Nyanja Yathu ndi Tsogolo la Pulasitiki

M'mwezi wa Julayi, ndidakhala masiku anayi ku The Klosters Forum, tauni yaying'ono ku Swiss Alps yomwe imalimbikitsa mgwirizano wotsogola posonkhanitsa malingaliro osokoneza komanso olimbikitsa kuthana ndi zovuta zina za chilengedwe padziko lapansi. Olandira alendo a Klosters, mpweya wabwino wa m'mapiri ndi zokolola ndi tchizi zochokera kumalo ochitira misonkhano ya pafamu ya akatswiri adapangidwa kuti athe kukambirana mozama komanso mopanda tsankho pakati pa akatswiri.

Chaka chino, makumi asanu ndi awiri a ife tinasonkhana kuti tikambirane za tsogolo la pulasitiki m'dziko lathu, makamaka momwe tingachepetsere kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki ku nyanja. Msonkhanowu unaphatikizapo akatswiri ochokera m'mabungwe akuluakulu ndi m'madipatimenti a chemistry aku yunivesite komanso ochokera kumakampani ndi zamalamulo. Panali otsimikiza otsutsa pulasitiki komanso anthu okonda kuganiza mozama za momwe angathanirane ndi zinyalala zapulasitiki m'maiko osauka kwambiri padziko lapansi.

Tinathera theka la nthawi yathu pa chiyani, ndipo theka pa momwe. Kodi timachita bwanji ndi vuto lomwe limathandizidwa ndi anthu ambiri, komanso lomwe lingakhale lovulaza anthu onse?

Monga ambiri aife, ndimaganiza kuti ndili ndi chowongolera chabwino pakukula kwa vuto la kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki m'nyanja yathu. Ndinkaganiza kuti ndamvetsetsa vuto lothana nalo komanso zotsatira zake zopitiliza kulola zinyalala mamiliyoni ambiri kuwomba, kutengeka, kapena kugwera m'nyanja. Ndinamvetsetsa kuti ntchito ya The Ocean Foundation ingakhale kupitiliza kuthandizira zina mwazabwino zomwe zilipo, kuwunika, kuyesetsa kutulutsa mapulasitiki, ndikuzindikira komwe pangakhale mipata yomwe ingatsekedwe ndi anthu odzipereka padziko lonse lapansi.

Koma patatha sabata yolankhulana ndi akatswiri okhudzana ndi kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki m'nyanja, malingaliro anga adachokera pakuthandizira, kusanthula, ndi kutumiza mapulojekiti abwino kuti apeze ndalama ku gulu lathu la opereka thandizo kuti awonjezere chinthu chatsopano pakuyesetsa. Sitingofunika kuchepetsa zinyalala za pulasitiki-tiyenera kuchepetsa kudalira mapulasitiki onse.

 
Pulasitiki ndi chinthu chodabwitsa. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma polima imalola kugwiritsa ntchito modabwitsa kuchokera ku miyendo yopangira ma prosthetic kupita ku magalimoto ndi zida za ndege kupita ku makapu opepuka amtundu umodzi, udzu, ndi zikwama. Tinapempha akatswiri a zamankhwala kuti abwere ndi zinthu zolimba, zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwapadera, komanso zopepuka zochepetsera mtengo wotumizira. Ndipo akatswiri a mankhwala adayankha. M'moyo wanga, tasintha kuchoka pagalasi ndi mapepala kupita ku pulasitiki pafupifupi pamisonkhano yamagulu onse - kotero kuti pamsonkhano waposachedwa wowonera makanema azachilengedwe, wina adandifunsa zomwe titha kumwa ngati si makapu apulasitiki. Ndinamuuza mofatsa kuti magalasi a vinyo ndi madzi atha kugwira ntchito. “Magalasi akusweka. Mapepala ayamba kusokonekera, "adayankha. Nkhani yaposachedwa ya New York Times ikuwonetsa zotsatira za kupambana kwa akatswiri a zamankhwala:

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Zina mwa zotengedwa ku msonkhano wa Klosters kwa ine ndikumvetsetsa bwino momwe zovuta zomwe timakumana nazo ndi zazikulu. Mwachitsanzo, ma polima pawokha amatha kukhala otetezedwa mwalamulo komanso otha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito mwaukadaulo. Koma tilibe mphamvu yobwezeretsanso ma polima amenewo m'malo ambiri (ndipo nthawi zina paliponse). Kuphatikiza apo, ofufuza ndi oyimilira mafakitale omwe anali pamsonkhanowo adadzudzula kuti ma polima akaphatikizidwa kuti athetse zovuta zingapo zazakudya nthawi imodzi (kupuma komanso kutsitsimuka mu letesi, mwachitsanzo), sikukhalanso kuwunika kwina kwa chitetezo chazakudya kapena. recyclability wa osakaniza. Kapenanso momwe misanganizo ya polima imayankhira pakukhala nthawi yayitali ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi madzi—zatsopano ndi zamchere. Ndipo ma polima onse ndi abwino kwambiri kunyamula poizoni ndikutulutsa. Ndipo, ndithudi, pali chiwopsezo chowonjezereka chakuti chifukwa mapulasitiki amapangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta ndi gasi, adzatulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kwa nthawi. 

Vuto limodzi lalikulu ndi kuchuluka kwa mapulasitiki omwe amapangidwa ndikutayidwa m'moyo wanga akadali m'nthaka yathu, m'mitsinje ndi nyanja, komanso m'nyanja. Kuyimitsa pulasitiki m'mitsinje ndi nyanja ndizofunikira-ngakhale pamene tikupitiriza kufufuza njira zotheka, zotsika mtengo zochotsera pulasitiki m'nyanja popanda kuwononga zina zomwe tikufunikira kuti tithetse kudalira pulasitiki palimodzi. 

Anapiye anjala a Laysan Albatross, Flickr/Duncan

Kukambitsirana kumodzi ku Klosters kunayang'ana kwambiri ngati tifunika kuyika mtengo wakugwiritsa ntchito pulasitiki ndi msonkho kapena kuletsa moyenerera. Mwachitsanzo, mapulasitiki osagwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'chipatala komanso m'malo omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu (mwachitsanzo, kolera) amatha kulandira chithandizo chosiyana ndi makapu aphwando, matumba apulasitiki, ndi udzu. Madera apatsidwa mwayi wosankha kuti agwirizane ndi zosowa zawo zenizeni - podziwa kuti akuyenera kulinganiza ndalama zawo zoyendetsera zinyalala potengera mtengo wokakamiza kuletsa. Tawuni ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja ikhoza kuyang'ana kwambiri zoletsa kuchepetsa mtengo woyeretsa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndipo dera lina lingayang'ane pa zolipiritsa zomwe zimachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito komanso kupereka ndalama zoyeretsera kapena kukonzanso.

Njira zamalamulo—ngakhale zitakonzedwanso—ziyenera kuphatikizirapo zolimbikitsa zoyendetsera bwino zinyalala komanso kupanga umisiri woyenerera woti zitheke kubwezeretsedwanso pamiyeso yeniyeni. Zikutanthauza kuwongolera kapangidwe ka mapulasitiki amitundu yambiri ndikupereka chilimbikitso kuti apange ma polima otha kubwezerezedwanso komanso ogwiritsidwanso ntchito. Ndipo, kupeza malire a malamulowa ndi zolimbikitsa posachedwapa ndizofunikira chifukwa makampani akukonzekera kuchulukitsa kanayi kupanga pulasitiki padziko lonse pazaka 30 zikubwerazi (pamene tikufunika kugwiritsa ntchito zochepa zomwe tikuchita lero).

Ndili ndi zovuta zambiri m'malingaliro, ndimakhalabe wofunitsitsa kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha zida zamalamulo, zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi zomwe The Ocean Foundation idakumana nazo polumikizana ndi anzawo pazamalamulo pakukula kwa acidity ya nyanja ku USA. , komanso pamlingo wadziko lonse lapansi.

Ndiwona kuti ikhala ntchito yolimba kupeza malingaliro aliwonse okhudza kuyipitsa kwa pulasitiki molondola. Tidzafunika luso laukadaulo ndipo tidzafunikira kupeza malingaliro omwe amayambitsa vuto, m'malo mwa omwe amavala pazenera, kuti apambane. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, tifunika kuyesetsa kuti tipewe kugwidwa ndi anthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro akuluakulu komanso odabwitsa omwe ali ndi malire aakulu kapena zothetsera zomwe zimawoneka bwino zomwe sizimatifikitsa kumene tikufuna kukhala monga Boyan Slat's " Ntchito ya Ocean Cleanup."  

Zachidziwikire, ife ku The Ocean Foundation sitiri oyamba kuganiza motsatira njira zamalamulo komanso kupanga zida zamalamulo. Momwemonso, palinso kuchuluka kwa mabungwe omwe agwira ntchito ndi opanga zisankho kuti apange njira zoyenera zowongolera. Kuti mudziwe zambiri za ndondomeko za ndondomeko, ndikufuna kusonkhanitsa zitsanzo zabwino kuchokera ku ma municipalities ndi maboma, komanso malamulo a dziko (Rwanda, Tanzania, Kenya, ndi Tamil Nadu akubwera m'maganizo monga zitsanzo zaposachedwa). Ndikufuna kugwira ntchito ndi anzanga ochokera ku ClientEarth, mamembala a Plastic Pollution Coalition, ndi makampani omwe apeza njira zopambana. Ndi maziko omwe akhazikitsidwa pa Klosters Forum ya chaka chino, Msonkhano wa chaka chamawa ukhoza kuyang'ana kwambiri pa ndondomeko, ndi njira zothetsera vuto la mapulasitiki m'nyanja yathu.

Mark J. Spalding, Purezidenti wa The Ocean Foundation ndi membala wa Ocean Studies Board ya National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Akugwira ntchito ku Sargasso Sea Commission. Mark ndi Senior Fellow ku Center for the Blue Economy, ku Middlebury Institute of International Studies. Kuphatikiza apo, amagwira ntchito ngati CEO ndi Purezidenti wa SeaWeb, ndi mlangizi wa Rockefeller Ocean Strategy (thumba lachuma lomwe silinachitikepo m'mphepete mwa nyanja) ndipo adapanga pulogalamu yoyamba yochotsera mpweya wa buluu, SeaGrass Grow.

​¹Lim, Xiaozhi "Kupanga Imfa ya Pulasitiki" New York Times 6 Ogasiti 2018 https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/06/science/plastics-polymers-pollution.html
²Shiffman, David "Ndinafunsa akatswiri 15 owononga pulasitiki m'nyanja za projekiti ya Ocean Cleanup, ndipo ali ndi nkhawa" Southern Fried Science 13 June 2018 http://www.southernfriedscience.com/i-asked-15-ocean-plastic-pollution-experts-about-the-ocean-cleanup-project-and-they-have-concerns