Coastal Ecosystems Ndiyo Yedu Yekutanga Mutsara weDziviriro Kurwisa Hurricanes

Madutu achangobva kuitika anonzi Harvey, Irma, Jose, naMaria, ane migumisiro uye kuparadza kuchiri kunzwiwa muCaribbean yose neUnited States, anotiyeuchidza kuti mahombekombe edu uye avo vanogara pedyo navo vari pangozi. Sezvo madutu achiwedzera nemamiriro ekunze ari kuchinja, ndezvipi zvatingasarudza kuti tiwedzere kudzivirira mahombekombe edu kubva kumadutu nemafashamo? Matanho ekudzivirira anogadzirwa nevanhu, semadziro egungwa, anowanzo kudhura zvakanyanya. Vanoda kugara vachigadziridzwa sezvo mwero wegungwa unokwira, zvinokanganisa kushanya, uye kuwedzera kongiri kunogona kukanganisa nharaunda dzemahombekombe. Nekudaro, hunhu hwaamai hwakavakirwa muhurongwa hwavo hwekudzikisa njodzi, hunosanganisira ecosystem. Zvipenyu zvemumhenderekedzo yegungwa, zvakadai semanyoro, madutu, masango emiti, mibhedha yeoyster, macoral reef, mibhedha yeuswa hwegungwa, uye masango emiti yemimango zvinogona kubatsira kuchengetedza masaisai uye kuputika kwedutu kubva pakukukurwa nekufashamira kwemahombekombe edu. Parizvino, zvingangoita zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvemahombekombe eUnited States zvakadzivirirwa neimwe yezvipenyu zvegungwa izvi. 

Ngatitorei manyoro semuenzaniso. Kwete chete ivo vanochengeta kabhoni mukati mevhu uye zvirimwa (kusiyana nekuiburitsa mumhepo seCO₂) uye anobatsira kudzikamisa mamiriro ekunze epasi rose, asi anoitawo sezvipanji zvinogona kubata mvura pamusoro pemvura, mvura, kunyungudika kwechando, pasi pevhu, uye mvura yemafashamo, zvoita kuti isatsvedza kumahombekombe, uye zvozoisunungura zvishoma nezvishoma. Izvi zvinogona kubatsira kuderedza mazinga emvura uye kuderedza kukukurwa. Kudai taizochengetedza uye kudzoreredza izvi zvipenyu zvemumhenderekedzo yegungwa, taigona kuwana dziviriro yaizowanzobva kuzvinhu zvakaita serevhi.

Kukurumidza kugadzirwa kwemitengo kuri kukuvadza nekubvisa izvi zvipenyu zvemahombekombe. Muchidzidzo chitsva chakaitwa naNarayan et. al (2017), vanyori vakapa zvimwe zvinonakidza mhedzisiro nezvekukosha kwenzvimbo dzemvura. Semuenzaniso, munguva yeHurricane Sandy muna 2012, nzvimbo dzemvura dzakadzivirira kudarika $ 625 mamiriyoni mukukuvara kwepfuma. Sandy yakakonzera kufa kwakananga makumi manomwe neshanu muUS uye ingangoita mabhiriyoni makumi mashanu emadhora mukukuvadza kwemafashama. Kufa kwakanyanya nekuda kwemafashamu emvura. Matope akashanda sechidziviriro pamhenderekedzo yegungwa kurwisa kuvhuvhuta kwedutu. Munyika dzese gumi nembiri dzemahombekombe eEast Coast, manyoro akakwanisa kudzikisa kukuvadzwa kubva kuHurricane Sandy neavhareji ye72% pazip-code dzakabatanidzwa muchidzidzo. Inopfuura mamaira 50 emigwagwa nemigwagwa mikuru zvakadzivirirwa nematoro kubva kuHurricane Sandy. MuNew Jersey zvakananga, nzvimbo yemvura inovhara inenge gumi muzana yemafashama uye inofungidzirwa kuti yakaderedza kukuvadzwa kubva kuHurricane Sandy ne12% yose, iyo inoshandura kusvika ku $ 22 mamiriyoni.

Imwe ongororo yakaitwa naGuannel et. al (2016) akawana kuti kana paine masisitimu akawanda (eg coral reef, seagrass meadows, uye mangroves) anobatsira mukuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo dzemahombekombe, nzvimbo idzi dzekugara pamwe chete dzinodzikamisa chero simba rinouya, mafashama, uye kurasikirwa kwevhu. Pamwe chete, masisitimu aya anodzivirira zvirinani mahombekombe pane kungoita hurongwa kana nzvimbo imwe chete. Chidzidzo ichi zvakare chakawana kuti mangrove chete anogona kupa zvakanyanya kudzivirira. Makorari nehuswa hwegungwa zvinonyanya kubatsira kudzikisa njodzi yekukukurwa kwemahombekombe uye kukurudzira kugadzikana kwemahombekombe, kuderedza mafungu ari pedyo nemahombekombe, uye kuwedzera kusimba kwemahombekombe pane chero njodzi. Mangroves ndiwo anonyanya kushanda pakuchengetedza mahombekombe pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu edutu uye asiri emhepo. 

Izvi zvipenyu zvegungwa hazvina kukosha panguva yezviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze makuru semadutu. Vanoderedza kurasikirwa kwemafashama gore negore munzvimbo dzakawanda, kunyange nemadutu maduku. Semuenzaniso, macoral reef anogona kuderedza simba remafungu anorova mahombekombe ne85%. Maodzanyemba eEast Coast eUS pamwe neGulf Coast akadzikira-pasi, mahombekombe ane madhaka kana jecha, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kukukurwa, uye nzvimbo idzi dzinonyanya kunetseka nemafashama uye dutu remhepo. Kunyange kana zvipenyu izvi zvinenge zvatokuvadzwa, sezvakangoita mamwe macoral reef, kana kuti masango emiti yemimango, zvipenyu izvi zvichiri kutidzivirira pamafungu nemafungu. Kunyange zvakadaro, tinoramba tichibvisa nzvimbo idzi dzekugara kuti tiwane nzvimbo yekutamba gorofu, mahotera, dzimba, nezvimwewo. Mumakore makumi matanhatu adarika, kuvandudzwa kwemaguta kwakabvisa hafu yemasango emuFlorida enhoroondo yemangrove. Tiri kubvisa kudzivirira kwedu. Parizvino, FEMA inoshandisa hafu yebhirioni yemadhora pagore mukuderedza njodzi yemafashamo, mukupindura nharaunda dzenzvimbo. 

Zvechokwadi kune nzira dzekuvaka patsva nzvimbo dzakaparadzwa nemadutu nenzira inoita kuti dzigadzirire zviri nani kune madutu emunguva yemberi, uye ichachengetedza izvi zvakakosha zvipenyu. Nzvimbo dzemumhenderekedzo yegungwa dzinogona kuve mutsara wekutanga wedziviriro kubva kune madutu, uye dzinogona kunge dzisiri chimwe chinhu chinogadzirisa matambudziko edu ese emafashama kana dutu remhepo, asi ivo vakakodzera kutora mukana nazvo. Kuchengetedza nekuchengetedza idzi ecosystems kuchadzivirira nharaunda dzedu dzemahombekombe tichivandudza hutano hwemagariro ematunhu emahombekombe.