COP30: Kusintha Kwanyengo panyanja?

Pamene Msonkhano wa 30 wa Zipani za United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ukutha ku Belém, Brazil, anthu okhala m'nyanja ali ndi chifukwa chokhala ndi chiyembekezo chochenjera komanso kukhala maso. COP30 yomwe ili pakatikati pa Amazon—chizindikiro champhamvu cha kusintha kwa nyengo kwa Dziko Lapansi—idachititsa chidwi kwambiri pa ntchito yofunika imene nyanja yapadziko lonse imachita pothana ndi vuto la nyengo. Koma kodi "Amazon COP" iyi yapititsa patsogolo dziko lathu labuluu, kapena kungobwereza malonjezo omwe timawadziwa?

Ocean Pomaliza Atenga Center Stage

Kwa nthawi yoyamba pazokambirana zanyengo za UN, nyanja idadziwika kuti ndi yofunika kwambiri pakuthana ndi kusintha kwanyengo, osati kungovutitsidwa ndi kusintha kwanyengo. Utsogoleri wa COP30 waku Brazil udakhazikitsa nyanja ndi nkhalango ngati zinthu ziwiri zofunika kwambiri padziko lapansi, kuwonetsa kusintha kwanyengo ngati nkhani yamagulu ambiri komanso yokhazikika. Izi zikuyimira kusintha kwakukulu kuchokera kumalingaliro azaka zambiri omwe amaika patsogolo zamoyo zapadziko lapansi pomwe amanyalanyaza machitidwe apanyanja.
Anthu am'nyanja adapeza zopambana zingapo:

Ma NDC a Blue Apeza Momentum: Maiko asanu ndi limodzi atsopano adalowa nawo mu Blue NDC Challenge kuti athandizire kuchitapo kanthu pazanyengo ndi nyengo yapanyanja mu Zopereka Zotsimikizika Padziko Lonse, kubweretsa mamembala onse a Ocean Panel mu Challenge kumayiko 13. Chofunikira kwambiri, mayiko omwe adatenga nawo gawo adawonetsa cholinga chawo chosinthira "Blue NDC Taskforce" kuti athandizire kukwaniritsa zomwe zalonjeza panyanja kudzera muutsogoleri wandale, ukatswiri waukadaulo, komanso kulimbikitsa ndalama.

Ocean Breakthroughs Framework: Utsogoleri wa COP30, wogwira ntchito ndi Climate Champions ndi Ocean Climate Platform, unapititsa patsogolo njira ya Blue Package kuti ifulumizitse kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zothetsera nyengo ya nyanja ndi 2028. Ntchitoyi imakhazikitsa zolinga zochokera ku sayansi m'madera asanu ofunika kwambiri okhudza kuteteza nyanja, kayendedwe ka panyanja, ndi kupirira kwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja.

Zotsatira za 2025 Ocean Dialogue: Zokambirana zakusintha kwa nyanja ndi nyengo zomwe zidachitika mu SB62 zidatulutsa malingaliro ofunikira pa NDCs, Global Goal on Adaptation indicators, kulimbikitsa mgwirizano, ndi zachuma. Mayiko Otukuka Zilumba Zing'onozing'ono, oimiridwa ndi AOSIS, adatsindika kuti malingalirowa akuyenera kuphatikizidwa pazokambirana zonse m'malo mongotsekeredwa ngati zokambirana zapadera.

Mavuto a zachuma Akupitirirabe

Ngakhale kukuchulukirachulukira kwa njira zothetsera mavuto okhudzana ndi nyanja, malonjezano azachuma amakhalabe osakwanira. SDG 14, cholinga cha nyanja, imalandira 0.01 peresenti yokha ya ndalama zonse zachitukuko. Ngakhale kuti Baku-to-Belém Roadmap ya $ 1.3 thililiyoni ikufuna kulimbikitsa zachuma zanyengo pachaka pofika chaka cha 2035, nyanjayi sinatchulidwe ngati gawo lofunikira kwambiri mkati mwa dongosololi.

Izi zikuyimira kusagwirizana kwakukulu: tikuvomereza kuti nyanja imatenga kutentha kopitilira 90 peresenti kuchokera ku zochitika za anthu ndipo imapanga theka la okosijeni wa dziko lapansi, komabe tikukana kupereka ndalama zokwanira zotetezera ndi kubwezeretsa. Nyanja yateteza anthu ku zovuta zoyipa za kusintha kwa nyengo, koma izi zimabwera pamtengo wokulirapo ku zachilengedwe zam'madzi ndi madera omwe amadalira.

Kupititsa patsogolo Ulamuliro wa Nyanja Yaikulu

Kupambana kotsimikizirika pa COP30 kunali kudzipereka kwa Brazil kuvomereza Pangano la Panyanja Zapamwamba (BBNJ Agreement) pakutha kwa chaka. Pangano la Panyanja Zapamwamba limakhazikitsa zomanga zamalamulo zokhazikitsa Madera Otetezedwa M'madzi m'madzi apadziko lonse lapansi, pomaliza kubweretsa ulamuliro kumayiko onse, pomwe magawo awiri mwa atatu a nyanja yapadziko lonse lapansi akusowa. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito ya The Ocean Foundation yokhudzana ndi kufanana kwa sayansi yam'nyanja ndi mgwirizano woteteza, popeza kulamulira koyenera kwa nyanja zazikulu kumafunikira mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wasayansi ndi mwayi wopeza zinthu zam'madzi.

Nkhalango ndi Nyanja: Njira Zolumikizidwa

Kutsindika kwa COP30 pa nkhalango zotentha kudzera ku Tropical Forests Forever Facility kumapereka maphunziro ofunikira pazachuma zam'nyanja. Malowa adzapereka mphoto kwa mayiko amene akwanitsa kuthetsa kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, ndipo cholinga chake chinali kupezerapo ndalama zokwana madola 4 biliyoni chaka chilichonse ku mayiko okwana 74 popereka ndalama zokwana madola 4 pa hekitala imodzi pachaka kaamba ka kasungidwe ka nkhalango kotsimikizirika. Maboma azachuma akuyembekezeka kupereka $25 biliyoni pazaka zikubwerazi, kutengera ndalama zoposa $100 biliyoni kuchokera kumagwero apadera.

Kodi njira yofananayi ingagwire ntchito poteteza nyanja? Zamoyo zamtundu wa buluu - mitengo ya mangrove, udzu wa m'nyanja, ndi madambo amchere - zimapereka ntchito zochotsa mpweya wofanana kapena zokulirapo kuposa za nkhalango zapamtunda pomwe zimathandizira kulimba kwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja, zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, ndi usodzi. Nyanja imatenga pafupifupi 25 peresenti ya mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide wa anthropogenic pachaka. Komabe tilibe njira yofananira yolipira padziko lonse lapansi kumayiko omwe amasunga zachilengedwe zapanyanja zathanzi.

Bungwe la Tropical Forests Forever Facility likugogomezera za Amwenye ndi madera akumidzi - ndi 20 peresenti ya ndalama zoperekedwa kwa magulu amtundu wamtundu - ziyenera kuwonetsedwa pa kayendetsedwe ka nyanja. Madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi zilumba, makamaka ku Small Island Developing States, akhala akuyang'anira zamoyo zam'madzi kwa mibadwomibadwo pomwe amathandizira pang'ono kutulutsa mpweya wapadziko lonse lapansi.

Zimene Ndinachita—ndi Zomwe Sizinachite

Ngakhale kupita patsogolo kwa nyanja, mgwirizano wa COP30 unadzetsa mikangano yoopsa. Zolemba zoyambilira Lachisanu zomwe zidavumbulutsidwa ndi Brazil sizinatchulepo zamafuta oyambira pansi, omwe athandizira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi pakutentha kwadziko, zomwe zikuwonetsa kupumula kwakukulu kuchokera pazomwe zidachitika kale. European Union idawopseza kuti iletsa mgwirizanowu, mkulu wa zanyengo Wopke Hoekstra adati mawuwo "palibe sayansi, palibe masheya padziko lonse lapansi, palibe kusintha, koma kufooka."

Kwa anthu am'madzi, izi ndizofunikira kwambiri. Ocean acidification, kutentha, ndi deoxygenation ndi zotsatira zachindunji za kutulutsa mafuta. Mgwirizano uliwonse wa zanyengo umene ukulephera kuthetsa gwero la kuwonongeka kwa nyanja sanganene kuti umateteza zachilengedwe za m’nyanja.

Mgwirizanowu unaphatikizansopo chilankhulo chofooka chothana ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa - zochititsa chidwi pamsonkhano womwe unachitikira ku Amazon - ndipo zidalephera kufotokoza ngati ndalama zobwereketsa zanyengo katatu zimachokera kumayiko olemera kapena kutumizidwa kunjira zamabizinesi omwe sangayike patsogolo kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe.

Kuyang'ana Patsogolo: Kuchokera Kuzindikiridwa Kupita Kuchita

Anthu am'nyanja adachita bwino kukweza zamoyo zam'madzi mkati mwa njira za UNFCCC, koma mawonekedwe okhawo samasulira kukhazikitsidwa.

Zofunikira zazikuluzikulu zikuwonekera: Choyamba, tikufunika njira zodzitetezera zanyengo za m'nyanja zofananira ndi ndalama zoteteza nkhalango, pozindikira kuchepetsedwa kwa nyengo ya nyanja yamchere ndi kusintha kwanyengo. Chachiwiri, mayankho okhudzana ndi nyanja ayenera kuphatikizidwa mu njira zonse za NDC zochepetsera ndi kusintha pamene mayiko akupereka ndondomeko zosinthidwa mu 2025. Chachitatu, kulimbikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa CBD, UNFCCC, BBNJ Agreement, ndi International Seabed Authority ndizofunikira-sitingathe kukwanitsa kugawikana kwa mabungwe pamene tikulimbana ndi mavuto ogwirizana. Pomaliza, ndalama zanyengo zam'nyanja ziyenera kukhala pakati pa madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi zilumba omwe amadalira chuma cha m'madzi pomwe akuthandizira pang'ono kusintha kwa nyengo, monga momwe malo a Tropical Forests Forever Facility amayika patsogolo anthu amtundu wawo.

Njira yochokera ku Belém

COP30 idawonetsa kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwa nyanja, koma sitingalakwitse kuwoneka kwachipambano. Nyanja yakhala ikuteteza anthu ku zovuta zanyengo. Tsopano ndi nthawi yathu yotchingira nyanja kuti isavulale. COP30 idapereka zida ndi zomangira-kukwaniritsa ndizomwe zimafunikira.