Kukudza Mwedzi weNhoroondo yeVatema: Richard Etheridge, Gamba reMaritime

Yakanyorwa naMark J. Spalding (The Ocean Foundation) naJordan Morgan (Yunivhesiti yeMaine School of Law)

Mukupemberera makore zana emwedzi weBlack History, tinokudza Richard Etheridge, munhu aitungamira munhoroondo yezvikepe zvekuAmerica ane ushingi nehutungamiriri zvakabatsira kugadzira nhaka yeUS Life-Saving Service neCoast Guard.

Kubva Muuranda Kuenda Kubasa

Richard Etheridge akazvarirwa muuranda paRoanoke Island kuNorth Carolina musi wa16 Ndira 1842. Richard aifungidzirwa kuti ndiye mwanakomana wemuranda wake, John B. Etheridge, uye aizivikanwa zvikuru semuranda. Akakurira mumhuri yeEtheridge uye akadzidziswa kuverenga nekunyora, hunyanzvi hwaizomubatsira muhupenyu hwake hwese hunoshamisa.

Munguva yeHondo yeVanhu, Etheridge akabatana neUnion muna 1863, achishandira muUS Colored Infantry yechi36 kusvika muna 1866. Kuzvipira kwake kururamisiro kwakaonekwa kunyange panguva iyoyo. Pane imwe nguva, akatsigira vagari vatema veFreedmen's Colony, achinyora tsamba kuna komisheni weUnion achitsutsumwa kuti masoja machena aipinda mudzimba nekuba zvinhu. Akasaina tsamba iyi. "nokuda kwevanhu."

Mushure mehondo, Etheridge akadzokera kuRoanoke Island, akaroora muna 1867, uye akashanda semubati wehove, murimi, uye mutyairi wendege. Muna 1875, akabatana neUnited States Life-Saving Service munzvimbo yekutanga, basa raive rakaoma kuti varume vatema vapfuurire mberi panguva iyoyo.

Kuputsa Zvipingamupinyi paPea Island

Nekushanda nesimba uye kuzvipira, Etheridge akakwira. Mushure mekuferefeta kwakakura kwakawana kuti vaimbove varidzi veOuter Banks Life-Saving Stations vakanga vasina kubudirira, Superintendent weUSLSS Sumner Kimball akagadza Richard Etheridge seMuchengeti wePea Island Life-Saving Station musi wa24 Ndira 1880, zvichimuita muchengeti wekutanga wemwenje weAfrican American uye mukuru wekutanga wechidiki anotarisira chero nzvimbo yeUS.

Mufananidzo: Vashandi vePea Island Life Saving Station munenge muna 1890. Richard Etheridge ari mumufananidzo kuruboshwe. Hofisi yeUS Coast Guard Historian's.

Vashandi vachena vepachiteshi ichi pavakasiya basa, vashandi vekusurfa veAfrican American vakabva kumayuniti ari pedyo vakaunzwa kuPea Island, vachiumba vashandi vekutanga uye vega vevatema muUnited States Life-Saving Service. Etheridge akagadzira maekisesaizi akaomarara akagonesa vashandi vake kuita mabasa ese ekuponesa hupenyu, uye chiteshi ichi chakava nemukurumbira wekuti "imwe yedzakanyanya kutaurwa paCarolina Coast." Akashanda semuchengeti kwemakore makumi maviri, anopfuura chero mumwe muchengeti wePea Island, uye akafa achiri kushanda pabasa rake.

Kununurwa kweHero kweES Newman

Husiku hwaGumiguru 11, 1896, chikepe cheschooner ES Newman, chaifamba kubva kuProvidence, Rhode Island, chakadonha pasi pakati pedutu. Etheridge akatadza kuburitsa chikepe chekununura kana kupfura Lyle Gun nekuda kwedutu guru, saka akatendeukira kuvashandi vepamusoro sesarudzo yake yekupedzisira.

Achikumbira vashandi vaviri vanozvipira, Etheridge akavarayira kuti vazvisunge netambo voshambira vachienda kunzvimbo yakaparadzwa ukuwo vamwe vashandi vaiva pamhenderekedzo vakabata tambo senzira yekudzivirira ngarava pakati penyika negungwa. Husiku ihwohwo, vashandi vePea Island vakanunura vanhu vapfumbamwe vaiva muchikepe cheES Newman, kusanganisira mudzimai wakaputeni nemwanakomana wake ane makore matatu ekuberekwa.

Nekuda kweushingi hwavo hunoshamisa, Etheridge nechikwata chake vakapihwa menduru yeUS Coast Guard's Gold-Saving Medal mushure mekufa kwavo muna 1996, vachiva vekutanga veCoast Guardsmen kugamuchira menduru yeushingi vari pabasa.

Nhaka Inogara

Basa raEtheridge rakaitwa panguva yeReconstruction, nguva yakanga isina kugadzikana uye ine njodzi muhukama hwemadzinza ekuAmerica. Makore maviri chete asati afa muna 1900, mhirizhonga yekuda kutonga kwevachena muWilmington, NC, yakabvisa vagari vatema pazvinzvimbo zvesimba nechisimba. Asi Pea Island yakaramba ichishandiswa nevanhu vatema vekuAmerica kwemakore makumi mana nemanomwe mushure mekufa kwaEtheridge, nhaka yakapararira kure neOuter Banks dziri kure.

Sezvakataurwa naJoan Collins, munyori wePea Island Preservation Society, "Richard Etheridge akavhura mikana yekuti vanhu vazhinji vemuAfrica-America munzvimbo iyi vabatane neCoast Guard. Kwemakore makumi matanhatu nemanomwe, Pea Island yaishandiswa nevanhu vemuAfrica-America. Dai asina kuva iye uye akaratidza muenzaniso waakaisa, izvozvo zvingadai zvisina kuitika."

Nhasi, zita raRichard Etheridge rinoramba riripo. Mugadziri weUSCGC Richard Etheridge, muchengeti wemhando yeSentinel, anokudza kurangarira kwake nebasa rake. Nyaya yake inotiyeuchidza kuti ushingi, kuzvipira, uye kugona zvinogona kukunda zvipingamupinyi zverusarura, uye kuti mipiro yevatema vekuAmerica yave yakakosha kunhaka yenyika yedu kubva pakutanga chaipo.

NezveMwedzi weNhoroondo yeVatema

Gore rino rinocherechedza makore zana emwedzi weNhoroondo yeVatema, izvo zvinogona kuteverwa kudzokera shure kusvika pakugadzwa kweVhiki yeNhoroondo yeVatema muna Kukadzi 1926 naDr. Carter G. Woodson. Akazvarwa muna 1875 muVirginia kuvaranda vekare, Woodson akawana dhigirii rePhD muNhoroondo kubva kuHarvard University uye akatanga iyo yava Association for the Study of African American Life and History. Akasarudza Kukadzi kumhemberero iyi nekuti vatema vekuAmerica vakanga vagara vachiremekedza mazuva ekuzvarwa evaAmerica vaviri vakuru vakaita mabasa makuru mukuvandudza hupenyu hwavo: Abraham Lincoln (Kukadzi 12) naFrederick Douglass (Kukadzi 14).

Kubva muna 1986, apo Congress yakagadza Kukadzi seMwedzi weNhoroondo yeVanhu Vatema, Mutungamiriri wese weUS akaburitsa zviziviso zvekucherechedza chiitiko ichi chakakosha. Sezvakataurwa naMutungamiri Reagan, "Chinangwa chikuru cheMwedzi weNhoroondo yevatema ndechekuzivisa maAmerican ese nezvekurwira rusununguko uye mikana yakaenzana."