Dzilowetseni Pansi Pamwamba: Chiyambi cha Deep Seabed Mining

Kuzama kwa migodi ya pansi pa nyanja (DSM) ndi bizinesi yomwe ingathe kugulitsa migodi kuchokera pansi pa nyanja, ndi chiyembekezo chochotsa mchere wamtengo wapatali monga manganese, mkuwa, cobalt, zinki, ndi zitsulo zachilendo. Komabe, migodi imeneyi ikufuna kuwononga chilengedwe chotukuka komanso cholumikizidwa chomwe chimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo: nyanja yakuya.

Ma mineral deposits osangalatsa amapezeka m'malo atatu omwe ali pansi panyanja: zigwa za abyssal, seamounts, ndi mpweya wa hydrothermal. Zigwa zaphompho ndi malo otalikirapo a pansi pa nyanja pansi pomwe pali matope ndi ma mineral deposits, omwe amatchedwanso ma polymetallic nodule. Izi ndiye chandamale chachikulu cha DSM, chomwe chimayang'ana kwambiri ku Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ): dera lomwe lili ndi zigwa zaphompho kwambiri ngati dziko la United States, lomwe lili m'madzi apadziko lonse lapansi komanso kuyambira kugombe lakumadzulo kwa Mexico mpaka pakati. Nyanja ya Pacific, kumwera kwa zilumba za Hawaii.

Kuopsa kwa Nyanja ndi Nyanja Pamwamba pake

Zamalonda za DSM sizinayambe, koma makampani osiyanasiyana akuyesera kuti akwaniritse. Njira zamakono zopangira migodi ya nodule zikuphatikizapo kutumizidwa kwa galimoto ya migodi, kawirikawiri makina aakulu kwambiri ooneka ngati thalakitala lalitali la nsanjika zitatu, mpaka pansi pa nyanja. Ikafika pansi pa nyanjayo, galimotoyo idzapukuta mainchesi anayi pamwamba pa nyanjayo, n’kutumiza matope, miyala, nyama zophwanyidwa, ndi tinatake toyenda m’chombo chomwe chikudikirira pamwamba pake. M'sitimayo, mcherewo umasanjidwa ndipo matope otsala amadzi otayira (kusakaniza matope, madzi, ndi opangira zinthu) amabwerera kunyanja kudzera mumtsinje wotuluka. 

DSM ikuyembekezeka kukhudza magawo onse am'nyanja, kuyambira kukumba ndi kugwedera pansi panyanja, mpaka kutaya zinyalala m'kati mwamadzi, mpaka kutayikira kwa matope omwe angakhale oopsa pamtunda wanyanja. Zowopsa zazachilengedwe zakunyanja, zamoyo zam'madzi, chikhalidwe chapansi pamadzi, ndi gawo lonse lamadzi kuchokera ku DSM ndizosiyanasiyana komanso zazikulu.

Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti migodi yakuya ya m'nyanja ingayambitse kutayika kosalephereka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo, ndipo apeza kuti ziro zikomo sizingachitike. Kuyerekezera kwamphamvu zomwe zinkayembekezeredwa kuchokera ku migodi ya pansi pa nyanja kunachitika pafupi ndi gombe la Peru m'ma 1980. Pamene malowa adabwerezedwanso mu 2015, malowa adawonetsa umboni wochepa wa kuchira. 

Palinso Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) yomwe ili pachiwopsezo. Maphunziro aposachedwa akuwonetsa zosiyanasiyana m'madzi chikhalidwe cholowa m'nyanja ya Pacific ndi m'madera omwe akuyembekezeredwa migodi, kuphatikizapo zinthu zakale ndi zachilengedwe zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu amtundu wamtundu, malonda a Manila Galleon, ndi nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse.

Mesopelagic, kapena gawo lapakati pamadzi, lidzamvanso zotsatira za DSM. Miyendo ya matope (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti mkuntho wa fumbi la pansi pa madzi), komanso phokoso ndi kuipitsidwa kwa kuwala, zidzakhudza gawo lalikulu la madzi. Nthambi za matope, zonse zochokera ku galimoto ya migodi ndi madzi otayira pambuyo pochotsa, zimatha kufalikira Makilomita 1,400 m'njira zingapo. Madzi otayira okhala ndi zitsulo ndi poizoni amatha kusokoneza chilengedwe chapakati pamadzi komanso usodzi.. 

"Twilight Zone", dzina lina la nyanja ya mesopelagic zone, imagwera pakati pa 200 ndi 1,000 metres pansi pa nyanja. Derali lili ndi zoposera 90% za chilengedwe chonse, kuthandiza usodzi wokhudzana ndi malonda ndi chakudya, kuphatikiza tuna m'dera la CCZ yokonzekera migodi. Ofufuza apeza kuti matope oyenda pansi amatha kukhudza malo osiyanasiyana okhala pansi pamadzi komanso zamoyo zam'madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kupsinjika kwa thupi ku ma corals akunyanja. Maphunziro akukwezanso mbendera zofiira za kuwonongeka kwa phokoso chifukwa cha makina a migodi, ndikuwonetsa kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya cetaceans, kuphatikizapo zamoyo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha monga anangumi amtundu wa blue whale, ali pachiopsezo chachikulu cha zotsatira zoipa. 

Mu Fall 2022, The Metals Company Inc. (TMC) idatulutsidwa sediment slurry molunjika m'nyanja panthawi ya mayeso osonkhanitsa. Ndizochepa kwambiri zomwe zimadziwika za zotsatira za slurry zomwe zimabwereranso kunyanja, kuphatikizapo zitsulo ndi zosakaniza zomwe zingasakanizidwe mu slurry, ngati zingakhale poizoni, ndi zotsatira zotani pa zinyama ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana za m'madzi. mkati mwa nyanja. Zotsatira zosadziwika za kutayikira kotereku zimawonetsa gawo limodzi la mipata yodziwika bwino zomwe zilipo, zomwe zimakhudza kuthekera kwa opanga malamulo kuti apange maziko odziwa bwino zachilengedwe ndi malire a DSM.

Ulamuliro ndi Kuwongolera

Nyanja ndi pansi zimayendetsedwa makamaka ndi United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), mgwirizano wapadziko lonse womwe umatsimikizira mgwirizano wa mayiko ndi nyanja. Pansi pa UNCLOS, dziko lililonse lili ndi mphamvu zowonetsetsa, mwachitsanzo, kulamulira dziko lonse, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kuteteza - ndi zinthu zomwe zili mkati - mtunda wa makilomita 200 oyambirira kupita kunyanja kuchokera kumphepete mwa nyanja. Kuphatikiza pa UNCLOS, mayiko apadziko lonse adavomereza mu Marichi 2023 ku pangano la mbiri yakale lokhudza ulamuliro wa maderawa kunja kwa ulamuliro wa dziko (lotchedwa High Seas Treaty kapena mgwirizano wa Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction "BBNJ").

Madera omwe ali kunja kwa mtunda wa 200 nautical miles amadziwika bwino kuti Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction ndipo nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "nyanja zam'mwamba". Pansi pa nyanja ndi pansi pa nyanja zazikulu, zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti "Dera," zimayendetsedwa makamaka ndi International Seabed Authority (ISA), bungwe lodziyimira pawokha lokhazikitsidwa pansi pa UNCLOS. 

Chiyambireni kukhazikitsidwa kwa ISA mu 1994, bungwe ndi Mayiko omwe ali mamembala ake (maiko omwe ali mamembala) apatsidwa ntchito yopanga malamulo ndi malamulo okhudzana ndi chitetezo, kufufuza, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito pansi pa nyanja. Ngakhale kuti malamulo ofufuza ndi kufufuza alipo, kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo oyendetsera migodi ndi kudyetsedwa kwa nthawi yaitali kunakhalabe kosafulumira. 

Mu June 2021, chilumba cha Pacific pachilumba cha Nauru chinayambitsa kuperekedwa kwa UNCLOS yomwe Nauru imakhulupirira kuti imafuna kuti malamulo a migodi amalizidwe pofika July 2023, kapena kuvomereza mapangano a migodi yamalonda ngakhale popanda malamulo. Ambiri Mayiko a ISA Member States ndi Owonera anena kuti lamuloli (lomwe nthawi zina limatchedwa "ulamuliro wa zaka ziwiri") silikakamiza ISA kuvomereza migodi. 

Mayiko ambiri samadziona ngati omangidwa ku greenlight migodi kufufuza, malinga ndi pzomwe zikupezeka ponseponse pazokambirana za Marichi 2023 komwe maiko adakambirana za ufulu ndi udindo wawo okhudzana ndi kuvomereza mgwirizano wamigodi. Ngakhale zili choncho, TMC ikupitiriza kuuza osunga ndalama omwe ali ndi nkhawa (kufikira pa Marichi 23, 2023) kuti ISA ikuyenera kuvomereza ntchito yawo yamigodi, komanso kuti ISA ikuyenera kutero mu 2024.

Transparency, Justice, and Human Rights

Oyembekezera ogwira ntchito ku migodi amauza anthu kuti kuti tichepetse mpweya, tiyenera kulanda nthaka kapena nyanja nthawi zambiri kuyerekeza zotsatira zoyipa za DSM ku migodi yapadziko lapansi. Palibe chosonyeza kuti DSM ingalowe m'malo mwa migodi yapadziko lapansi. Ndipotu pali umboni wochuluka wosonyeza kuti sichingatero. Chifukwa chake, DSM sichingachepetse nkhawa zaufulu wa anthu ndi chilengedwe pa nthaka. 

Palibe zokonda za migodi zapadziko lapansi zomwe zavomera kapena kudzipereka kutseka kapena kuchepetsa ntchito zawo ngati wina apanga ndalama zokumba migodi kuchokera pansi pa nyanja. Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi ISA yemweyo adapeza kuti DSM sichingadzetse kuchulukirachulukira kwa mchere padziko lonse lapansi. Akatswiri atsutsa zimenezo DSM imatha kukulitsa migodi yapadziko lapansi ndi mavuto ake ambiri. Chodetsa nkhawa ndi chakuti, mwa zina, "kutsika pang'ono kwa mitengo" kungachepetse chitetezo ndi malamulo oyendetsera chilengedwe pamigodi ya nthaka. Ngakhale mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a anthu, ngakhale TMC imavomereza (ku SEC, koma osati patsamba lawo) kuti “[i] sindingathenso kunena motsimikiza ngati zotsatira za kusonkhanitsidwa kwa tinthu tating’ono pa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zapadziko lonse lapansi zidzakhala zocheperapo kusiyana ndi zomwe zikuyerekezeredwa za migodi yotengera nthaka.”

Malinga ndi UNCLOS, pansi pa nyanja ndi mchere wake ndi cholowa chofala cha anthu, ndipo ndi wa gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi. Zotsatira zake, anthu apadziko lonse lapansi ndi onse olumikizidwa ndi nyanja yapadziko lonse lapansi ali okhudzidwa m'nyanjayi komanso malamulo omwe amawongolera. Kuononga pansi pa nyanja ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana za pansi pa nyanja ndi chigawo cha mesopelagic ndiye vuto lalikulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe komanso chitetezo cha chakudya. Ndi momwemonso kusowa kwa kuphatikizidwa mu ndondomeko ya ISA kwa onse okhudzidwa, makamaka ponena za mawu achibadwidwe ndi iwo omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chogwirizana ndi pansi pa nyanja, achinyamata, ndi magulu osiyanasiyana a mabungwe a zachilengedwe kuphatikizapo oteteza ufulu wa anthu. 

DSM ikupereka ziwopsezo zowonjezera ku UCH yowoneka ndi yosaoneka, ndipo zitha kuwononga malo akale komanso zikhalidwe zomwe ndizofunikira kwa anthu ndi zikhalidwe padziko lonse lapansi. Njira zoyendera, kusweka kwa ngalawa kuchokera ku Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse ndi ndi Middle Passage, ndipo mabwinja a anthu amwazikana m’nyanja. Zinthu zakalezi ndi gawo la mbiri yathu yogawana anthu komanso ali pachiwopsezo chotayika asanapezeke kuchokera ku DSM yosayendetsedwa. 

Achinyamata ndi Amwenye padziko lonse lapansi akulankhula kuti ateteze pansi pa nyanja kuti asagwiritse ntchito molakwika. Mgwirizano wa Sustainable Ocean Alliance wachita bwino atsogoleri achinyamata, ndipo anthu amtundu wa Pacific Island ndi madera akumaloko ali kukweza mawu awo pothandizira kuteteza nyanja yakuya. Pamsonkhano wa 28 wa International Seabed Authority mu Marichi 2023, Atsogoleri a Pacific Indigenous adapempha kuti amwenyewa alowe nawo pazokambirana.

Kuyitanira Moratorium

Msonkhano wapanyanja wa 2022 wa United Nations udawona kukakamiza kwakukulu kwa DSM kuimitsidwa, ndi atsogoleri amayiko ngati Emmanuel Macron. kuthandizira kuyimba. Mabizinesi kuphatikiza Google, BMW Gulu, Samsung SDI, ndi Patagonia, asayina mawu a World Wildlife Fund kuthandizira kuimitsidwa. Makampaniwa amavomereza kuti asatenge mchere kuchokera kunyanja yakuya, kuti asapeze ndalama ku DSM, ndikuchotsa mcherewu pamaketani awo. Kuvomereza kolimba kwa kuyimitsidwa kwa bizinesi ndi chitukuko kukuwonetsa zomwe zikuchitika kutali ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zimapezeka pansi pa nyanja mu mabatire ndi zamagetsi. TMC yavomereza kuti DSM sizingakhale zopindulitsa, chifukwa sangathe kutsimikizira ubwino wa zitsulo ndipo - panthawi yomwe amachotsedwa - sangafunikire.

DSM sikofunikira kuti musinthe kuchoka kumafuta oyambira. Si ndalama zanzeru komanso zokhazikika. Ndipo, sizidzapangitsa kuti phindu likhale logawidwa mofanana. Chizindikiro chosiyidwa panyanja ndi DSM sichikhala chachidule. 

Ocean Foundation ikugwira ntchito ndi mabwenzi osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana, kuyambira m'mabwalo mpaka kumalo oyaka moto, kuti athane ndi nkhani zabodza za DSM. TOF imathandiziranso kuwonjezeka kwa omwe akukhudzidwa nawo pamagulu onse a zokambirana, komanso kuimitsidwa kwa DSM. ISA ikukumana tsopano mu Marichi (tsatirani wophunzira wathu Maddie Warner pa Instagram yathu pamene akuphimba misonkhano!) komanso kachiwiri mu July - ndipo mwina October 2023. Ndipo TOF idzakhalapo pamodzi ndi anthu ena ogwira nawo ntchito omwe akugwira ntchito kuti ateteze cholowa chawamba cha anthu.

Mukufuna kudziwa zambiri za deep seabed mining (DSM)?

Onani tsamba lathu la kafukufuku lomwe lasinthidwa kumene kuti muyambe.

Onani Tsamba