Kurasa tariro. Kurasikirwa neVaquita

NaMark J. Spalding, Mutungamiriri

Zuva reGroundhog Zvakare

Kupera kwesvondo rino, ndakanzwa kuti Vaquita Porpoise iri mungozi, iri munjodzi, uye inoda kuchengetedzwa nekukurumidza. Sezvineiwo, ndiko kutaura kumwe chete kunogona, uye kwave kuchiitwa, gore rimwe nerimwe kubvira pakati pema1980 apo ndakatanga kushanda muBaja California.

Hungu, kwemakore anoda kusvika 30, tave tichiziva nezvechimiro cheVaquita. Isu tinoziva kuti ndezvipi zvinonyanya kutyisidzira kupona kweVaquita. Kunyangwe padanho rechibvumirano chepasi rose, takaziva izvo chaizvo zvinoda kuitwa kudzivirira kutsakatika.

Kwemakore akawanda, US Marine Mammal Commission yakatarisa zvakasimba Vaquita semhuka yegungwa inotevera inogona kutsakatika, uye yakazvipira nguva, simba uye zviwanikwa kutsigira kuchengetedzwa kwayo nekuchengetedzwa. Inzwi rakakura pane iyo komisheni yaive mukuru wayo, Tim Ragen, uyo akabva pamudyandigere. Muna 2007, ndaiva mufambisi weNorth American Commission for Environmental Cooperation yeNorth American Conservation Action Plan yeVaquita, umo hurumende nhatu dzeNorth America dzakabvuma kushanda kuti dzigadzirise kutyisidzirwa kwacho nokukurumidza. Muna 2009, takanga tiri mutsigiri mukuru wefirimu rakanyorwa naChris Johnson rainzi "Mukana Wekupedzisira weDesert Porpoise."  Iyi firimu yaisanganisira yekutanga kutorwa kwevhidhiyo yemhuka iyi isinganzwisisike.

Vaquita inokura zvishoma nezvishoma yakatanga kuwanikwa kuburikidza nemapfupa uye zvitunha muma1950s. Mamiriro ayo ekunze haana kutsanangurwa kutozosvikira kuma1980 apo Vaquita akatanga kuonekwa mumambure evabati vehove. Vabati vehove vakatevera finfish, shrimp, uye nguva pfupi yapfuura, Totoaba iri mungozi. Vaquita haisi nguruve hombe, kazhinji iri pasi pemamita mana pakureba, uye inowanikwa kuchamhembe kweGulf yeCalifornia, nzvimbo yayo chete. Ihove yeTotoaba ihove yegungwa, yakasiyana neGulf of California, iyo bladders inotsvakwa kuti iite zvinodiwa mumusika weAsia pasinei nekusatenderwa kwekutengeserana. Kudiwa uku kwakatanga mushure mekunge hove dzakada kufanana nedzekuChina dzatsakatika nekuda kwekuredza.

United States ndiyo musika wekutanga wekuchamhembe kweGulf yeCalifornia shrimp fisheries. Shrimp, senge finfish uye Totoaba iri mungozi inobatwa nemagillnet. Nehurombo, Vaquita ndomumwe wevakawirwa netsaona, iyo "bycatch," inobatwa negiya. Vaquita inowanzobata pectoral fin youmburuka kuti ibude—inozongobatikana zvakanyanya. Kunyaradzwa kudiki kuziva kuti vanoita sevanofa nekukurumidza nekuvhunduka pane kunonoka, kurwadza kufemesa.

Vaquita ine nzvimbo diki yakasarudzwa yekupotera munzvimbo yepamusoro yeGungwa reCortez. Nzvimbo yaro yekugara yakakura zvishoma uye nzvimbo yayo yese, zvinosuruvarisa, inopindirana nehove huru, finfish uye zvisiri pamutemo Totoaba hove. Uye zvechokwadi, hapana shrimp kana Totoaba, kana Vaquita inogona kuverenga mepu kana kuziva pai kutyisidzira. Asi vanhu vanogona uye vanofanira.

NeChishanu, paGore redu rechitanhatu Southern California Marine Mammal Workshop, pakanga pane boka raikurukura mamiriro ezvinhu eVaquita iye zvino. Mhedzisiro inorwadza, uye inosuwisa. Uye, mhinduro yeavo vanobatanidzwa inoramba ichigumbura uye isina kukwana-uye inobhururuka pamberi pesainzi, pfungwa dzakajairika, uye nheyo dzechokwadi dzekuchengetedza.

Muna 1997, takanga tava kutonetsekana zvikuru pamusoro peuduku hwevaquita porpoise uye mwero wayo wokuderera. Panguva iyoyo paive nevanhu vanosvika 567. Nguva yekuponesa Vaquita yakanga yava nguva iyoyo—kumisa kurambidzwa kuzere kwegillnetting uye kusimudzira mamwe mararamiro nemazano kungave kwakaponesa Vaquita uye kudzikamisa nharaunda dzinoredza. Zvinosuruvarisa, pakanga pasina chido pakati penzanga yezvokuchengetedza kana kuti vanodzora kuti “vangoramba chete” uye kudzivirira nzvimbo inogara nyoka.

Barbara Taylor, Jay Harlow nevamwe vakuru veNOAA vakashanda nesimba kuti sainzi ine hukama neruzivo rwedu rweVaquita yakasimba uye isingagoneki. Vakatoita kuti hurumende dzese dzibvumire NOAA ngarava yekutsvagisa kuti ipedze nguva iri kumusoro kweGulf, ichishandisa tekinoroji yemaziso makuru kutora mifananidzo uye kuita transect kuverenga kwekuwanda kwemhuka (kana kushomeka kwayo). Barbara Taylor akakokwawo uye akabvumidzwa kushanda pamusangano wemutungamiri weMexico maererano nehurongwa hwekudzoreredza hwehurumende iyoyo yeVaquita.

Muna Chikumi 2013, hurumende yeMexico yakapa Regulatory Standard nhamba 002 iyo yakaraira kubviswa kwemambure egill kubva mukubata hove. Izvi zvaifanira kuitwa pachinenge 1/3 pagore mukati memakore matatu. Izvi hazvisati zvaitwa uye zviri kumashure kwenguva. Mukuwedzera, masayendisiti panzvimbo pacho akanga akurudzira kuvharwa kwakakwana kwehove dzose munzvimbo inogarwa yeVaquita nokukurumidza sezvinobvira.

Zvinosuruvarisa, muUS Marine Mammal Commission yanhasi uye pakati pevamwe vatungamiriri vezvekuchengetedza muMexico, pane kukurumidza kuzvipira kune zano ringangove rakashanda makore makumi matatu apfuura asi nhasi rinotoseka mukusakwana kwaro. Zviuru zvemadhora nemakore akawandisa zvakatsaurirwa kugadzirwa kwemamwe magiya kudzivirira kuvhiringa hove. Ingoti "kwete" yanga isiri sarudzo - zvirinani kwete pachinzvimbo chevarombo Vaquita. Pane kudaro, hutungamiriri hutsva kuUS Marine Mammal Commission huri kutambira "hurongwa hwekukurudzira hupfumi," rudzi rwakaratidzwa kusashanda neongororo huru yese - nguva pfupi yadarika nemushumo weWorld Bank, "Pfungwa, Sangano, uye Behavior."

Kunyange kana mabhidhiyo akadaro e“Vaquita safe shrimp” akaedzwa kuburikidza negiya riri nani, tinoziva kuti kuedza kwakadaro kunotora makore kuti zviitwe uye kubvumwaniswa zvizere nevabati vehove, uye zvinogona kuva nemhedzisiro yazvo isingatarisirwe kune dzimwe mhuka. Pachiyero chazvino, Vaquita ine mwedzi, kwete makore. Kunyangwe pakazopedzwa hurongwa hwedu hwa2007, chikamu che58% chevanhu chaive charasika, zvichisiya mazana maviri nemakumi mana nevashanu. Nhasi huwandu hwevanhu vanofungidzirwa kuva vanhu makumi mapfumbamwe nevanomwe. Kuwedzera kwechiverengero chavagari vapasi kuVaquita kunongova bedzi 245 muzana pagore. Uye, kugadzirisa izvi chiyero chinorwara chekuderera, chinofungidzirwa pa97%, nekuda kwemabasa evanhu.

Chirevo cheMexican regulatory impact chakabudiswa muna Zvita 23, 2014 chinoratidza kurambidzwa kwekuredza gillnet mudunhu kwemakore maviri chete, muripo wakakwana wemari yakarasika kune vabati vehove, kuchengetedzwa kwenharaunda, uye tariro yekuti kuchave nekuwedzera kwenhamba yeVaquita. mukati memwedzi makumi maviri nemana. Chirevo ichi chiitiko chehurumende chakavhurwa kuti veruzhinji vataure, uye saka hatizive kuti hurumende yeMexico ichazvitambira here kana kuti kwete.

Nehurombo, hupfumi hwekuredza zvisiri pamutemo kweTotoaba hunogona kukanganisa chero hurongwa, kunyangwe husina kusimba huri patafura. Pane mishumo inotsigirwa kuti makambani ekuMexico anotengesa zvinodhaka ari kutora chikamu mukubata hove yeTotoaba kuti atumire kunze kwenyika mabladders ehove kuChina. Yakatonzi iyo "crack cocaine yehove" nekuti mabhonzo eTotoaba ari kutengeswa nemari inosvika madhora mazana masere nemakumi mashanu pakirogiramu; uye hove pachadzo dziri kuenda $8500-$10,000 imwe neimwe muChina.

Kunyange kana yakagamuchirwa, hazvisi pachena kuti kuvhara kuchave kwakakwana. Kuti zvinyatsoshanda, panofanirwa kuve nekutevedzwa kwakanyanya uye kunoreva. Nekuda kwekubatanidzwa kwema cartels, kumanikidza kunofanirwa kunge kuri kweMexican Navy. Uye, Mexican Navy ichafanirwa kuve nechido chekurambidza uye kutora zvikepe nemidziyo yekuredza, kubva kune vabati vehove vanogona kunge vachinzwira vamwe tsitsi. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekukosha kwehove dzose, kuchengeteka uye kutendeseka kwevose vanomanikidzira zvingaiswa pamuedzo wakanyanyisa. Asi, hazvigoneke kuti hurumende yeMexico igamuchire rubatsiro rwekunze rwekumanikidza.

Uye kutaura chokwadi, iyo US inongove ine mhosva mukutengesa zvisiri pamutemo. Takarambidza zvakakwana Totoaba zvisiri pamutemo (kana mabladders) kumuganhu weUS-Mexico uye kumwe kuCalifornia kuti tizive kuti LAX kana dzimwe nhandare dzendege huru dzinogona kunge dzichitakurwa. Panofanirwa kutorwa matanho ekuona kuti hurumende yeChina haisi kupindira mukutenga chigadzirwa chakakohwewa zvisiri pamutemo kubva kunze kwenyika. Izvi zvinoreva kutora dambudziko iri kusvika pamwero wenhaurirano dzekutengeserana neChina uye kuona kuti pane maburi mumambure ayo kutengeserana kuri kutsvedza.

Tinofanira kutora matanho aya pasinei neVaquita uye kutsakatika kwayo-pakuda kweTotoaba iri mungozi zvishoma, uye nokuda kwetsika yekudzivisa uye kuderedza kutengeserana kusiri pamutemo kwemhuka dzesango, vanhu, uye zvinhu. Ndinobvuma kuti ndinorwadziwa nekutadza kwedu pamwe chete kuita zvataiziva pamusoro pezvido zvemhuka iyi yemugungwa yakasarudzika makumi emakore apfuura, pataive nemukana uye kudzvinyirirwa kwehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika kwanga kushoma.

Ndinokatyamadzwa kuti chero munhu anobatirira kune zano rekuti isu tinogona kugadzira imwe "Vaquita-yakachengeteka shrimp" zano nekungosara vanhu makumi mapfumbamwe nevanomwe. Ndinoshamiswa kuti North America inogona kurega mhuka kuti iuye pedyo nekuparara nesainzi yese neruzivo pamaoko edu, uye muenzaniso wenguva pfupi yapfuura weBaiji dolphin kutitungamirira. Ndinoda kuva netarisiro yekuti mhuri dzinoraura dzine urombo dzinowana rubatsiro rwadzinoda kutsiva mari kubva kuhove dze shrimp ne finfish. Ndinoda kuva netarisiro yekuti tichaburitsa zvimisikidzo zvese kuvhara gillnet fishery tozvisimbisa pakurwisa ma cartels. Ndinoda kutenda kuti tinogona.

Mufananidzo wakakosha wakabva kuna Barb Taylor