Mapulani a Kusintha kwa Nyengo Kukwera kwa Nyanja

Kukwera kwa madzi a m'nyanja komwe kukuyandikira ndikuwopseza kwambiri madera otsika a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Padziko lonse lapansi, anthu opitilira 20 miliyoni amakhala m'malo otsika omwe amatha kuwoneka komanso kuneneratu kukwera kwa nyanja (Nicholls, 2010). Kuonjezera apo, anthu 200 miliyoni ali m'madera omwe ali pachiopsezo cha kusefukira kwa madzi chifukwa cha nyengo yoopsa (Nicholls, 2010). Ku United States, kukwera kwa nyanja komwe kunanenedweratu kungawononge 9% ya nthaka mkati mwa mizinda ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya US 180 ndi 2100 (University of Arizona, 2011). Malinga ndi lipoti la 2014 IPCC Synthesis Report, zikuloseredwa kuti kukwera kwa madzi a m'nyanja "ndizotheka kwambiri" m'madera oposa 95% a nyanja (IPCC, 2014). M'mikhalidwe yoyipa kwambiri yoyerekeza kutulutsa mpweya, pafupifupi kukwera kwamadzi am'nyanja kudzakhala pafupifupi 61cm-1.1m pofika 2100 (IPCC, 2014). Ngakhale kutulutsa koipitsitsa sikunachitike, kuchuluka kwa nyanja kukwera pang'ono ngati 10 cm kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zowononga madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, makamaka m'madera omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa komanso madera a BIPOC. Madera a m’mphepete mwa nyanja ali pachiwopsezo cha kusefukira kwa madzi, nyengo yoopsa, kuwonongeka kwa madzi kowonjezereka, kutayika kwa malo okhala, kukokoloka kwa magombe, kuchuluka kwa mchere wa nthaka, ndi kutayika kwa madera a m’mphepete mwa nyanja. Anthu okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja adzakakamizika kusamuka kumadera akunyanja akubwerera, kusiya nyumba zawo, ngati njira zodzitetezera sizingachitike.

Ku United States ndi padziko lonse lapansi, anthu okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi opanga mfundo akupanga mapulani othana ndi nyengo kuti achepetse kukwera kwa nyanja. Mapulani osinthika nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kusintha kosinthika komwe kumagwera m'magulu a "grey" kapena "green". Zomangamanga za "Gray" ndizovuta, zomangidwa ndi anthu za m'mphepete mwa nyanja kuphatikiza makoma a kusefukira kwa madzi, zitseko za madzi, mapaipi, madamu, ndi zina zotero. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zomangamanga "zobiriwira" zimatanthawuza kuteteza zachilengedwe kuti ziteteze kusefukira kwa madzi, kuphatikizapo nkhalango za mangrove, milu, ndi matanthwe. Mizinda ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja yomwe ili pachiwopsezo cha kusefukira kwa madzi komanso nyengo yoopsa imatha kusankha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zotungira, zobiriwira, kapena kuphatikiza njira ziwirizi.

Zomangamanga zobiriwira komanso magombe okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja amatha kupezerapo mwayi pazachilengedwe kuti ateteze madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, nyumba, ndi mabizinesi ku kukwera kwa madzi osefukira komwe kumayambitsa kusefukira kwamadzi, pomwe kumafuna kutsika mtengo kosamalira ndi kusamalira. Zitha kukhala zotsika mtengo ka 2 mpaka 5 kubwezeretsa madambo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja kusiyana ndi kupanga zotchinga kusefukira kwa madzi (Cook, 2020). Pamodzi ndi mtengo wotsika womanga ndi kukonza, anthu am'mphepete mwa nyanja athanso kupeza ntchito zowonjezera zachilengedwe kuphatikiza kupezeka kwa malo am'madzi ndi padziko lapansi, kusefa kwamadzi, kusefera kwa kaboni, komanso zosangalatsa zamagulu. Ngakhale mayankho ozikidwa pachilengedwe amapereka mapindu omveka bwino, samakondabe kwa opanga mfundo. Padziko lonse lapansi, mwa zopereka 167 zomwe zidatsimikiziridwa pansi pa mgwirizano wa Paris, 70 okha ndi omwe adaphatikiza mayankho okhudzana ndi chilengedwe ndipo ambiri mwa iwo anali m'maiko opeza ndalama zochepa. Pali kusazindikira kufunika kwa mayankho okhudzana ndi chilengedwe pakati pa anthu ndi maboma am'deralo. Zitsanzo zokhazikitsidwa bwino zozikidwa pachilengedwe ziyenera kuwonetsedwa ngati zitsanzo zomwe mungaphunzirepo ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kukulitsa maphunziro a zomangamanga zobiriwira. 

Ngakhale kuti mapulani ambiri osinthika akulephera kuganizira njira zothetsera chilengedwe, madera ena a m'mphepete mwa nyanja akuzindikira ubwino wake ndipo akhoza kukhala zitsanzo. Kumpoto kwa Java, ku Indonesia, anthu 30 miliyoni akuvutika ndi kusefukira kwa madzi ndi kukokoloka kwa nyanja. Zochitika za kusefukira kwa madzi zakula kwambiri chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango za mangrove. Gulu losiyanasiyana la anthu ogwira nawo ntchito likugwira ntchito limodzi ku Demak, Java pa ntchito yotchedwa "Building with Nature" yobwezeretsa nkhalango za mangrove zomwe zili pamtunda wa makilomita 12 kuti ziteteze madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja kuti asasefukire.Kumanga ndi Nature ku Indonesia, 2020). Kudzera mu pulojekiti yokonzanso mitengo ya mangrove, akulimbitsa bwino zachilengedwe zomwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndikuteteza madera awo kuti asasefukire.  

Mitengo ya mangrove makamaka imathandiza kwambiri zachilengedwe za m'nyanja ndi madera akumidzi. Mtengo wapakatikati wobwezeretsa mangrove ndi pafupifupi $0.01 USD pa phazi limodzi lalikulu, zocheperako poyerekeza ndi zomangamanga (Cook, 2020). Bungwe la Global Commission on Adaptation lidapeza kuti phindu loteteza nkhalango za mangrove, padziko lonse lapansi, ndi $1 thililiyoni USD pofika 2030 (Global Commission on Adaptation, 2019). Nkhalango za mangrove zimachulukitsa zamoyo zam'madzi, ndipo chifukwa chake zimachulukitsa asodzi akunyanja kuchoka pa avareji ya mapaundi 40 kufika pa mapaundi 271 pa ola (Hussain, 2010). Mogwirizana, mitengo ya mangrove monga malo okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja imasunga 14% ya carbon sequestration kuchokera ku nyanja yapadziko lonse lapansi (Alongi, 2012). Mitengo ya mangrove monga magombe amoyo amatha kuthana ndi zambiri kuposa zipata za kusefukira kwa madzi, makoma osefukira, kapena zida zina zopangira.

Mogwirizana ndi mitengo ya mangrove, mitundu ina ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja ikugwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa kukokoloka kwa nthaka. Malo okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja amaphatikizanso zomera zakumaloko monga udzu wa madambo, udzu wa m'nyanja, milu ya milu, ndi matanthwe. Kubwezeretsanso magombe achilengedwe kumathandizira kuti chilengedwe cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja chikhazikike ndikusunga magwiridwe antchito achilengedwe ndikuteteza kunyengo yoopsa komanso kusefukira kwamadzi. Magombe ena okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja apanga mitundu yosakanikirana yobiriwira ndi imvi yomwe imaphatikizanso zomera zachilengedwe zokhala ndi zida zolimba monga matanthwe, matabwa okhazikika, konkriti kapena masitepe achitsulo. Mapangidwe apamwamba a haibridi amatha kupindula kwambiri pazomangamanga ndi zachilengedwe kuti apange njira yothandizana nayo yoteteza m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2013, bungwe la Nature Conservancy lidachita kafukufuku wa phindu pa 5.6km ya hybrid oyster reefs system yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ku Gulf of Mexico. Bungwe la Nature Conservancy linapeza ubwino wosiyanasiyana wa chilengedwe pa kusanthula mtengo-kupindula kwawo: kuchepetsa kutalika ndi mphamvu za mafunde akuluakulu, oposa mapaundi a 6,900 a nsomba zowonjezera pachaka, kuchotsa ma kilogalamu 1,888 a nayitrogeni pachaka, ndipo akuti. Zopindulitsazo zidaposa mtengo wokonzanso ndikuyika $4.28 miliyoni mchaka cha 34 cha polojekitiyi (The Nature Conservancy, 2013). Njira zophatikizira zimalola anthu kutengerapo mwayi pazachilengedwe pomwe akupeza chidaliro chachikulu kuposa njira zachilengedwe zokha. 

Pamene tikuwunika ndondomeko za kusintha kwa nyengo, ndikofunika kwambiri kuzindikira ndikuwunikira kusiyana pakati pa kukwera kwa nyanja ndi chilungamo cha mafuko. Madera a BIPOC akukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa nyengo kuphatikiza kukwera kwa nyanja, kusefukira kwa madzi, komanso nyengo yoopsa ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Ngakhale kuti anthu onse akukhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, madera ambiri a BIPOC ndi anthu omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa alibe zinthu zothandizira kapena kuteteza kusokonezeka kwa chilengedwe. Mu lipoti la 2019 la National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, lidasindikizidwa kuti kusefukira kwamadzi kumakhudza kuchuluka kwa anthu, koma kumawononga kwambiri anthu ang'onoang'ono komanso omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa chifukwa amakhala m'malo ambiri. okhala pachiwopsezo cha kusefukira kwamadzi pomwe nthawi yomweyo amapatsidwa mwayi wocheperako komanso chitetezo chocheperako (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, 2019). Mphepo yamkuntho yotchedwa Hurricane Katrina ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha kusokonekera kwa chilengedwe. Mphepo yamkuntho ya Louisiana ya 2005 inakhudza kwambiri anthu akuda. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi American Red Cross zikuwonetsa kuti Race inali chinthu chachikulu chofotokozera zotsatira za chiwonongeko cha mphepo yamkuntho kuposa kuchuluka kwa ndalama (Moore, 2005). Kaya zida zotungira kapena zobiriwira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, madera a BIPOC am'mphepete mwa nyanja akuyenera kukhala patsogolo popanga mapulani othana ndi nyengo.

Pamene madzi a m'nyanja akuchulukirachulukira, maboma ndi opanga malamulo adzakumana ndi zisankho zovuta kuti ateteze magombe ndi madera omwe ali pachiwopsezo. Dera lililonse liyenera kupanga zisankho kutengera komwe ali komanso momwe alili. Zomangamanga zobiriwira sizitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito paokha, koma pogwiritsa ntchito kusakanikirana kodalirana ndi njira zochepetsera zachilengedwe komanso zachilengedwe, ndikuyika patsogolo kwa zomangamanga zobiriwira, kukwera kwa nyanja kumatha kuyendetsedwa bwino.

ntchito zotchulidwa

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