Chimwe Chakavanzika paOcean's Depth: Seabed Mining

Na: Carla O. García Zendejas

Ndiri kubhururuka panzvimbo yakakwirira ye39,000 ft. Ndichifunga nezvekudzika kwegungwa, idzo nzvimbo dzine rima vamwe vedu takatanga kuona muzvinyorwa zvisingawanzo uye zvakanaka izvo zvakatizivisa kuna Jacques Cousteau uye zvisikwa zvinoshamisa uye hupenyu hwemvura hwatakadzidza kuda uye kukoshesa. munyika yose. Vamwe vedu takatoita rombo rakanaka rekunakidzwa nepakati pemakungwa, kuona makorari, takakomberedzwa nezvikoro zvehove nehove dzinoyerera.

Dzimwe dzenzvimbo dzinogara dziri kuramba dzichishamisa nyanzvi dzezvipenyu zvemugungwa ndedziya dzakagadzirwa nekuputika kunobva muzvitubu zvegomo rinoputika uko kune hupenyu kune tembiricha yakanyanya. Pakati pezvakawanwa mukutsvaga zvitubu zvegomo rinoputika kana zviputi inyaya yekuti makomo ane sarufa akaumbwa kubva mukuputika akagadzira madhipatimendi makuru ezvicherwa. Zviyero zvakanyungudutswa zvesimbi dzinorema segoridhe, sirivheri nemhangura zvinoungana mumakomo aya akagadzirwa semugumisiro wemvura inopisa inopindirana negungwa rinotonhora. Uku kudzika, kuchiri kushamisa muzvinhu zvakawanda ndiyo itsva inotarisa kumakambani emigodhi pasi rose.

Miitiro yemazuva ano yekuchera migodhi haiwanzofanana nepfungwa iyo vazhinji vedu tinayo nezve indasitiri. Kare kare imazuva awaikwanisa kuchera goridhe nedemo repiki, migodhi inozivikanwa pasi rose yakapera matombo ayo aiwanikwa nyore kuti acherwe nenzira iyi. Mazuvano, madhipoziti mazhinji esimbi anorema ayo achiripo pasi ari madiki kana tichienzanisa. Saka nzira yekubvisa goridhe, kana sirivheri ikemikari inoitika mushure mekufambisa matani etsvina nematombo anofanirwa kugayiwa obva aiswa muchemikemikari yekugeza iyo chinhu chikuru chiri cyanide pamwe nemamiriyoni emarita emvura yakachena kuti vawane imwe chete. imwe yegoridhe, iyi inozivikanwa se cyanide leaching. Iyo byproduct yeiyi maitiro idhaka ine muchetura ine arsenic, mercury, cadmium uye lead pakati pezvimwe zvinhu zvine chepfu, inozivikanwa sematailings. Micheka yemugodhi iyi inowanzoiswa mumirwi iri pedyo nemigodhi ichikonzera njodzi kuvhu nemvura yepasi pasi pepamusoro.

Saka migodhi iyi inoturikira sei pakadzika pegungwa, mubhedha wegungwa, kubviswa kwematoni edombo uye kubviswa kwemakomo emaminerari aripo pasi pegungwa zvingakanganisa sei hupenyu hwemugungwa, kana nzvimbo dzakatenderedza kana gungwa. ? Ko cyanide leaching ingaratidzika sei mugungwa? Chii chaizoitika nemiswe kubva mumigodhi? Chokwadi ndechekuti chikoro ichi chichiri pamibvunzo iyi nemimwe mizhinji, zviri pamutemo. Nokuti, kana tikangocherechedza kuti zvii zviitwa zvemigodhi zvakaunza kunharaunda kubva kuCajamarca (Peru), Peñoles (Mexico) kusvika kuNevada (USA) zvinyorwa zvakajeka. Nhoroondo yekuderera kwemvura, toxic heavy metal kusvibiswa uye mhedzisiro yehutano inoenderana nazvo inzvimbo yakajairika mumaguta mazhinji emigodhi. Mhedzisiro inogoneka chete ndeye moonscapes inoumbwa nemakoronga makuru ayo anogona kudzika kusvika maira kudzika uye anopfuura mamaira maviri kufara. Mabhenefiti asina chokwadi anotsanangurwa nemapurojekiti emigodhi anogara achideredzwa neakavanzika ehupfumi uye mutengo wezvakatipoteredza. Nharaunda pasi rose dzave nemakore dzichipokana nemapurojekiti ezvicherwa apfuura uye mune ramangwana; kutongwa kwematare kwakapikisa mitemo, zvibvumirano uye zvisungo zvose munyika uye pasi rose nekubudirira kwakasiyana-siyana.

Kumwe kushorwa kwakadaro kwatotanga maererano nerimwe remapurojekiti ekutanga ekuchera mubhedha wegungwa muPapua New Guinea, Nautilus Minerals Inc. kambani yekuCanada yakapihwa mvumo yemakore makumi maviri yekuchera matombo ayo anonzi ane goridhe rakawanda nemhangura makumi matatu. mamaira kubva kumahombekombe pasi peBismarck Sea. Panyaya iyi tiri kubata nemvumo yekune dzimwe nyika kuti ipindure pamusoro pezvingangoitika pachirongwa chemugodhi uyu. Asi chii chichaitika nezvichemo zvemigodhi inoitwa mumvura dzepasi rose? Ndiani achazvidavirira uye ane mhosva yezvingangove zvakashata zvinokonzeresa uye mhedzisiro?

Pinda muInternational Seabed Authority, yakagadzirwa sechikamu cheChibvumirano cheUnited Nations cheMutemo weGungwa[1] (UNCLOS), sangano repasi rose rinopihwa mhosva yekuita gungano uye kudzora zvicherwa pasi pegungwa, pasi pegungwa uye pasi pevhu. mvura dzepasi rose. The Legal and Technical Commission (inoumbwa nenhengo makumi maviri neshanu dzakasarudzwa neISA council) inoongorora zvikumbiro zvemapurojekiti ekuongorora nezvemigodhi, ukuwo ichiongorora nekutarisa mashandiro uye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza, mvumo yekupedzisira inopihwa ne25 nhengo yeISA council. Parizvino dzimwe nyika dzine zvibvumirano zvekodzero dzekuongorora dzinoti China, Russia, South Korea, France, Japan neIndia; nzvimbo dzakaongororwa dzinosvika 36 square kilometers muhukuru.

ISA yakashongedzerwa kubata nekukura kuri kudiwa mumigodhi yepasi pegungwa, ichakwanisa here kutonga nekutarisa kuwanda kwenhamba yemapurojekiti? Ndeipi mwero wekuzvidavirira uye kubuda pachena kweichi sangano repasi rese iro rinopihwa basa rekuchengetedza mazhinji emakungwa epasi? Tinogona kushandisa njodzi yeBP yemafuta sechiratidzo chezvinetso zvinosangana nehombe ine mari yakawanda inodzora kumahombekombe emvura yenyika muUS Ndeipi mukana weiyo agency diki yakadai seISA ine chekuita nematambudziko aya uye mune ramangwana?

Asi imwe nyaya inyaya yekuti US haina kubvumidza UN Convention pamusoro peMutemo weGungwa (164 nyika dzakabvumidza gungano), nepo vamwe vanofunga kuti US haifanire kuve bato rechibvumirano kuti itange kucherwa kwemakungwa. oparesheni vamwe havabvumirani nemoyo wese. Kana isu tichida kubvunza kana kupikisa kuita kwakaringana kwekutarisa uye zviyero zvezvakatipoteredza kudzivirira kukuvadza kwakadzika kwemakungwa, isu tichafanirwa kuve chikamu chenhaurirano. Kana isu tisingade kutevedzera mwero wakafanana wekuongororwa pasi rose tinorasikirwa nekuvimbika uye kuda kwakanaka. Saka kunyangwe tichiziva kuti kuchera mugungwa ibasa rine njodzi, tinofanira kuzvinetsa nemigodhi yakadzika yegungwa nekuti hatisati tave kunzwisisa ukuru hwekukanganisa kwayo.

[1] Yemakore makumi matatu ekuyeukwa kweUNCLOS yaive musoro wedzidziso yezvikamu zviviri zveblog blog naMatthew Cannistraro pane ino saiti.  

Ndokumbira utarise DSM Project's Regional Legislative and Regulatory Framework yeDeep Sea Minerals Exploitation and Exploitation, yakaburitswa gore rapfuura. Gwaro iri riri kushandiswa pari zvino nenyika dzeChitsuwa chePacific kubatanidza mumitemo yadzo hutongi hwejekerere.

Carla García Zendejas igweta rinozivikanwa rezvakatipoteredza kubva kuTijuana, Mexico. Ruzivo rwake uye maonero ake zvinobva pabasa rake rakakura remasangano epasirese uye emunyika pane zvemagariro, zvehupfumi uye zvezvakatipoteredza. Mumakore gumi nemashanu adarika akawana budiriro dzakawanda munyaya dzinosanganisira kugadzirwa kwesimba, kusvibiswa kwemvura, kururamisira kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuvandudzwa kwemitemo yehurumende yejekerere. Akapa vatsigiri vane ruzivo rwakakosha kurwisa zvinokuvadza nharaunda uye zvingangove nengozi ine liquefied gasi rechisikigo zviteshi paBaja California peninsula, US uye kuSpain. Carla ane Masters muMutemo kubva kuWashington College of Law paAmerican University. Parizvino anoshanda seMutungamiriri weChirongwa cheHuman Rights & Extractive Industries paDue Process yeLaw Foundation sangano risingabatsiri rinowanikwa muWashington, DC.