Kugadzira Lemonade

Vanyori: Mark J. Spalding, JD
Zita Rakabudiswa: The Environmental Forum. Ndira 2011: Vhoriyamu 28, Nhamba 1.
Zuva Rokuburitswa: Muvhuro, Ndira 31, 2011

MunaKurume wapfuura, Mutungamiri Obama vakamira mune imwe hangar paAndrews Air Force base uye vakazivisa zano ravo rakasiyana-siyana rekuwana rusununguko rwesimba uye hupfumi husina kutsamira pamafuta efosi. "Tichashandisa matekinoroji matsva anoderedza kukanganiswa kweoiri," akadaro. “Tichachengetedza nzvimbo dzakakosha mukushanya, zvakatipoteredza, uye kuchengetedzwa kwenyika. Uye isu tichatungamirirwa kwete nepfungwa dzezvematongerwo enyika, asi nehumbowo hwesainzi. " VaObama vakasimbirira kuti kuvandudzwa kwemafuta akaiswa mumakungwa eAtlantic neArctic uye muGulf of Mexico anogona kuitwa pasina kuparadza nzvimbo dzinogara mugungwa.

Kune avo vanoshanda kudzivirira hupenyu hwegungwa nenharaunda dzemahombekombe, chirevo chakakundikana kubvuma kuti mvura inoyerera, marudzi anofamba, uye mabasa anoita seave kure kwazvo kuti akonzere kukuvadza, anogona uye achada. Kupfuurirazve, chiziviso ichi chakatadza kubvuma kusasimba kwehutongi hwegungwa hweUS - kushaya simba kwave kubuda pachena mushure mekuputika kweDeepwater Horizon mavhiki mashoma mushure mekudaidzwa kwaVaObama kuhondo.

Yedu marine manejimendi system haina kuputswa zvakanyanya sezvo yakakamurwa, yakavakwa zvidimbu mumadhipatimendi emubatanidzwa. Parizvino, jumble yemitemo inodarika zana nemakumi mana uye masangano makumi maviri anotonga zviitiko zvegungwa. Sangano rega rega rine zvinangwa zvaro, mabasa, uye zvazvinofarira. Iko hakuna chimiro chine musoro, hapana chakabatanidzwa chekuita sarudzo, hapana chiono chekubatana chehukama hwedu nemakungwa nhasi uye ramangwana.

Yasvika nguva iyo hurumende yedu inobata kuparara kwemakungwa edu sekurwisa hutano nekugara zvakanaka kwevagari vemuAmerica uye nekuchengetedza nyika yedu, uye kugadzira hurongwa hwekutonga uye hutongi hunoisa pamberi pehutano hwegungwa uye hupenyu hwenguva refu. zviwanikwa zvedu zvemugungwa nezvemugungwa. Chokwadika, misungo yokududzira nokushandiswa kwenheyo dzakakwirira zvakadaro ihuru. Zvichida yave nguva yekumisikidza nzira yekudzivirira gungwa renyika uye kuchenesa hutsinye hwehutongi hunokwikwidza hutsvina pamahombekombe edu.

Kubva 2003, bazi rakazvimiririra rePew Ocean Commission, hurumende yeUS Ocean Commission, uye boka remasangano anomiririra vakatsanangura "sei uye sei" kune humwe hutongi hwakasimba, hwakabatana. Pakusiyana kwavo kwese kunokwanisa, pane kupindirana kukuru pakati pekuedza uku. Nenguva pfupi, makomisheni anoronga kusimudzira kuchengetedza ecology; kuendesa hutongi hwakanaka hunobatanidza vanhu vose, huri pachena, hunodavirira, hunoshanda, uye hunobudirira; kushandisa zviwanikwa manejimendi inoremekedza kodzero dzevanobatanidzwa uye mabasa, ayo anofunga nezvemusika nemhedzisiro yekukura; kuziva nhaka yakafanana yevanhu uye kukosha kwenzvimbo dzegungwa; uye kukumbira kubatana kune rugare kwemarudzi kuchengetedza mhoteredzo yegungwa. Ikozvino tinogona kuwana hurongwa hune musoro uye sarudzo dzakabatanidzwa dzekuita kuti mitemo yedu yemugungwa idiwe, asi kusimbisa kwemutungamiri wenyika muhurongwa hwekutonga hwakatevera kuedza uku muna Chikunguru wapfuura ndekwekuronga kwenzvimbo dzemugungwa, kana MSP. Iyi pfungwa yenzvimbo yegungwa inonzwika senge zano rakanaka asi inowira pasi kana ichinyatsotariswa, ichibvumira vanogadzira mitemo kuti vadzivise sarudzo dzakaoma dzinodiwa kuchengetedza ecosystem yemugungwa.

Njodzi yeDeepwater Horizon inofanira kunge iri nzvimbo yekugumira inotimanikidza kubvuma njodzi yakajeka uye iripo inounzwa nekusakwana kwekutonga uye kusadzora kusingadzoreki kwemakungwa edu. Asi zvakaitika zvakangofanana nekuputsika kwemugodhi weWest Virginia uye nekutyorwa kwemazinga muNew Orleans: Kutadza kuita nekumanikidza kuchengetedza uye kuchengetedza zvinodiwa pasi pemitemo iripo. Zvinosuruvarisa, kutadza uku hakusi kuzonyangarika nekuda kwekuti isu tine mamwe mazwi akanaka kurudziro uye hurongwa hwemutungamiri wenyika hunoda kuronga kwakabatana.

Hutongi hwemutungamiri wenyika VaObama, hunozivisa MSP senzira yekuzadzisa zvinangwa zveutongi hwayo, hwaive hwakavakirwa pamapato maviri ebato reinteragency. Asi kuronga kwenzvimbo yemugungwa chingori chishandiso chinoburitsa mepu dzakanaka dzemashandisiro atinoita makungwa. Haisi nzira yekutonga. Haisi iyo pachayo kumisa hurongwa hunoisa pamberi pezvido zvezvipenyu, kusanganisira nzira dzakachengeteka dzekufamba, chikafu, nzvimbo yekugara, kana kuchinjika kune shanduko yegungwa kana tembiricha kana chemistry. Izvo hazviburitse mutemo wakabatana wegungwa kana kugadzirisa zvinokakavadzana zvesangano uye kupokana kwemutemo kunowedzera mukana wenjodzi. Chatinoda iNational ocean council kumanikidza masangano kuti ashande pamwe chete kuchengetedza zvipenyu zvemugungwa, zvakanangana nekuchengetedza uye kushandisa hurongwa hwemutemo hwakabatanidzwa kuita mutemo iwoyo.

The Governance Vision Takawana

Marine spatial planning ishoko reunyanzvi hwekugadzira mepu dziripo dzemashandisirwo enzvimbo dzakatsanangurwa dzemunyanza (semuenzaniso, Massachusetts' state water), neziso rekushandisa mepu kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo uye dzakarongeka pamusoro pemashandisirwo nekugovera zviwanikwa zvemugungwa. Maekisesaizi eMSP anounza pamwechete vashandisi vemakungwa, kusanganisira avo vanobva kushanya, migodhi, zvekufambisa, nharembozha, hove, uye maindasitiri emagetsi, mazinga ese ehurumende, nemapoka ekuchengetedza nekutandara. Vazhinji vanoona iyi mepu nekugovera maitiro semhinduro yekugadzirisa kudyidzana kwevanhu negungwa, uye kunyanya, senzira yekudzikisa kusawirirana pakati pevashandisi nekuti MSP inobvumira kukanganiswa kuti kuitwe pakati pezvinangwa zveecology, zvemagariro, zvehupfumi, uye zvekutonga. Semuyenzaniso, chinangwa cheMassachusetts Ocean Act (2008) ndechekuita yakazara zviwanikwa manejimendi inotsigira hutano hwemagariro ecosystem uye simba rehupfumi, nepo ichienzanisa mashandisirwo echinyakare uye nekufunga mashandisirwo emangwana. Nyika inoronga kuita izvi nekuona kuti ndekupi kushandiswa kwacho kunotenderwa uye kunoenderana. California, Washington, Oregon, uye Rhode Island vane mitemo yakafanana.

Mutungamiri Obama's executive order inogadza mutemo wenyika kuitira kuchengetedza, kuchengetedza, uye kudzorerwa kwehutano hwegungwa, mahombekombe, uye Great Lakes ecosystems uye zviwanikwa; kuwedzera kugadzikana kweupfumi hwegungwa nemahombekombe; chengetedza nhaka yedu yegungwa; tsigira kushandiswa kwakasimba uye kuwana; kupa manejimendi anochinjika kuwedzera kunzwisisa kwedu uye kugona kupindura kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye acidization yegungwa; uye kuronga nekuchengetedzwa kwenyika uye zvido zvemitemo yekunze. Mutungamiriri wenyika akaraira kurongeka kwezviitiko zvine chekuita nemakungwa pasi pekanzuru itsva yenyika. Sezviitwa zvese zvekuronga, gomba harizi mukuona zviri kuitika izvozvi, asi kuita zvitsva zvekutanga nekuzvisimbisa. MSP yoga haina kukwana kuti iwane "kuchengetedzwa, kuchengetedza, uye kudzoreredza" kwezviwanikwa zvedu zvemahombekombe uye zvemugungwa, sekuraira kwemukuru.

Manzwiro ndeekuti tinogona kuwana mamwe macheki uye zviyero pakati pemasangano kana tiine hurongwa hwakakwana hwedunhu huripo. Uye zvinonzwika zvakanaka, muchirevo. Tatova neakasiyana-siyana-akavakirwa nzvimbo uye zviitiko zvisingabvumirwe nzvimbo dzemugungwa (semuenzaniso, yekuchengetedza kana kudzivirira). Asi maturusi edu ekuona haasvike pakuoma kwenzvimbo ine mativi akawanda nekudyidzana uye kupindirana mashandisirwo (mamwe acho anogona kunge achipokana) anoshanduka nemwaka uye nebiological kutenderera. Zvakaomawo kugadzira mepu inofanotaura nemazvo mashandisirwo nezvinodiwa zvinofanirwa kuchinjika maererano nemhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.

Tinogona kutarisira kuti zvirongwa nemamepu anobva kuMSP anogona kugadziridzwa nekufamba kwenguva sezvatinodzidza, uye sekushandisa kutsva kwakasimba kunomuka, kana sezvipenyu zvinochinja maitiro mukupindura tembiricha kana chemistry. Zvakadaro, tinoziva kuti vabati vehove vekutengesa, vanobata hove, vafambisi vemvura, vatakuri, uye vamwe vashandisi vanowanzomira kana mepu yekutanga yapera. Semuenzaniso, apo nharaunda yekuchengetedza yakakurudzira kuchinja nzira dzekufambisa uye kumhanya kuchengetedza North Atlantic Right Whale, pakanga paine kushorwa kukuru uye kwenguva refu.

Kudhirowa mabhokisi uye mitsara pamepu zvinogadzira kugoverwa kwakafanana nehuridzi. Tinogona kutarisira kuti pfungwa yevaridzi inogona kukurudzira hutariri, asi izvi hazvigoneke mugungwa rinosangana umo nzvimbo yese ine mvura uye matatu-dimensional. Isu tinogona kutotarisira pfungwa iyi yevaridzi kuti ikonzerese kuchema kwekutora kana chero munhu anofarira kushandiswa kunofanirwa kuvharirwa kuitira kugonesa kushandiswa kutsva kana kusingatarisirwe. Panyaya yekugara mhepo yemhepo kubva kumahombekombe eRhode Island, iyo MSP maitiro akakundikana uye nzvimbo yakasimbiswa nekurohwa kwepeni yagavhuna.
Kuronga kwenzvimbo dzemugungwa kunotaridzika senge kubvumirana kwese kuedza-kuvaka, uko munhu wese anouya mukamuri achipenya nekuti "tose tiri patafura." Muchokwadi, munhu wese ari mukamuri aripo kuti aone kuti kukosha kwavo kuchavabhadhara zvakadii. Uye kazhinji, hove, mawhale, uye zvimwe zviwanikwa hazvina kumiririrwa zvizere, uye vanova vanyajambwa vezvibvumirano zvinoderedza kusawirirana pakati pevashandisi vevanhu.

Uchishandisa chishandiso cheMSP

Munyika yakanaka, kutonga kwemakungwa kwaizotanga nepfungwa yezvese ecosystem uye kubatanidza mashandisiro edu akasiyana uye zvatinoda. Ecosystem-based management, apo zvese zvikamu zvenzvimbo inotsigira hupenyu hwemugungwa zvinodzivirirwa, zvinoiswa mumutemo wekubata hove. Zvino zvatava neMSP Executive Order, isu tinofanirwa kuenda takananga kune yakazara-system kufunga nezvegungwa. Kana mhedzisiro yacho iri yekudzivirira dzimwe nzvimbo dzakakosha, MSP "inogona kubvisa kupatsanurana, nzvimbo uye kusawirirana kwenguva pfupi kunokonzerwa ne "siloed" chikamu chekutonga, uko masangano anodzora zvikamu zvakasiyana munzvimbo imwechete anonyanya kufuratira zvinodikanwa zvemamwe matunhu," maererano naElliott. Norse.

Zvakare, kune mienzaniso yakanaka yekukwevera pairi. Pakati peaya pane UNESCO neThe Nature Conservancy, masangano anozivikanwa nekutsamira pakuronga sechombo chekuchengetedza. Iyo UNESCO marine spatial planning process kurudziro inofunga kuti kana chinangwa chedu chiri chekuita integrated ecosystem based management zvakanaka, tinoda MSP. Inopa mhedziso yeMSP, nekuongorora kwezvinetso zvinotarisana nepfungwa, uye kudiwa kwemazinga epamusoro ekuitwa. Iyo zvakare inobatanidza MSP uye yemahombekombe zone manejimendi. Mukuongorora shanduko yeMSP pasi rose, inocherekedza kukosha kwekuita, kutora chikamu kwevatori vechikamu, uye kuongorora nekuongororwa kwenguva refu. Inoona kupatsanurwa kubva kumaitiro ezvematongerwo enyika kutsanangura zvibodzwa zvebudiriro (ecological, economic, and social) kuburikidza nehurongwa hwevatori vechikamu. Inoisa gwara rekuunza manejimendi emugungwa zvinoenderana nekutonga kwekushandiswa kwevhu.

TNC's modhi ndeye pragmatic "maitiro" kune mamaneja anoita MSP. Inotsvaga kushandura hunyanzvi hwayo hwekutonga kwekushandiswa kwevhu kune nharaunda yegungwa senzira yeruzhinji yekuongorora nzvimbo dzemugungwa kuti zvizadzise zvinangwa zveecology, hupfumi, uye magariro. Pfungwa iyi ndeyekugadzira template inosimudzira kubatana pakati pevatori vechikamu, kusanganisira avo vari kunetsana, vachivimba ne "yakanyanya kuwanikwa data yesainzi." TNC's maitiro-yekunyora inopa zano rekuronga kune akati wandei zvinangwa, inodyidzana sarudzo rutsigiro, geographic miganhu, chiyero uye kugadzirisa, uye kuunganidza data uye manejimendi.

Nekudaro, hapana UNESCO kana TNC inonyatso kugadzirisa mibvunzo inogadzirwa neMSP. Kuti tiwane zvakanyanya kubva kuMSP, tinofanira kuva nezvinangwa zvakajeka uye zvinogombedzera. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuchengetedza zvakajairika kuitira zvizvarwa zvinotevera; kuratidza maitiro echisikigo; kugadzirira zvinodiwa nemhuka sezvo mhoteredzo yadzo inochinja nekuda kwekudziya kwepasi; kuratidza mashandisirwo akaitwa nevanhu kuita vanobatana mugwara rakajeka rekushanda sevatariri vemakungwa; kuona zvinokonzeresa zvinokonzeresa kubva mukushandiswa kwakawanda; uye kuwana mari yekushandisa zvirongwa. Sekuedza kwose uku, kungoti une mutemo hazvirevi kuti haudi mapurisa. Nenzira isingadzivisiki, makakatanwa achabuda nokufamba kwenguva.

Silver-bullet kufunga

Kugashira MSP sechinhu chinopfuura chishandiso chekuona chinobatsira kugamuchira placebo pachinzvimbo chehutano hwezvipenyu zvegungwa - pachinzvimbo chechokwadi, chakatsunga, uye chakananga chiitiko mukudzivirira zviwanikwa zvisingagoni kuzvitaurira. Kumhanyisa kuwedzeredza kugona kweMSP kunomiririra rudzi rwekufunga kwesirivheri bullet izvo zvinogona kutungamira mukuderera kukuru kwehutano hwegungwa. Ngozi yatinosangana nayo ndeyekuti imari inodhura inobhadhara chete kana isu tichida kuisa zvakanyanya mukuita chaiko.

Kuronga kwenzvimbo dzemugungwa kungadai kusina kudzivirira njodzi yeDeepwater Horizon, uye haizo chengetedza nekudzorera Gulf yeMexico yakapfuma zviwanikwa zvipenyu kuenda kumberi. Munyori weNavy, Ray Mabus akapihwa basa rekugadzirisa kudzoreredzwa nekudzoreredzwa kwegulf. Muchikamu chemupepeti wenguva pfupi yapfuura muNew Orleans Times Picayune, akanyora kuti: “Chiri pachena ndechekuti vanhu veGulf Coast vaona zvirongwa zvakawanda kupfuura zvavanoda kuverenga - kunyanya kubvira Katrina naRita. Hatifanire kudzoreredza vhiri kana kutanga maitiro ekuronga kubva pakutanga. Pane kudaro, pamwe chete, isu tinofanirwa kugadzira hurongwa hunozovimbisa kudzoreredzwa kwegomba zvichienderana nemakore ekuongororwa uye ruzivo. " Kuronga hakusi kutanga; ndiyo nhano isati yatanga. Isu tinofanirwa kuona kuti kuitwa kwemutungamiri wemutungamiri wenyika kunoshandisa MSP kumisa nekuona mabasa evamiririri nemirairo yemutemo, uye nzira dzekubatanidza zvirongwa, kuderedza kupokana, nekuisa hurongwa hwakasimba hwekudzivirira gungwa renyika.

Nechega, MSP haizo chengetedza hove imwe, whale, kana dolphin. Dambudziko riri mune izvo zvinokosheswa mukuita: Kugadzikana kwechokwadi kunofanirwa kuve iyo lenzi iyo zvimwe zviitiko zvese zvinoonekwa, kwete chete izwi rakasurukirwa patafura yakazara vanhu apo vashandisi vevanhu vanototsvaga nzvimbo.

Enda mberi

Zuva rakatevera sarudzo dzemuna 2010, House Natural Resources Committee inomirira Doc Hastings wekuWashington yakapa mushumo wenhau kuti itsanangure zvakakosheswa nevazhinji vari kuuya veRepublican. "Chinangwa chedu ndechekuita kuti manejimendi azvidavirire uye kuwana mhinduro dzinodiwa pane dzakasiyana siyana dzinosanganisira iyo . . . inoronga kuvharira zvikamu zvakakura zvemakungwa edu kuburikidza nehurongwa hwekuronga nzvimbo dzisina musoro.” Sezvakanyorwa naDavid Helvarg weBlue Frontier muGrist, "Mune 112th Congress, tarisira kuona Mutungamiri Obama achangobva kugadzwa Ocean Council achirwiswa sehumwe hutongi hwehurumende hunoparadza." Pamusoro pekuve mukuona kwepfuti kwasachigaro wekomiti ari kuuya, isu tinofanirwa kuve nechokwadi nezve mari yekuwedzera dziviriro yegungwa muCongress nyowani. Mumwe haafanire kuita chero masvomhu kuti azive kuti mapurogiramu matsva haafanire kupihwa mari kuburikidza nemidziyo mitsva.

Nekudaro, kuti tive nemukana chero upi zvawo, isu tinofanirwa kutaura zvakajeka kuti MSP nekuvandudzwa kwehutongi hwemakungwa zvine chekuita sei nemamwe mabasa, uye nekushandura hupfumi. Tinofanirawo kujekesa kuti kuita kuvandudzwa kwekutonga kwemakungwa kungaderedza sei kushomeka kwebhajeti. Izvi zvinogona kuitika kuburikidza nekubatanidza masangano ane mutoro uye nekugadzirisa chero kuderedzwa. Zvinosuruvarisa, zvinoita sezvisingabviri kuti vamiririri vachangosarudzwa, avo vari kutsvaga miganhu pamabasa ehurumende, vachaona chero rubatsiro mukuvandudzwa kwekutonga kwegungwa.

Tinogona kutarisa muenzaniso weimwe nyika kune nhungamiro inogona kuvepo. MuUnited Kingdom, kuedza kweCrown Estate kupedzisa MSP yakazara muBritish Isles yese, yakabatanidzwa neiyo UK renewable energy policy, yakaratidza nzvimbo dzakanangana nekuchengetedza mikana iripo yekuredza uye yekutandara. Izviwo, zvakagadzira zviuru zvemabasa mumataundi maduku ane chiteshi chezvikepe muWales, Ireland, uye Scotland. MaConservatives pavakatora masimba kubva kuLabour Party gore rino, kukosha kwekuenderera mberi nekusimudzira mabasa eMSP uye kusimudzirwa kwesimba rinowanikwazve hakuna kuderera.

Kuwana hutongi hwakabatana hwezviwanikwa zvedu zvegungwa zvinoda kutariswa kwese kuomarara kwayo kwemhuka, zvirimwa, uye zvimwe zviwanikwa pamusoro nepasi peuriri hwegungwa, mukati membiru yemvura, kutarisana kwayo nenzvimbo dzemahombekombe, uye nzvimbo yemhepo iri pamusoro. Kana tichida kushandisa zvakanyanya MSP sechombo, pane mibvunzo yatinofanira kupindura mukuita.

Chokutanga uye chakakosha, tinofanira kunge takagadzirira kudzivirira zviwanikwa zvegungwa izvo zvakawanda zvehupfumi hwedu uye hutano hwevanhu hunoenderana. “Kuronga kunofungwa” kungaderedza sei rwisano pakati pemamanatee nezvikepe; nzvimbo dzakafa uye hupenyu hwehove; kuredza hove uye marine biomass; algal blooms uye oyster mibhedha; nzvimbo dzezvikepe uye matombo emakorari; ma<em>sonar akareba nema<em>whale ari mumhenderekedzo yegungwa akatiza; Kana zviyo zviyo, nehukurwizi here?

Isu tinofanirwa kuona nzira dzezvematongerwo enyika uye dzemari dzichashandiswa kuona kuti mepu dzeMSP dzinoramba dziripo, sezvo data idzva richiwanikwa kana mamiriro achichinja. Tinofanira kuramba tichishanda kuti tive nechokwadi chekuti tinochengeta hurumende, maNGOs, uye vanopa mari vakatarisa mukuita nekutevedzwa kwemitemo nemirau yatagara tinayo pamabhuku pamwe nechero kugovera kana chirongwa chenzvimbo chinobuda muhurongwa hweMSP, iva nechokwadi chokuti yakasimba kudarika nharaunda yepasi.

Kana mashandisirwo akaitwa mepu achifanira kuchinjwa kana kuendeswazve, tinofanira kunge takagadzirira kudzivirira mhosva yekutora. Saizvozvowo, chimiro chemutemo chinofanirwa kugadzira inishuwarenzi, cheni yekuvharirwa, uye kukuvadza nhungamiro yekudzorera mukati meMSP inogadzirisa nyaya dzezviwanikwa zvakaparadzwa asi isingasanganisire madhora emutero kuti adzorere. Pamusoro pezvo, maitiro eMSP anofanirwa kubatsira kuona nzira dzekuenzanisa manejimendi enjodzi uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kune zviitiko zvine mukana usingaperi wetsaona dzine chekuita neindasitiri, kunyanya kana mukana wetsaona uri mudiki kwazvo, asi chiyero uye chiyero chekukuvara kuri. hombe, seyakaitika muDeepwater Horizon kukanganisa zviuru zvemabasa, 50,000 square mamaira egungwa nemahombekombe, mamiriyoni emacubic feet emvura yegungwa, mazana emarudzi, uye 30-pamwe nemakore, tisingatauri kurasikirwa kwemvura yegungwa. simba rekushandisa.

Mukati megadziriro yekugadzirisa nyaya idzi mune mukana wekushandisa zvakanyanya MSP sechombo. Inogona kubatsira kuchengetedza mabasa aripo uye kutsigira kuumbwa kwemabasa matsva munzvimbo dzedu dzemahombekombe, kunyangwe ichisimudzira hutano hwezviwanikwa zvegungwa izvo nyika yedu inotsamira. Nechiono, kubatana, uye kucherechedzwa kwezvipimo zvaro, tinogona kushandisa chishandiso ichi kuti tiwane zvatinoda chaizvo: mubatanidzwa wekutonga kwemakungwa mumasangano, hurumende, uye vanobatana nemarudzi ese.