Dive Pazasi peSurface: Nhanganyaya kune Deep Seabed Mining

Deep Seadmining (DSM) iindasitiri inogona kutengeserana ichiedza kuchera mamineral deposits kubva pasi pegungwa, netarisiro yekutora zvicherwa zvakakosha senge manganese, mhangura, cobalt, zinc, uye zvisingawanzo simbi dzepasi. Zvakadaro, migodhi iyi inotarisirwa kuparadza nharaunda inobudirira uye yakabatana ine zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana: gungwa rakadzika.

Iyo mineral deposits yekufarira inowanikwa munzvimbo nhatu dzekugara dziri pasi pegungwa: mapani akadzika-dzika, zvikomo zvegungwa, uye mamhepo anopisa hydrothermal. Abyssal mapani makuru akakura epasi pakadzika pegungwa akafukidzwa mumatope nemamineral deposits, anonziwo polymetallic nodules. Aya ndiwo azvino chinangwa chekutanga cheDSM, nekutarisa kwakanangana neClarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ): dunhu remapani akadzika-dzika akafara sekondinendi yeUnited States, iri mumvura dzepasirese uye kubva kumahombekombe ekumadokero kweMexico kusvika pakati muPacific Ocean, kumaodzanyemba kweHawaiian Islands.

Ngozi kuGungwa reGungwa neGungwa riri pamusoro paro

Commercial DSM haisati yatanga, asi makambani akasiyana-siyana ari kuedza kuita kuti zvive zvechokwadi. Parizvino nzira dzakarongwa dzekucherwa kwemanodule dzinosanganisira kutumirwa kwe motokari yemugodhi, kazhinji muchina wakakura kwazvo wakafanana netirakita ine nhurikidzwa nhatu, kusvika pasi pegungwa. Kana yangosvika pasi pegungwa, motokari yacho ichatsvaira masendimita mana epamusoro epasi pegungwa, yotumira mavhu, matombo, mhuka dzakapwanyika, uye mapfundo kuchikepe chakamirira pamusoro. Muchikepe, zvicherwa zvinorongwa uye yakasara yetsvina slurry (musanganiswa we sediment, mvura, uye magadzirirwo ekugadzira) inodzoserwa kugungwa kuburikidza neinobuda pombi. 

DSM inotarisirwa kukanganisa mazinga ese egungwa, kubva kumigodhi yenyama uye kukoromoka kwepasi pegungwa, kusvika pakurasa marara mukati membiru yemvura, kusvika pakuteuka kwehuturu hunogona kuita chepfu pamusoro pegungwa. Njodzi kune zvakadzika zvisikwa zvegungwa, hupenyu hwemugungwa, pasi pemvura tsika yenhaka, uye iyo yese mvura column kubva kuDSM zvakasiyana uye zvakakomba.

Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuchera kwakadzika kwegungwa kuchakonzera kurasikirwa kusingadzivisiki kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana, uye vawana net zero impact haigoneke. Kuedzesera kwezvinofungidzirwa kukanganisa kwemuviri kubva mumigodhi yepasi pegungwa kwakaitwa kubva kumahombekombe ePeru muma1980. Apo nzvimbo yacho yakadzokororwa muna 2015, nzvimbo yacho yakaratidza uchapupu hushoma hwekupora. 

Kune zvakare Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) iri panjodzi. Zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvinoratidza zvakasiyana-siyana pasi pemvura tsika nhaka muPacific Ocean uye mukati menzvimbo dzakarongwa dzemigodhi, kusanganisira zvigadzirwa uye nharaunda dzechisikigo dzine chekuita neIndigenous tsika nhaka, kutengeserana kweManila Galleon, uye Hondo Yenyika II.

Iyo mesopelagic, kana yepakati pemvura column, inozonzwawo maitiro eDSM. Sediment plumes (inozivikanwawo semadutu eguruva repasi pemvura), pamwe chete neruzha uye kusvibiswa kwechiedza, zvichakanganisa yakawanda yemvura. Sediment plumes, zvese kubva mumotokari yemugodhi uye mushure mekuchera tsvina yemvura, inogona kupararira 1,400 makiromita munzira dzakawanda. Mvura yakasviba ine simbi uye chepfu inogona kukanganisa pakati pemvura ecosystem pamwe nekubata hove.. 

Iyo "Twilight Zone", rimwe zita remunyanza mesopelagic zone, inowira pakati pe200 ne1,000 metres pazasi pegungwa. Iyi nzvimbo ine chikamu chinodarika makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana chebiosphere, inotsigira hove dzekutengesa nekuchengetedza chikafu kusanganisira. tuna munzvimbo yeCCZ zvakatemerwa kucherwa. Vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti kudonha kwemvura kunokanganisa nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzepasi pemvura uye hupenyu hwemvura, zvichikonzera. physiological stress to deep sea corals. Zvidzidzo zviri kusimudzawo mireza mitsvuku nezve kusvibiswa kweruzha kunokonzerwa nemichina yezvicherwa, uye zvinoratidza kuti marudzi akasiyana ecetaceans, kusanganisira mhuka dziri mungozi yekutsakatika seblue whale, dziri panjodzi huru yekukanganisa. 

Muna Fall 2022, The Metals Company Inc. (TMC) yakaburitswa sediment slurry zvakananga mugungwa panguva yekuunganidza bvunzo. Zvishoma kwazvo zvinozivikanwa nezve kukanganisa kwe slurry kana yadzokera kugungwa, kusanganisira izvo simbi uye magadzirirwo ekugadzirisa angave akasanganiswa mune slurry, kana iine muchetura, uye mhedzisiro yaizove neyakasiyana mhuka dzemugungwa uye zvipenyu zvinorarama. mukati mezvikamu zvegungwa. Aya asingazivikanwe maitiro ekudururuka kwakadai kunosimbisa imwe nzvimbo ye kukahadzika kukuru kweruzivo izvo zviripo, zvichikanganisa kugona kwevagadziri vemitemo kugadzira zvine ruzivo rwezvakatipoteredza zvekutanga uye zvikumbaridzo zveDSM.

Kutonga uye Kutonga

Gungwa nepasi pegungwa zvinodzorwa zvakanyanya ne Chibvumirano cheUnited Nations cheMutemo weGungwa (UNCLOS), chibvumirano chepasi rose chinotara hukama pakati peNyika nenyanza. Pasi peUNCLOS, nyika yega yega inopihwa masimba ekutonga, kureva kutonga kwenyika, pamusoro pekushandiswa nekuchengetedzwa kwe- uye zviwanikwa zviri mukati - ekutanga mazana maviri mamaira ekufamba mugungwa kubva kumahombekombe. Pamusoro peUNCLOS, nharaunda dzepasi rose dzakabvumirana muna Kurume 2023 kuchibvumirano chenhoroondo pamusoro pekutonga kwematunhu aya ari kunze kwenyika (chinonzi High Seas Treaty kana chibvumirano cheBiodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction "BBNJ").

Matunhu ari kunze kwe200 nautical mamaira ekutanga anozivikanwa zviri nani seAreas Beyond National Jurisdiction uye anowanzonzi "makungwa makuru". Pasi pegungwa uye pasi pevhu mumakungwa makuru, anozivikanwawo se "Nzvimbo," inotongwa zvakananga neInternational Seabed Authority (ISA), sangano rakazvimirira rakagadzwa pasi peUNCLOS. 

Kubva pakasikwa ISA muna 1994, sangano neNyika dzaro dzenhengo (nyika dziri nhengo) dzakapihwa basa rekugadzira mitemo nemirau inotenderedza kudzivirira, kuongorora, uye kushandiswa kwepasi pegungwa. Nepo mirau yekuongorora uye yekutsvagisa iripo, kuvandudzwa kwemitemo yekuchera migodhi uye yekubiridzira kwakagara kwenguva refu. 

Muna Chikumi 2021, iyo Pacific chitsuwa nyika Nauru yakatanga kupihwa kweUNCLOS iyo Nauru inofunga kuti inoda kuti mitemo yezvicherwa ipedzwe muna Chikunguru 2023, kana kubvumidzwa kwezvibvumirano zvemigodhi yekutengeserana kunyangwe pasina mirau. Vazhinji ISA Nhengo dzeNyika uye Vacherechedzi vataura kuti gadziriro iyi (dzimwe nguva inodaidzwa kuti “mutemo wemakore maviri”) haumanikidze ISA kubvumidza migodhi. 

Nyika zhinji hadzizvione sedzinosungirwa kutsvagurudzo yemugodhi wegreenlight, maererano nepzviri pachena zvinotumirwa zveKurume 2023 nhaurirano uko nyika dzakakurukura nezvekodzero nemabasa adzo ane chekuita nekubvumidzwa kwechibvumirano chemigodhi. Zvakadaro, TMC inoramba ichiudza vanoisa mari (kusvika Kurume 23, 2023) kuti ISA inofanirwa kubvumidza chikumbiro chavo chemigodhi, uye kuti ISA iri munzira kuzviita muna 2024.

Hurukuro, Ruramisiro, uye Kodzero dzevanhu

Vanoda kuchera mugodhi vanoudza veruzhinji kuti kuti tibvise carbon dioxide, tinofanira kupamba ivhu kana gungwa kazhinji kuenzanisa kuipa kweDSM kumigodhi yepasi. Hapana chinoratidza kuti DSM yaizotsiva migodhi yepasi. Kutaura zvazviri, pane uchapupu hwakawanda hwokuti yaisazodaro. Naizvozvo, DSM haingaderedze kodzero dzevanhu nemagariro ecosystem pane ivhu. 

Hapana vatsigiri vezvicherwa zvepasi vakabvuma kana kuzvipira kuvhara kana kuderedza basa ravo kana mumwe munhu akaita mari kuchera zvicherwa kubva pasi pegungwa. Chidzidzo chakatumirwa neISA pachacho chakawana izvozvo DSM yaisazokonzera kuwandisa kwezvicherwa pasi rose. Nyanzvi dzakapikisa izvozvo DSM inogona kupedzisira yawedzera kucherwa kwepasi nematambudziko ayo akawanda. Chinonetsa ndechekuti, muchidimbu, "kudzikira zvishoma kwemitengo" kunogona kudzikisira kuchengetedzeka uye kuchengetedzwa kwemamiriro ekunze mukucherwa kwevhu. Kunyangwe paine facade yeruzhinji inotyisa, kunyangwe TMC inobvuma (kuSEC, asi kwete pawebhusaiti yavo) kuti "[I] zvingasakwanisawo kutaura zvakajeka kana kukanganisa kwekuunganidzwa kwemanodule pane zvisikwa zvepasi rose kuchave kushoma pane izvo zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvicherwa zvepasi."

Sekureva kweUNCLOS, pasi pegungwa uye zvicherwa zvayo nhaka yevanhu vose, uye ndewevanhu vepasi rose. Nekuda kweizvozvo, nharaunda yepasirese uye vese vakabatana negungwa repasi rose vanobatanidzwa mugungwa uye mutemo unoutonga. Zvinogona kuparadza pasi pegungwa uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvepasi pegungwa uye mesopelagic zone inyaya huru yekodzero dzevanhu nekuchengetedzwa kwechikafu. Ndizvo zvakaitawo kushayikwa kwekubatanidzwa muhurongwa hweISA kune vese vanobatana, zvakanyanya maererano nemanzwi echivanhu uye avo vane hukama hwetsika nepasi pegungwa, vechidiki, neboka rakasiyana remasangano ezvakatipoteredza kusanganisira vanodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu vezvakatipoteredza. 

DSM inopa dzimwe njodzi kuUCH inobatika uye isingabatike, uye inogona kukonzera kuparadzwa kwenzvimbo dzenhoroondo uye dzetsika dzakakosha kuvanhu nemapoka etsika pasi rese. Nzira dzekufambisa, dzakarasika kuputsika kwechikepe kubva kuHondo Yenyika II uye iyo Middle Passage, uye zvisaririra zvevanhu zvakapararira kwose kwose mugungwa. Zvigadzirwa izvi chikamu chenhoroondo yedu yevanhu uye vari panjodzi yekurasika vasati vawanikwa kubva kuDSM isina kudzorwa. 

Vechidiki neveMarudzi pasi rese vari kutaura kuti vadzivirire pasi pegungwa kubva mukubiridzira. Iyo Sustainable Ocean Alliance yakabudirira kuita vatungamiriri vevechidiki, uye Pacific Island Indigenous vanhu uye nharaunda dzenzvimbo vachisimudza manzwi avo mukutsigira kuchengetedza gungwa rakadzika. Pamusangano wechi28 weInternational Seabed Authority munaKurume 2023, Vakuru vePacific Indigenous vakadaidzira kuti vanhu veMarudzi vapinzwe munhaurirano.

Inodaidzira kuMoratorium

Iyo 2022 United Nations Ocean Musangano wakaona kusundira kukuru kwekumisa DSM, nevatungamiriri vepasirese vakaita saEmmanuel Macron. kutsigira kufona. Mabhizinesi anosanganisira Google, BMW Group, Samsung SDI, uye Patagonia, akasaina chirevo cheWorld Wildlife Fund kutsigira kumisa. Makambani aya anobvuma kusatora zvicherwa kubva munyanza yakadzika, kusapa DSM mari, uye kusabvisa zvicherwa izvi mumaketani ekupa. Uku kubvuma kwakasimba kwekumisa mubhizinesi nekusimudzira chikamu kunoratidza maitiro ari kure nekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvinowanikwa pasi pegungwa mumabhatiri nemagetsi. TMC yakabvuma kuti DSM zvingasatombobatsira, nokuti havagoni kusimbisa kunaka kwesimbi uye - nenguva iyo inobudiswa - inogona kunge isingadikanwi.

DSM haifanirwe kuchinjika kure nefossil mafuta. Haisi mari yakangwara uye yakagadzikana. Uye, hazvizokonzeri kugovaniswa kwakaenzana kwemabhenefiti. Chiratidzo chakasiiwa pagungwa neDSM hachizove chipfupi. 

Iyo Ocean Foundation iri kushanda nevakawanda vakasiyana-siyana, kubva kumakamuri ebhodhi kusvika kune moto unopfuta, kurwisa nganonyorwa dzenhema nezveDSM. TOF inotsigirawo kuwedzera kubatanidzwa kwevatori vechikamu pamatanho ese ehurukuro, uye DSM kumisa. Iyo ISA iri kusangana izvozvi munaKurume (tevera mudzidzi wedu Maddie Warner pane yedu Instagram sezvaanovhara misangano!) uye zvakare muna Chikunguru - uye pamwe Gumiguru 2023. Uye TOF ichange iripo pamwe chete nevamwe vanobatana vari kushanda kuchengetedza nhaka yakafanana yevanhu.

Unoda kudzidza zvakawanda nezve yakadzika yegungwa migodhi (DSM)?

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