Arctic Shipping Injodzi Yakamirira Kuitika

NaRichard Steiner

Mutakuri wekutakura zvinhu wekuMalaysia Selendang Ayu paakadzika muAlaska's Aleutian Islands makore masere apfuura svondo rino, chaive chiyeuchidzo chinosiririsa chenjodzi dziri kukura dzechikepe chekuchamhembe. Ndichiri munzira kubva kuSeattle kuenda kuChina, mudutu rinotyisa reBering Sea muchando nemhepo ine 70-knot nemakungwa 25-foot, injini yengarava yakakundikana. Sezvayaikukurwa ichienda kumahombekombe, pakanga pasina zvokudhonza munyanza zvakakwana kuti itakurwe, uye yakazodzika pachitsuwa cheUnalaska musi waDecember 8, 2004. Vashandi vatanhatu vakarasika, ngarava yacho yakatsemuka nepakati, uye zvinhu zvayo zvose zvinopfuura 335,000 XNUMX. magaroni emafuta anorema akadururwa oiri mumvura yeAlaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge (Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge) Kufanana nokumwe kurashikirwa kukuru kwemugungwa, kurashikirwa uku kwakanga kusina kuvharwa, uye kwakauraya zviuru zveshiri dzegungwa nedzimwe mhuka dzomusango, hove dzakavharwa, uye kwakasvibisa mamaira akawanda emhenderekedzo yegungwa.

Kufanana nenjodzi zhinji dzemaindasitiri, njodzi yeSelendang Ayu yakakonzerwa nemusanganiswa une njodzi wekukanganisa kwevanhu, kumanikidzwa kwemari, kutadza kwemagetsi, kuregeredza uye kutonga kwehurumende, ([PDF]Grounding of Malaysian-mureza Bulk Carrier M/V Selendang Ayu on) Kwenguva yakati, ngwavaira yacho yakanangidzira ngwariro kungozi yengarava yokuchamhembe. Asi nepo zvimwe zvinhu zvine njodzi zvakagadziriswa, kugadzikana kwakakurumidza kudzoka. Nhasi, dambudziko reSeendang harina kukanganwika, uye nekuwedzera kwekufamba kwengarava, njodzi ikozvino yakakura kupfuura nakare kose.

Mazuva ese, dzimwe ngarava huru dzevatengesi dzinosvika gumi-makumi maviri - ngarava dzemidziyo, vatakuri vazhinji, vatakuri vemotokari, uye matangi - vanofamba "nzira huru yedenderedzwa" pakati peAsia neNorth America pamwe neiyo 10-mamaira yeAleutian cheni. Sezvo kutengeserana kunowedzera kubva mukuderera, kutakura munzira iyi kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera. Uye sezvo kudziya kwepasi kuri kuramba kuchinyungudutsa aizi yemugungwa yechirimo, kufamba kwengarava kuri kuwedzerawo nekukurumidza mhiri kweArctic Ocean. Zhizha rapfuura, zvikepe zvevatengesi makumi mana nenhanhatu zvakapfuura nemuNorthern Sea Route pakati peEurope neAsia kuyambuka Russia arctic (Barents Mucherechedzi), kuwedzera kwakapetwa kagumi kubva pamakore maviri chete apfuura. Zvinopfuura miriyoni imwe yematani ekutakura akatakurwa munzira munzira mbiri zhizha rino (kuwedzera kwe1% kupfuura 50), uye zvizhinji zvacho zvaive nengozi chigadzirwa chepetroleum chakadai semafuta edhiziri, jet fuel, uye gasi condensate. Uye yekutanga Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) tanker munhoroondo yakafamba nzira gore rino, yakatakura LNG kubva kuNorway kuenda kuJapan muhafu yenguva yayaizotora kufamba nenzira yakajairika yeSuez. Huwandu hwemafuta negasi zvinotumirwa kuNorthern Sea Route zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvichasvika 2011 miriyoni matani gore negore panosvika 40. Kune zvakare kuwedzera kwekufamba kwezvikepe (kunyanya zvakatenderedza Greenland), ngarava dzehove, uye ngarava dzinoshandira arctic oiri uye gasi nzvimbo nemigodhi. .

Iri ibhizimusi rine njodzi. Izvi zvikepe zvihombe, zvinotakura mafuta ane njodzi uye zvinotakura zvinhu, zvinofamba mumakungwa ane hunyengeri zvichitevedza mahombekombe ane hunyanzvi hwezvakatipoteredza, zvinofambiswa nemakambani ane zvisungo zvekutengesa zvinowanzo vhiringa kuchengetedzwa, uye pasina dziviriro kana zvivakwa zvekupindura emergency munzira. Yakawanda yetraffic iyi yakamisikidzwa kune dzimwe nyika uye "panzira isina mhosva," pasi peMureza-we-Zvakanaka, neCrew-of-Convenience, uye ine yakaderera kuchengetedza zviyero. Uye zvese zvinoitika zvisingaonekwi, kunze-kwe-mupfungwa dzeveruzhinji uye vehurumende vanodzora. Imwe neimwe yeiyi ngarava yekufambisa inoisa panjodzi hupenyu hwevanhu, hupfumi, uye nharaunda, uye njodzi iri kukura gore rega rega. Kutumira nengarava kunounza masumo emarudzi anokanganisa, ruzha rwepasi pemvura, kurwisa kwezvikepe pamhuka dzemugungwa, uye kuburitsa kwakawanda. Asi sezvo dzimwe dzeidzi ngarava dzinotakura mamiriyoni amarita emafuta anorema, uye matangi anotakura makumi emamiriyoni emarita epetroleum kana kuti makemikoro, nomutoo wakajeka rutyo rukurusa kuteura kune ngwavaira.

Mukupindura kune Selendang njodzi, mubatanidzwa wemasangano asiri ehurumende, Alaska Natives, uye vabati vehove vanotengeserana vakabatana muShipping Safety Partnership kusimudzira kuvandudzwa kwakazara kwekuchengetedza munzira dzeAleutian neArctic. Muna 2005, Kudyidzana kwakadaidzira kutariswa kwechokwadi-nguva yezvikepe zvese, gungwa rekununura tugs, emergency tow mapakeji, zvibvumirano zvenzira, nzvimbo-dzinofanirwa-dzivirirwa, kuwedzera mari yechikwereti, zvirinani rubatsiro-ku-kufamba, kukwidziridzwa kufambisa ndege, inosungirwa kutaurirana. maprotocol, midziyo yekupindura zvirinani, yakawedzera mubhadharo wekutakura zvinhu, uye kuongororwa kwenjodzi yengarava. Zvishoma zveizvi ("michero yakarembera") yakaitwa: dzimwe nzvimbo dzekutevera dzakavakwa, mapakeji anotakurika anotakurwa akafanorongwa muDutch Harbour, kune imwe mari uye midziyo yekupindura yekudurura, Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment yaive. yakaitwa (ZVINYORWA > Zvinoenderana > AMSA - US Arctic Research ...), uye Aleutian shipping risk assessment iri kuitika (Aleutian Islands Risk Assessment Project Home Peji).

Asi mukudzikisa njodzi yese yeArctic neAleutian shipping, girazi richiri pamwe chikamu chimwe muzvina chakazara, matatu-matatu asina chinhu. Iyo system iri kure nekuchengetedzeka. Semuyenzaniso, kuronda ngarava kunoramba kusina kukwana, uye zvakadaro hakuna simba rekununura remugungwa rine simba rakamira munzira. Nokuenzanisa, mushure meExxon Valdez, Muchinda William Sound ikozvino ane gumi nerimwe ekuperekedza & mhinduro tugs pakumirira matangi ayo (Alyeska Pipeline – TAPS – SERVS) MuAleutians, mushumo weNational Academy of Sciences wa2009 wakagumisa kuti: “Hapana kana imwe yenhanho dziripo dzakakwana pakupindura ngarava mikuru mumamiriro okunze akaipa.”
ING OB RiverNzvimbo mbiri dzinonyanya kunetsa, dzinofamba dzakawanda dzengarava idzi, iUnimak Pass (pakati peGulf of Alaska neBering Sea iri kumabvazuva kweAleutians), neBering Strait (pakati peBering Sea neArctic Ocean). Sezvo nzvimbo idzi dzichitsigira mhuka dzemugungwa dzakawanda, shiri dzegungwa, hove, gakanje, uye kubereka kwese kupfuura chero imwe nharaunda yegungwa repasi, njodzi iri pachena. Kutendeuka kumwe kusiri iko kana kurasikirwa kwesimba retangi rakazara kana chinotakura zvinhu mune idzi nzira zvinogona kutungamirira kunjodzi huru yekuteuka nyore nyore. Saizvozvo, zvese Unimak Pass neBering Strait zvakakurudzirwa muna 2009 kuti zvizivikanwe nenyika dzese seSensitive Sea Areas, uye Marine National Monuments kana Sanctuaries, asi hurumende yeUS haisati yaita kurudziro iyi (Usatarisire New Marine Sanctuaries Pasi ... - Zviroto Zvakajairwa).

Zviripachena, isu tinofanirwa kubata pane izvi izvozvi, njodzi inotevera isati yaitika. Zvese zvekurudziro zveShipping Safety Partnership kubva muna 2005 (pamusoro) zvinofanirwa kuitwa nekukurumidza muAleutian neArctic nzira dzekutumira, kunyanya kuenderera mberi kwekutevera ngarava nekununura tugs. Indasitiri inofanirwa kubhadhara zvese kuburikidza nemari yekutakura zvinhu. Uye, hurumende dzinofanira kuita mvumo yeInternational Maritime Organisation's Guidelines for Ships Operating in Arctic ice-covered Waters, kuwedzera kutsvaga nekununura kugona, uye kumisa Regional Citizens 'Advisory Councils (Prince William Sound Regional Citizens 'Advisory Council) kutarisa zviitiko zvese zvekutengesa zvekunze.

Arctic shipping injodzi yakamirira kuitika. Hazvisi kana, asi riini uye kupi njodzi inotevera ichaitika. Anogona kunge ari manheru ano kana makore kubva zvino; inogona kunge iri muUnimak Pass, Bering Strait, Novaya Zemlya, Baffin Island, kana Greenland. Asi zvichaitika. Hurumende dzeArctic uye indasitiri yekutumira inofanirwa kukoshesa kudzikisa njodzi iyi zvakanyanya sezvinobvira, uye munguva pfupi.

Richard Steiner anotungamira Oasis Earth chirongwa - chipangamazano chepasi rose chinoshanda neNGOs, hurumende, maindasitiri, uye veruzhinji kuti vakurumidze shanduko kuenda kunharaunda inochengetedza zvakatipoteredza. Oasis Earth inoita Kurumidza Ongororo yeNGOs munyika dzichiri kusimukira pamatambudziko akakosha ekuchengetedza, inoongorora ongororo yezvakatipoteredza, uye inoitisa zvidzidzo zvizere.