Chikamu 1: Kufungisisa nezve 30th Anniversary yeUN Convention paMutemo weGungwa

Na: Matthew Cannistraro

Ndichiri kudzidzira kuOcean Foundation, ndakashanda purojekiti yekutsvagisa nezve Chibvumirano cheUnited Nations cheMutemo weGungwa (UNLCOS). Mukufamba kwemablog maviri ezvinyorwa, ndinotarisira kugovera zvimwe zvandakadzidza kuburikidza nekutsvagisa kwangu uye kujekesa kuti sei nyika yaida Kokorodzano, pamwe nechikonzero nei US isina, uye haisati yazvisimbisa. Ndinovimba kuti nekuongorora nhoroondo yeUNCLOS, ndinogona kuratidza zvimwe zvikanganiso zvakaitwa munguva yakapfuura kutibatsira kuti tidzivise mune ramangwana.

UNCLOS yaive maitiro ekusagadzikana kusati kwamboitika uye kukakavara pamusoro pekushandiswa kwegungwa. Rusununguko rwechinyakare rusina kuvharirwa rwegungwa haruchashandi nekuti mashandisirwo enyanza emazuva ano aipindirana. Somugumisiro, UNCLOS yakatsvaka kutarisira gungwa se“nhaka yevanhu” kuitira kuti pasave nekunetsana kwainge kwatekeshera pamusoro penzvimbo dzokubata hove uye kukurudzira kugovewa kwakanaka kwezviwanikwa zvemugungwa.

Mukufamba kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, kuvandudzwa kweindasitiri yehove kwakasangana nebudiriro mukuchera zvicherwa kugadzira kusawirirana pamusoro pekushandiswa kwegungwa. Vabati vehove vekuAlaska vakanyunyuta kuti ngarava dzekune dzimwe nyika dzaibata hove dzakawanda kupfuura dzaigona kutsigira masheya eAlaska, uye America yaida kuwana mukana wakasarudzika kunzvimbo dzedu dzemafuta ekumahombekombe. Mapoka aya aida kuvharwa negungwa. Zvichakadaro, vabati vehove veSan Diego Tuna vakaparadza masheya eSouthern California uye vakaredza kubva kumhenderekedzo yeCentral America. Vaida rusununguko rusina kuganhurirwa rwemakungwa. Makumi ezviuru emamwe mapoka ezvido aiwanzowira mune chimwe chezvikamu zviviri izvi, asi chimwe nechimwe chine zvainonetsa.

Vachiedza kunyaradza zvido zvinopikisana izvi, Mutungamiri Truman vakapa zviziviso zviviri muna 1945. Chekutanga chaiti kodzero dzakakwana kuzvicherwa mazana maviri emakiromita (NM) kubva kumahombekombe edu, kugadzirisa dambudziko remafuta. Chechipiri chaiti kodzero dzakakwana kuhove dzese dzaisakwanisa kutsigira kuredza kwakawanda munzvimbo imwechete yakabatana. Tsanangudzo iyi ine chinangwa chekubvisa zvikepe zvekunze kubva mumvura yedu tichichengetedza kupinda mumvura yekunze nekupa simba masayendisiti ekuAmerica chete kuti asarudze kuti ndeapi masheya anogona kana kusakwanisa kutsigira goho rekunze.

Nguva yakatevera zviziviso izvi yakanga ine nyonganyonga. Truman akanga agadza muenzaniso une ngozi nekutaura unilaterally "simba uye kutonga" pamusoro pezvaimbove zvepasirese zviwanikwa. Makumi edzimwe nyika akateverawo uye mhirizhonga yakaitika pamusoro pekuwana nzvimbo dzekuredza. Imwe ngarava yekuAmerica payakatyora mutemo mutsva weEcuador wepamhenderekedzo yegungwa, “vashandi vayo… Kurwisana kwakafanana kwakapararira pasi rose. Imwe neimwe unilateral inoti yenharaunda yegungwa yaingove yakanaka seNavy ichiitsigira. Nyika yaida nzira yekugovanisa uye kutonga zviwanikwa zvemugungwa kusati kwaitwa skirmishes pamusoro pehove kuita hondo pamusoro pemafuta. Kuedza kwenyika dzose kudzikamisa kusateerera mutemo uku kwakaguma muna 30 apo Musangano Wechitatu weSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose weMutemo weGungwa wakaungana muCaracas, Venezuela.

Nyaya yakanyanyokosha pamusangano uyu yakaratidza kuve kucherwa kwemamineral nodules. Muna 1960, mafemu akatanga kufungidzira kuti aikwanisa kutora zvicherwa kubva pasi pegungwa. Kuti vaite kudaro, vaida kodzero dzakakwana kune nzvimbo huru dzemvura dzepasi rose kunze kwezviziviso zvepakutanga zvaTruman. Kunetsana pamusoro pekodzero dzezvicherwa izvi kwakapinza nyika shoma shoma dzakabudirira dzichikwanisa kubvisa zvipfukuto neruzhinji rwenyika dzisingakwanise. Vamiririri chete vaiva nyika dzakanga dzisati dzakwanisa kuchera machuru asi dzaizokwanisa munguva pfupi iri kutevera. Vaviri vevamiriri ava, Canada neAustralia vakaronga hurongwa hwakaomarara hwekurerutsa. Muna 1976, Henry Kissinger akauya kumusangano uye akanyura zvakananga.

Kupindirana kwakavakwa paparallel system. Kuronga kwakasimba kuchera pasi pegungwa kwaifanira kukumbira nzvimbo mbiri dzinotarisirwa kuchera migodhi. Dare revamiririri, rinonzi International Seabed Chiremera (ISA), yaizovhota kugamuchira kana kuramba nzvimbo mbiri idzi sechibvumirano chepakeji. Kana iyo ISA ikabvumidza masaiti, femu inogona kutanga kuchera imwe saiti nekukasira, uye imwe saiti inoiswa parutivi kuti nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzive dzangu. Naizvozvo, kuti nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzibatsirwe, hadzigoni kuvhiringidza gadziriro yokubvumira. Kuti mafemu emaindasitiri abatsirwe, anofanirwa kugovera zviwanikwa zvemugungwa. Chimiro chesymbiotic chehukama uhu chakaita kuti divi rega rega retafura rakakurudzirwa kutaurirana. Sezvo ruzivo rwekupedzisira rwakanga ruchiwira munzvimbo, Reagan akakwira kuHutungamiri uye akakanganisa nhaurirano dzepragmatic nekuisa pfungwa munhaurirano.

Ronald Reagan paakatora chigaro chekutonga kwenhaurirano muna 1981, akasarudza kuti aida "kuzorora kwakachena nezvekare." Mune mamwe mazwi, 'kuputsika kwakachena' nekushanda nesimba pragmatic conservatives sezvakaitwa naHenry Kissinger. Nechinangwa ichi mupfungwa, nhumwa dzaReagan dzakaburitsa seti yezvikumbiro zvenhaurirano izvo zvakaramba iyo parallel system. Iyi nzvimbo itsva yakanga isingakarirwi zvokuti mumwe Mumiriri anobva kunyika yakabudirira yeEurope akabvunza, kuti: “Nyika yose inogona sei kuvimba neUnited States? Nei tichifanira kubvumirana kana United States ikachinja pfungwa mukupedzisira? " Manzwiro akafanana akazara pamusangano wacho. Nekuramba kuregeredza zvakakomba, nhumwa yaReagan yeUNCLOS yakarasikirwa nesimba munhaurirano. Vaona izvi vakadzokera kumashure, asi nguva yainge yave shoma. Kusawirirana kwavo kwainge kwatokanganisa kuvimbika kwavo. Mutungamiri wemusangano, Alvaro de Soto wekuPeru, akadana nhaurirano kuti dzipere kudzivirira kuti dzisaenderere mberi.

Mafungiro akadzivisa zvibvumirano zvokupedzisira. Reagan akagadza vatsoropodzi vakati wandei veUNCLOS kunhumwa yake, avo vaive nekutenda kushoma mupfungwa yekudzora gungwa. Mukufananidzira kutaura kwecuff, Reagan akapfupikisa chinzvimbo chake, achiti, "Isu tiri mapurisa uye tinofamba-famba panyika uye pane mutemo wakawanda zvekuti ndakafunga kuti kana uchinge waenda kumakungwa unogona kuita sezvaunoda. .” Iyi fungidziro inoramba pfungwa huru yokutarisira gungwa se“nhaka yavose yorudzi rwomunhu.” Kunyange zvazvo, kukundikana kwepakati pezana remakore rerusununguko rwedzidziso yegungwa kwakanga kwaratidza kuti makwikwi asina muganhu ndiwo waiva chinetso, kwete chigadzikiso.

Chinyorwa chinotevera chinotarisa zvakanyanya padanho raReagan rekusaina chibvumirano uye nhaka yaro mune zvematongerwo enyika zveAmerica. Ndinovimba kutsanangura kuti sei US isati yabvumidza chibvumirano ichi kunyangwe rutsigiro rwayo rwakakura kubva kuboka rega rega rine chekuita nemakungwa (oiri moguls, vabati vehove, uye vezvemamiriro ekunze vese vanoitsigira).

Matthew Cannistraro akashanda semubatsiri wekutsvakurudza paOcean Foundation muchirimo che 2012. Iye zvino ari mukuru paClaremont McKenna College kwaanonyanya kukoshesa muNhoroondo uye achinyora chinyorwa chekukudza pamusoro pekusikwa kweNOAA. Kufarira kwaMatthew mugwara regungwa kunobva murudo rwake rwekufamba nechikepe, kubhururuka kwemvura yemunyu, uye nhoroondo yezvematongerwo enyika yekuAmerica. Mushure mekupedza kudzidza, anotarisira kushandisa ruzivo rwake uye chido chake kuita shanduko yakanaka munzira yatinoshandisa nayo gungwa.