2/3 yeChinhu: Zvatinonyatsoziva Nezve Chengetedzo yeMhuka dzeMarine

Na: Jacob Zadik, Communications Intern, The Ocean Foundation

Mhuka dzemugungwa dzinomiririra zvimwe zvezvisikwa zvinofadza uye zvinoshamisa pamusoro penyika ino. Kunyangwe zvisina kuwanda muhuwandu hwemhando dzezvipenyu zvichienzaniswa nemamwe mapoka emhuka, ndidzo dzinotungamira mune dzakawanda dzakanyanyisa uye dzakanyanyisa maitiro. Blue whale ndiyo mhuka hurusa yati yamborarama panyika. Sperm whale ine uropi hukuru kupfuura mhuka ipi neipi. The bottlenose dolphin ine ndangariro refu yakarekodhwa, kudzinga ndangariro dzapfuura nzou. Iyi inongova mimwe mienzaniso.

Hongu, nekuda kwehunhu uhu, kugona kwekuziva, uye kubatana kwekupedzisira kwemhepo kwatiri, mhuka dzemugungwa dzagara dziri pamusoro pechido chedu chekuchengetedza. Mitemo yakadzikwa muna 1934 kurambidza kuvhimwa kwewhale whale inoratidza mutemo wekutanga unopesana nekuvhima whale uye mimwe yemitemo yekutanga yekuchengetedza. Sezvo makore achifambira mberi, kuwedzera kushorwa kwewhaling uye bludgeoning uye kuuraya kwezvimwe zvipuka zvegungwa zvinotungamirira kuMarine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) muna 1972. iyo yakaona kubudirira kukuru mumakore apfuura. Uye, muna 1994, MMPA yakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya kuti igadzirise zvirinani nyaya dzemazuva ano dzakatenderedza mhuka dzemugungwa. Pakazere zvibodzwa zvemitemo iyi ndezvekuona kuti marudzi ezvipenyu arege kuwira pasi pehuwandu hwehuwandu hwahwo hwakakwana.

Mutemo wakadaro wakaona kubudirira kunoshamisa mumakore uye ruzhinji rwemhuka dzemugungwa dzakaongororwa dzinoratidza kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwevanhu. Izvi zvinopfuura zvinogona kutaurwa nokuda kwamamwe mapoka akawanda emhuka, uye ikoku kunomutsa mubvunzo wokuti nei tichipfuurira kuva nehanya zvikuru neizvi zvisikwa zvikuru mupfungwa yokuchengetedza? Ini pachangu, kuve herpetologist pamwoyo, izvi zvagara zvichindinetsa. Pamhuka yega yega iri mungozi yekutsakatika ingataurwa nemunhu, ndaigona kupindura negumi kana zvipuka zvinokambaira zviri mungozi yekutsakatika. Mhinduro imwe cheteyo inogona kutaurwa kuhove, makorari, arthropods, uye zvirimwa zvava pedyo nokutsakatika. Saka zvakare, mubvunzo ndewokuti nei mhuka dzemugungwa? Hakuna rimwe boka remhuka rine mutemo wakatanhamara wakanyatsogadzirirwa kuchengetedza vanhu vadzo.

Mhinduro ndeyokuti mhuka dzomugungwa seboka rakabatana zvimwe zvimwe zvezviratidzo zvikuru zveutano hwezvipenyu zvegungwa. Ivo vanowanzova chikara chepamusoro kana chikara chepamusoro munzvimbo dzavanogara. Ivo zvakare vanozivikanwa kuita basa rekudya kwakakura sosi yezvikara zvakakura kana madiki benthic scavenger pavanofa. Vanogara munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzekugara, kubva kugungwa repolar kusvika kune tropical reef. Nokudaro, hutano hwavo chiratidzo chakananga chekubudirira kwekuedza kwedu kuchengetedza. Mukupesana, iwowo anomiririra kushatiswa kwechikonzero nekuwedzera kwedu budiriro, kusvibiswa, uye kubata hove kuedza. Semuenzaniso, kuderera kwemanatee chiratidzo chekuderera kwekugara kwehuswa hwegungwa. Funga nezvehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemhando dzemhuka dzemugungwa kuunganidzwa kwemagiredhi pamarine kuchengetedza ripoti kadhi kana uchida.

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, chikamu chepamusoro chemhuka dzemugungwa dzakatsvakurudzwa dzinoratidza kuwedzera uye kuenderera mberi kwevanhu. Nehurombo pane dambudziko neizvi, uye vazhinji venyu vanogona kunge vakatokwanisa kutora dambudziko kubva pakusarudza kwangu kwemazwi. Zvinosuruvarisa, pamusoro pe2/3rds yemhuka dzemugungwa dzinoyamwisa hadzina kudzidza zvakakwana, uye huwandu hwadzo hwazvino hauzivikanwi zvachose (kana iwe usinganditendi, enda nepakati. IUCN Tsvuku Rondedzero) Iri idambudziko hombe nekuti 1) vasingazive huwandu hwavo, uye kuchinjika kwahwo, vanokundikana sekadhi rerepoti rakakwana, uye 2) nekuti kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwezvipfuyo zvemugungwa zvakadzidzwa mhedzisiro yakananga yekuedza kwetsvakiridzo inoturikira mukutonga kurinani kwekuchengetedza.

Zvakakosha kuti kuedza nekukasika kutorwa kugadzirisa kushomeka kweruzivo rwakatenderedza huwandu hwemhuka dzemugungwa. Kunyangwe isiri chaiyo “mumvura” inoyamwisa (tichifunga kuti yaigara munzvimbo ine mvura yakachena), nyaya ichangoburwa yeYangtze River Dolphin muenzaniso unoodza mwoyo wepanguva yekutsvagisa yakanonoka. Yakanzi yakatsakatika muna 2006, huwandu hwema dolphin hwaive husingazivikanwe 1986 isati yasvika, uye kuedza kwakanyanya kudzoreredza huwandu hwevanhu kwaisaonekwa makore ekuma90 asati asvika. Nekusimudzira kusingamisikike kweChina munzvimbo zhinji dzema dolphin, kuedza kwekuchengetedza uku kwakanonoka. Kunyange iri nyaya inochemedza, haingavi nemhosva; inotiratidza kukosha kwekunzwisisa nekukurumidza marudzi ese emhuka dzemugungwa.

Zvichida dambudziko guru ranhasi kune ruzhinji rwezvipuka zvemugungwa iindasitiri inoramba ichikura yekubata hove - hove dzegillnet kuva yakanyanya kukuvadza. Zvirongwa zvemucherechedzi wemugungwa (yakanaka kunze kwebasa rekoreji) unganidza zvakakosha bycatch data. Kubva mugore ra1990 kusvika 2011 zvakaonekwa kuti zvinosvika 82% yemhando dzeOdontoceti, kana mazino whales (orcas, beaked whales, ma dolphin, uye mamwe), akafanirwa kubatwa hove dzegillnet. Nhamburiko kubva kuhove kuti dzirambe dzichikura uye zvinofungidzirwa mhedzisiro inogona chete kuve yekuti kubatwa kwemhuka dzemugungwa kunotevera maitiro ari kuwedzera aya. Zvinofanira kunge zviri nyore kuona kuti kunzwisisa kuri nani kwezvipfuyo zvemugungwa zvinotama uye maitiro ekukwirana zvinogona kukanganisa manejimendi ehove.

Saka ndinopedzisa neizvi: kunyangwe iwe uchinakidzwa negargantuan baleen whales, kana kunyanya kunakidzwa tiye mating maitiro emabarnacles, utano hwezvipenyu zvomugungwa hunoratidzirwa nokupenya kwemhuka dzomugungwa. Iyo inzvimbo yakawedzera yekudzidza, uye kutsvagisa kwakawanda kunodiwa kwasara kuti udzidze. Asi, kuedza kwakadaro kunogona kuitwa chete zvakanaka nerutsigiro rwakazara rwenzanga yenyika.