakukulu, zimatha kuchotsa zolimbikitsa kuti munthu akhale ndi khalidwe labwino.

Lamulo la Zapamadzi Limakumana ndi Mphamvu Yonse

The Skipper Nkhaniyi ikuwonetsanso kusamvana m'malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi apanyanja komwe kumakhudza kwambiri kuposa chombo chimodzi ichi. Mwachikhalidwe, mayiko omwe ali ndi mbendera amakhala ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa zombo zawo. Pangano la UN la Lamulo la Nyanja limatsimikizira "njira yopanda cholakwa" kudutsa m'madzi apadziko lonse lapansi. Zombo zomwe zimapeza gulu loyenera komanso inshuwaransi zimaganiziridwa kuti zikwaniritsa miyezo yachitetezo yapadziko lonse lapansi.

Kugwidwa kwa US m'madzi apadziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha kuphwanya zilango—ngakhale sitimayo itakhala ndi inshuwaransi yovomerezeka komanso kugawa m'magulu—kukuwonetsa vuto lalikulu pachitetezo cha chilengedwe cha m'nyanja. Zilango ndi zida zovomerezeka za mfundo zokhala ndi malamulo okhazikika okhazikitsa malamulo. Funso silili ngati zilango zitha kukhazikitsidwa, koma ngati njira zokhazikitsira malamulo zitha kupangidwa kuti zisiyanitse pakati pa kutsatira malamulo a chilengedwe ndi kugwirizana ndi ndale.

Ngati sitima yapamadzi ikutsatira mfundo zoyenera za inshuwaransi, kugawa, ndi chitetezo pamene ikutumikira dziko lomwe lapatsidwa chilolezo, zimakhala ndi zoopsa zosiyana kwambiri ndi sitima zomwe zimasiya kwathunthu chitetezo cha panyanja. Kutsatira malamulo omwe alipo panopa sikusiyanitsa izi. Sitima yapamadzi ya ku Venezuela yokhala ndi inshuwaransi yabwino yokhala ndi zolemba zoyenera zosamalira imakumana ndi zotsatira zofanana ndi sitima yapamadzi yopanda inshuwaransi yokhala ndi zikalata zabodza.

Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale dongosolo lolimbikitsa anthu kuti azitsatira malamulo okhudza thanzi la nyanja. Ngati kusunga miyezo ya chitetezo sikupereka phindu panthawi yokakamiza anthu kuti agwire ntchito, ogwira ntchito alibe chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri. Zotsatira zake zingakhale zombo zambiri zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati zombo zamtundu wa 2—zopanda inshuwaransi, zosakonza, kapena njira zotetezera—chifukwa ndalama ndi zotsatira zake ndizofanana.

Dongosolo lapanyanja lapadziko lonse lapansi lozikidwa pa malamulo limadalira kudziwikiratu ndi kutsatira mfundo zomwe zakhazikitsidwa. Kuchitapo kanthu mbali imodzi, ngakhale zitakhala zotetezedwa mwalamulo motsatira malamulo a m'dzikolo, kungawononge dongosolo lomwe limapangitsa kuti kutumiza kwapadziko lonse kutheke.

Kusiyanitsa Chiwopsezo ndi NdaleUmu ndi momwe njira yanzeru ingawonekere:

1. Kugawa magawo potengera zoopsa: Siyanitsani pakati pa zombo zololedwa zomwe zimasunga miyezo yachitetezo ndi zomwe sizisunga. Zombo zoyambazo zimayang'anizana ndi zoletsa zamalonda; zomalizazo zikukumana ndi zoletsa zina zokhudzana ndi chitetezo, kuphatikizapo kukanidwa kwa madoko ndi kuyang'aniridwa bwino.

2. Zofunikira pa inshuwaransi: Lamulo lakuti zombo zonyamula mafuta zomwe zaloledwa zisunge inshuwaransi yovomerezeka ya P&I yomwe ikugwirizana ndi miyezo ya International Group. Omwe ali ndi inshuwaransi yoyenera amatha kudutsa m'madzi apadziko lonse lapansi; omwe alibe zoletsa pamaso.

3. Kuyang'anira chitetezo: Amafuna kuti sitima zonse zonyamula katundu ziziyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse m'maiko omwe ali ndi zilolezo. Zombo zomwe zimadutsa zimakhala ndi mwayi wochepa wogulitsira; zomwe zikulephera zimakumana ndi ziletso zomwe zikukwera.

4. Udindo wokhudza chilengedwe: Ikani eni sitima zapamadzi pa mlandu wokhudza kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kudzera mu njira zomwe zimaboola zophimba makampani ndikufikira eni sitima opindulitsa kwambiri. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chilimbikitso cha zachuma chosunga miyezo ngakhale potumikira mayiko omwe ali ndi zilolezo.

5. Mgwirizano wapadziko lonse: Gwirani ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zilipo kale monga IMO kuti mugwirizanitse miyezo m'malo mongodalira kukakamiza kwa anthu ena komwe mayiko ena sangazindikire.

Njira imeneyi imasiyanitsa zolinga zandale (kuchepetsa ndalama zomwe mayiko omwe apatsidwa chilolezo amapeza) ndi kuteteza chilengedwe (kupewa kutayikira kwa zoopsa kuchokera ku zombo zosasamalidwa bwino). Zonsezi ndi zolinga zomveka, koma zimafuna zida zosiyana.

Zofunika pa Umoyo wa Nyanja

Vuto la sitima za mthunzi lidzawonjezeka pamene kusamvana kwa ndale kukupitirira. Sitima za mthunzi ku Russia zawonjezeka katatu kuyambira mu 2022. Sitima zambiri zidzakalamba kwambiri kuposa momwe zingagwirire ntchito koma zipitilizabe kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Ogwira ntchito ambiri adzachepetsa ndalama. Zidzachitikanso zinthu zambiri.

Chaka chatha, kuyang'anira ma satellite ndi SkyTruth yavumbulutsa kutayikira kwa mafuta osachepera asanu ndi anayi kuchokera ku sitima zankhondo za mthunzi m'malo osiyanasiyana kuyambira Thailand mpaka Scotland. Izi ndi zochitika zomwe tapeza. Kodi ndi zingati zomwe zachitika m'madera akutali a nyanja komwe palibe ma satellite omwe akuyang'ana?

Ngati udindo wa lamulo la panyanja ndi kupereka udindo ndi kuchepetsa milandu kwa anthu olakwa, magulu ankhondo a shadow fleets akuthawa chilango chimenecho. Kusiyana kwakukulu ndi udindo. Kutayika kwa mafuta a panyanja mwachizolowezi kumayambitsa njira zokhazikika zolipirira—makampani a inshuwaransi amalipira ndalama zoyeretsera, mayiko amafufuza, ndipo magulu odalirika amakumana ndi zotsatirapo zake. Kutayika kwa magalimoto a shadow fleets kumadutsa dongosolo lonseli: palibe inshuwaransi yopezera ndalama zothandizira, palibe umwini wowonekera woti ukhale ndi mlandu, komanso palibe kuyang'anira malamulo kuti apewe kubwereranso, zomwe zimasiya mayiko omwe akhudzidwa kuti alandire ndalama zomwe sangathe kuzibweza.

Chomwe tikufuna kupewa ndi zinthu zilizonse zoti tipewe mapangano apadziko lonse (othandizidwa ndi miyezo ya dziko) omwe amayesetsa kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha zamoyo za m'nyanja kuchokera ku sitima zapamadzi zapadziko lonse.

Kuyitanitsa Kukhazikitsa Malamulo Mwanzeru 

Ngati cholinga chake ndi kuteteza zachilengedwe za m'nyanja pamene tikukakamiza zilango, tikufunika kukakamiza komwe kumasiyanitsa zombo kutengera zoopsa zachilengedwe, osati kungokhala mbali ya ndale. Tikufunika njira zomwe zimalimbikitsa kutsatira malamulo achitetezo ngakhale mkati mwa malonda ololedwa. Tikufunika mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi kuti tilimbikitse miyezo ya panyanja, osati zochita za munthu aliyense zomwe zingawononge miyezoyi.

Nyanja ikuyenera mfundo zabwino kuposa zomwe zimalimbikitsa mwangozi khalidwe lomwe tiyenera kupewa. Vuto la ndege za mthunzi ndi lenileni, lachangu, komanso likukula. Koma sitidzathetsa vutoli mwa kuona sitima iliyonse yololedwa ngati chiwopsezo cha chilengedwe mosasamala kanthu za momwe imagwirira ntchito.

Tikufuna zida zanzeru zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zovuta za vutoli—zipangizo zomwe zingagwiritse ntchito nthawi imodzi kuti zithetsedwe ndikusunga njira zomwe zimateteza machitidwe a nyanja omwe tonse timadalira.