Kutonga kweOcean muAnthropocene

Vanyori: Ruben Zondervan, Leopoldo Cavaleri Gerhardinger, Isabel Torres de Noronha, Mark Joseph Spalding , Oran R Young
Zita Rakabudiswa: International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, Global Change Magazine, Chinyorwa 81
Zuva Rokuburitswa: Chipiri, Gumiguru 1, 2013

Gungwa raimbofungidzirwa kuti inzvimbo isina magumo, inofanira kukamurwa uye kushandiswa nemarudzi nevanhu vawo. Iye zvino tava kuziva zviri nani. Ruben Zondervan, Leopoldo Cavaleri Gerhardinger, Isabel Torres de Noronha, Mark Joseph Spalding naOran R Young vanoongorora maitiro ekutonga nekudzivirira nharaunda yedu yegungwa yepasi. 

Isu vanhu takambofunga kuti Nyika yakati sandara. Hatina kuziva kuti makungwa akatambanudzira kure kure, achifukidza chikamu che70% chepasi, aine chikamu chinodarika makumi mapfumbamwe nemashanu kubva muzana chemvura yaro. Kamwe vaongorori vekutanga vakaziva kuti Nyika idenderedzwa, makungwa akachinja kuita nzvimbo huru ine mativi maviri, isina kutsanangurwa - a. mare incognitum.

Nhasi, takaronda makosi mhiri kwegungwa rega rega uye nekudzika kumwe kudzika kukuru kwegungwa, tichisvika kune mamwe-matatu-dimensional maonero emvura yakatenderedza pasi. Isu tave kuziva kuti kubatana kwemvura idzi nehurongwa zvinoreva kuti Nyika ine gungwa rimwe chete. 

Nepo isu tisati tanzwisisa kudzika uye kukomba kwekutyisidzira kunokonzerwa nekushanduka kwepasi rose kune masisitimu epasi redu remugungwa, tinoziva zvakakwana kuti tizive kuti gungwa riri munjodzi nekuda kwekushandiswa zvakanyanya, kusvibiswa, kuparadzwa kwenzvimbo uye kukanganisa kwemamiriro ekunze. Uye isu tinoziva zvakakwana kuti tibvume kuti hutongi hwegungwa huripo hahuna kukwana zvakakwana kugadzirisa kutyisidzira uku. 

Pano, tinotsanangura matambudziko makuru matatu mukutonga kwemakungwa, uye tobva taronga matambudziko mashanu ekutonga anoda kugadziriswa, maererano neEarth System Governance Project, kuitira kuchengetedza gungwa rakaoma rakabatana. 

Kugadzirisa matambudziko
Pano, tinotarisa matambudziko matatu akakosha mukutonga kwemakungwa: kukwira kuri kuita kumanikidza, kudiwa kwekusimudzira kurongeka kwepasi rose mumhinduro dzekutonga, uye kubatana kwezvirongwa zvemugungwa.

Dambudziko rekutanga rine chekuita nekudiwa kwekutonga kuwedzera kwekushandiswa kwevanhu kwezvirongwa zvemugungwa izvo zvinoenderera mberi nekushandisa kwedu zvakanyanya zviwanikwa zvegungwa. Gungwa ndiyo muenzaniso wakakwana wekuti zvinhu zvepasi rose zvinogona kupera sei kunyangwe paine mimwe mitemo yedziviriro iripo, ingave mitemo yepamutemo kana kuzvitonga zvisina kurongwa munharaunda. 

Nenzvimbo, nyika yega yega yemahombekombe ine hutongi pamusoro pemvura yayo yemahombekombe. Asi kunze kwemvura yenyika, gadziriro dzemugungwa dzinosanganisira makungwa makuru uye pasi pegungwa, izvo zvinouya pasi peSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose pamusoro peMutemo weGungwa (UNCLOS), rakatangwa muna 1982. Pasi pegungwa uye mvura dziri mhiri kwemasimba enyika kazhinji kazhinji hazvikweretesi zvimene. kuzivisa nharaunda kuzvitonga; saka, mitemo inoshandisa zvirango mumamiriro ezvinhu aya inogona kubatsira zvakanyanya kumisa kushandiswa zvakanyanya. 

Nyaya dzekutengeserana mugungwa, kusvibiswa kwegungwa, uye marudzi ehove dzinotama-tama uye hove dzinoyambuka miganhu zvinoratidza kuti nyaya dzakawanda dzinogura miganhu yemvura dzemumhenderekedzo yegungwa nemakungwa makuru. Mharadzano idzi dzinoburitsa dambudziko rechipiri, rinoda kudyidzana pakati penyika dzemumahombekombe ega ega uye nharaunda yepasi rose. 

Marine masisitimu zvakare akabatana neatmospheric uye terrestrial system. Kuburitsa gasi reGreenhouse kuri kushandura kutenderera kwePasi biogeochemical uye ecosystems. Pasi rose, acidification yegungwa uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze ndiyo yakanyanya kukosha mhedzisiro yekubuda uku. Iyi yechitatu seti yezvinetso inoda hurongwa hwekutonga hunokwanisa kugadzirisa hukama pakati pezvikamu zvikuru zvezvisikwa zvePasi panguva ino yekuchinja kukuru uye nekukurumidza. 

Marine mix: sampling yemasangano epasi rose, enyika uye ematunhu ehurumende, masangano asiri ehurumende, vaongorori, mabhizinesi nevamwe vanotora chikamu munyaya dzekutonga kwemakungwa. 

Kuongorora matambudziko ekugadzirisa
The Earth System Governance Project iri kutora matanho ekugadzirisa matambudziko makuru matatu atinopa pamusoro. Yakatangwa muna 2009, chirongwa chemakore gumi-yakareba cheInternational Human Dimensions Programme paGlobal Environmental Change chinounza pamwechete mazana evaongorori pasi rese. Nerubatsiro rweboka rebasa rekutonga kwemakungwa, chirongwa ichi chichabatanidza tsvakiridzo yesainzi yemagariro pamusoro pemadingindira anoenderana nematambudziko edu, kusanganisira kupatsanurwa kwehurumende; utongi hwenzvimbo dziri kunze kwemasimba enyika; hove uye mitemo yekuchera zvicherwa; uye basa revatengesi kana vasiri vehurumende (zvakadai sevabati vehove kana mabhizimisi ekushanya) mubudiriro inoenderera mberi. 

Boka rebasa richagadzirawo hurongwa hwekutsvagisa hwepurojekiti, hunoisa pamberi matambudziko mashanu ekuongorora anoenderana mukati mematambudziko akaomarara ekutonga kwemakungwa. Ngationgororei izvi muchidimbu.

Dambudziko rekutanga nderekufunda kwehutongi hwese zvimiro kana zvivakwa zvine chekuita negungwa. Iyo "bumbiro regungwa", UNCLOS, inotaridza iwo ese mazwi ehutongi hwegungwa. Zvinhu zvakakosha zveUNCLOS zvinosanganisira kuganhurwa kwemasimba emugungwa, kuti nyika dzinofanira kudyidzana sei, uye zvinangwa zvekutonga kwemakungwa, pamwe nekupa mabasa chaiwo kumasangano ehurumende. 

Asi hurongwa uhu hwave hwechinyakare sezvo vanhu vave kushanda nesimba kupfuura nakare kose pakukohwa zviwanikwa zvemugungwa, uye kushandiswa kwevanhu kwehurongwa hwemugungwa (sekuchera oiri, hove, kushanya kwecoral reef uye nzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa dzemugungwa) iko zvino kupindirana nekunetsana. Pamusoro pazvose, sisitimu iyi yatadza kugadzirisa zvaisatarisirwa kuitwa nevanhu panyanza kubva mukudyidzana kwenyika nemhepo: anthropogenic greenhouse emissions. 

Dambudziko rechipiri rekuongorora ndere agency. Nhasi, makungwa nemamwe masisitimu ePasi ari kukanganiswa nemasangano ehurumende, hurumende dzenharaunda kana dzenharaunda, kudyidzana kweveruzhinji nevega uye nesainzi network. Makungwa ari kukanganiswawo nevatambi vakazvimiririra, vakaita semakambani makuru, varedzi uye nyanzvi dzega. 

Kubva kare, mapoka asiri ehurumende akadai, uye kunyanya kudyidzana kwehurumende nevega, kwakave nesimba guru pakutonga kwemakungwa. Semuenzaniso, Kambani yeDutch East India, yakavambwa muna 1602, yakapihwa mvumo yekutengeserana neAsia nehurumende yeDutch, pamwe nechiremera chinowanzochengeterwa nyika, kusanganisira mvumo yekutaurirana zvibvumirano, kuita mari uye kutanga makoroni. Pamusoro pemasimba ayo akaita senyika pamusoro pezviwanikwa zvemugungwa, kambani yakatanga kugovera purofiti yayo nevanhu vakazvimirira. 

Nhasi, makambani akazvimiririra ari kumirira kukohwa zviwanikwa zvemishonga uye kuita zvicherwa zvakadzika-mugungwa, vachitarisira kuwana purofiti kubva kune izvo zvinofanirwa kutorwa sezvakanaka pasi rose. Mienzaniso iyi nemimwe inojekesa kuti hutongi hwemakungwa hunogona kuita basa mukugadzirisa nhandare.

Dambudziko rechitatu nderekuchinja. Iri izwi rinosanganisira pfungwa dzine hukama dzinotsanangura mapinduriro anoita mapoka emagariro kana kutarisira matambudziko akagadzirwa kuburikidza nekushanduka kwezvakatipoteredza. Aya mazano anosanganisira kusagadzikana, kusimba, kugadzirisa, kusimba, uye kugona kugadzirisa kana kudzidza munharaunda. Sitimu yekutonga inofanirwa kuchinjika pachayo, pamwe nekutonga kuti kugadzirisa kunoitika sei. Semuenzaniso, nepo pollock muGungwa reBering yakajairana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze nekuenda kuchamhembe, hurumende dzeUS neRussia dzinoita sedzisina: nyika mbiri idzi dzinopokana pamusoro pekodzero dzekuredza zvichienderana nenzvimbo yehove uye miganhu inopokana yemvura yavo yemahombekombe. .

Chechina kuzvidavirira uye kuve pamutemo, kwete chete mune zvematongerwo enyika, asiwo mune yenzvimbo pfungwa yegungwa: mvura idzi dziri mhiri kwenyika, yakavhurika kune vese uye isiri yemumwe. Asi imwe gungwa inoreva kubatana kwe geography nemhomho yemvura, vanhu, uye zvisikwa zvipenyu nezvisina upenyu. Kubatana uku kunoisa zvimwe zvinodikanwa pamatanho ekugadzirisa matambudziko, kubata nekugona kwakasiyana kwevanobatanidzwa, mabasa uye zvido. 

Muenzaniso ndeweyedzero ichangoburwa 'yakashata' mugungwa pamhenderekedzo yeCanada, uko kambani yakazvimiririra yakadyara mvura yemugungwa nesimbi kuwedzera kabhoni sequestration. Izvi zvakataurwa zvakanyanya seyedzero isina kunyoreswa 'geoengineering'. Ndiani ane kodzero yekuedza gungwa? Uye ndiani angapiwa chirango kana chimwe chinhu chisina kumira zvakanaka? Aya makakatanwa ari kuitika ari kupa gakava rine mufungo pamusoro pekuzvidavirira uye kuve pamutemo. 

Dambudziko rekupedzisira rekuongorora nderekugovera uye kuwana. Ndiani anowana chii, rini, kupi uye sei? Chibvumirano chakareruka chenyika mbiri chinopatsanura gungwa kuti chibatsire nyika mbiri nemutengo wevamwe vese hazvina kumboshanda, sezvakawanikwa neSpanish nePortugal mazana emakore apfuura. 

Mushure mekuongorora kwaColumbus, nyika mbiri idzi dzakapinda muChibvumirano cha1494 cheTordesillas uye Chibvumirano cha1529 cheSaragossa. Asi masimba emugungwa eFrance, England neThe Netherlands akanyanya kufuratira kupatsanurwa kwemubatanidzwa. Hutongi hwegungwa panguva iyoyo hwaive hwakavakirwa pamisimboti yakapusa senge "mukundi anotora zvese", "kutanga auya, akatanga kushumirwa" uye "rusununguko rwemakungwa". Nhasi, nzira dzakaoma kunzwisisa dzinodiwa kugovana mabasa, mari uye njodzi dzine chekuita negungwa, pamwe nekupa mukana wakaenzana uye kugovera masevhisi egungwa uye mabhenefiti. 

Nguva itsva mukunzwisisa
Nekuziva kwakakura kwezvinetso zviripo, masayendisiti echisikigo uye ezvemagariro evanhu ari kutsvaga kugadzikana kwehutongi hwemakungwa hunobudirira. Ivo zvakare vari kudyidzana nevatori vechikamu kuita tsvakiridzo yavo. 

Semuyenzaniso, chirongwa cheIGBP cheIntegrated Marine Biogeochemistry uye Ecosystem Research (IMBER) chiri kugadzira hurongwa hunodaidzwa kuti IMBER-ADapt yekuongorora kugadzira mitemo yekutonga kuri nani kwemakungwa. Iyo ichangoburwa Future Ocean Alliance (FOA) inounzawo pamwechete masangano, zvirongwa uye vanhu kuti vabatanidze dzidziso chaiyo uye ruzivo rwavo, kuitira kuvandudza nhaurirano pamusoro pekutonga kwemakungwa uye kubatsira vanogadzira mitemo. 

Chinangwa cheFOA ndere “kushandisa matekinoroji eruzivo rwechizvino-zvino kuvaka nharaunda inosanganisirwa - network yeruzivo rwegungwa repasi rose - inokwanisa kugadzirisa nyaya dzekutonga kwemakungwa nekukurumidza, zvine hungwaru, uye nemazvo". Mubatanidzwa uyu uchatsvaga kubatsira mumatanho ekutanga ekuita sarudzo, kusimudzira budiriro yegungwa kubva munharaunda kusvika pasi rose. FOA inounza pamwe vagadziri uye vatengi veruzivo uye inosimudzira kubatana pakati pemasangano mazhinji nevanhu. Masangano anosanganisira UN Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission; Komisheni yeBenguela; Agulhas neSomali Currents Large Marine Ecosystem project; kuongorora kwekutonga kwemakungwa kweGlobal Environment Facility Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme; chirongwa cheLand-Ocean Interactions muCoastal Zone; iyo Portuguese Directorate General yeOcean Policy; iyo Luso-American Foundation for Development; uye The Ocean Foundation, pakati pevamwe. 

Nhengo dzeFOA, kusanganisira iyo Earth System Governance Project, dziri kutsvaga nzira dzekubatsira mukuvandudza chirongwa chetsvagurudzo yegungwa cheRamangwana Earth. Mumakore gumi anotevera, chirongwa cheRamangwana Renyika chichava chikuva chakanakira kuunza pamwe chete vaongorori, vanogadzira mitemo nevamwe vane chekuita nekugadzira mhinduro kumatambudziko emugungwa. 

Pamwe chete, tinokwanisa kupa ruzivo uye maturusi anodiwa mukutonga kwakanaka kwegungwa muAnthropocene. Iyi nguva inobatwa nevanhu ndeye mare incognitum - gungwa risingazivikanwe. Sezvo masisitimu echisikigo akaomarara atiri kurarama maari achichinja nekukanganisa kwevanhu, hatizive zvichaitika, kunyanya kugungwa rePasi. Asi panguva uye inogadzirika maitiro ekutonga kwegungwa achatibatsira kufamba neAnthropocene.

Kuverenga Zvakare

• Biermann F (2012) Kuita Greening Charter yeUnited Nations. Zvematongerwo enyika muAnthropocene. Earth System Governance Working Paper No. 21. Lund neAmsterdam: Earth System Governance Project.
• Spalding, Mark J. "Kushandisa kodzero kusimudzira hutariri kune chinodiwa: Hutongi hwakavimbika", White Paper: The Ocean Foundation Kurume 2013
• Earth System Governance
• Future Ocean Alliance