Planetary Sunscreen: Solar Radiation Modification

Kuputsa Climate Geoengineering Chikamu 3

Chikamu 1: Zvisingaperi Zvisingazivikanwe
Chikamu 2: Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal
Chikamu 4: Kufunga nezve Hunhu, Kuenzana, uye Ruramisiro

Solar Radiation Modification (SRM) imhando yemamiriro ekunze geoengineering ine chinangwa chekuwedzera huwandu hwechiedza chezuva chinodzoserwa muchadenga - kudzosera kudziya kwepasi. Kuwedzera kuratidzira uku kunoderedza kuwanda kwechiedza chezuva chinoita kuti risvike kumhepo uye pamusoro pePasi, kuchitonhodza pasi. 

Kuburikidza nemaitiro echisikigo, Nyika inoratidzira uye inotora chiedza chezuva kuchengetedza tembiricha yaro uye mamiriro ekunze, ichidyidzana nemakore, zvimedu zvinopeperetswa nemhepo, mvura, uye zvimwe zviri pamusoro - kusanganisira gungwa. Parizvino, hapana mapurojekiti anotsanangurwa echisikigo kana akakwidziridzwa eSRM, saka matekinoroji eSRM anonyanya kuwira muchikamu chemuchina uye chemakemikari. Aya mapurojekiti anonyanya kutsvaga kushandura kusangana kwepasi nezuva nezuva. Asi, kuderedza kuwanda kwezuva rinosvika panyika uye munyanza kune mukana wekuvhiringidza maitiro echisikigo anoenderana nechiedza chezuva.

Yakarongwa michina uye makemikari SRM mapurojekiti

Nyika ine hurongwa hwakavakirwa mukati hunodzora huwandu hwemwaranzi kubva kuzuva rinopinda nekubuda. Inoita izvi nekuratidza uye kugovera zvakare chiedza nekupisa, izvo zvinobatsira kugadzirisa tembiricha. Kufarira mukugadzira nemakemikari emasisitimu aya kunotangira pakuburitsa zvidimbu kuburikidza nejekiseni restratospheric aerosol kusvika pakukura makore akakora padyo nenyanza kuburikidza nekupenya kwemakore emugungwa.

Stratospheric Aerosol Jekiseni (SAI) ndiko kuburitswa kwakanangwa kweairborne sulfate particles kuti iwedzere kupenya kwepasi, kuderedza kuwanda kwechiedza chezuva chinosvika pasi uye kupisa kwakavharirwa mumhepo. Nechifungidziro chakafanana nekushandisa sunscreen, solar geoengineering ine chinangwa chekutungamira chimwe chiedza chezuva uye kupisa kunze kwemhepo, kuderedza huwandu hunosvika pamusoro.

The Promise:

Pfungwa iyi inobva pazvinoitika zvechisikigo zvinoitika pamwe chete nekuputika kukuru kwegomo rinoputika. Muna 1991, kuputika kweGomo rePinatubo muPhilippine kwakasvipa gasi nemadota munzvimbo inonzi stratosphere, zvichiparadzira huwandu hwesulfur dioxide. Mhepo dzakafambisa sulfur dioxide kutenderera pasirese kwemakore maviri, uye zvimedu zvakanyura uye yakaratidza chiedza chezuva chakakwana kuderedza tembiricha pasi rose ne1 degree Fahrenheit (0.6 degrees Celsius).

Dambudziko:

SAI yakagadzirwa nevanhu inoramba iri pfungwa yekufungidzira ine zvidzidzo zvishoma zvekupedzisira. Kusavimbika uku kunongowedzerwa nezvisingazivikanwe kuti majekiseni angada kuitwa kwenguva yakareba sei uye chii chinoitika kana (kana riini) mapurojekiti eSAI akakundikana, akamiswa, kana kushaya mari. Mapurojekiti eSAI ane chido chisinga peri kana achinge atanga, uye inogona kusashanda nekufamba kwenguva. Mhedzisiro yemuviri kune majekiseni emuchadenga sulfate inosanganisira mukana wekunaya kweasidhi. Sezvinoonekwa nekuputika kwemakomo, zvikamu zve sulfate zvinofamba pasi rose uye inogona kuisa munzvimbo dzisina kukanganiswa nemakemikari akadaro, kushandura ecosystem uye kuchinja ivhu pH. Imwe nzira inotsanangurwa kune aerosol sulfate icalcium carbonate, molecule inotarisirwa kuve nemhedzisiro yakafanana asi kwete yakawanda mhedzisiro sesulfate. Zvisinei, zvidzidzo zvemazuva ano zvinoratidza calcium carbonate inogona kukanganisa ozone layer. Kuratidzira kwechiedza chezuva chiri kuuya kunopa kumwe kushushikana. Kuiswa kwezvikamu, izvo zvakabva zvisingazivikanwe uye zvinogoneka zvepasirese, zvinogona kugadzira misiyano chaiyo kana inofungidzirwa inogona kuwedzera kusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika. Chirongwa cheSAI muSweden chakambomiswa muna 2021 mushure mekunge Saami Council, boka rinomiririra veIndigenous Saami vanhu vekuSweden, Norway, Finland, neRussia, vagovana kushushikana nekupindira kwevanhu mumamiriro ekunze. Mutevedzeri wemutungamiri weKanzuru, Åsa Larsson Blind, akataura izvozvo tsika dzevanhu veSaami kuremekedza zvisikwa uye maitiro ayo akanyatsopesana nerudzi urwu rwesolar geoengineering.

Surface Yakavakirwa Kupenya / Albedo Kugadziriswa ine chinangwa chekuwedzera kutaridzika kwepasi uye kuderedza huwandu hwemwaranzi yezuva inoramba iri mumhepo. Panzvimbo pekushandisa chemistry kana ma molecular nzira, kumusoro kwakavakirwa kupenya kunotsvaka kuwedzera albedo, kana kuti kupenya, kwepasi kuburikidza nekuchinja kwechimiro kunharaunda dzemaguta, migwagwa, ivhu rekurima, nzvimbo dzepakati, uye gungwa. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira kuvhara matunhu aya nezvinhu zvinovheneka kana zvidyarwa kuratidza uye kutungamirazve chiedza chezuva.

The Promise:

Kupenya kwakavakirwa pameso kunotarisirwa kupa yakananga kutonhora zvivakwa panzvimbo yenzvimbo- zvakafanana nemabatiro anoita mashizha emuti pasi pasi pawo. Rudzi urwu rwepurojekiti inogona kuitwa pazvikero zvidiki, kureva nyika nenyika kana guta neguta. Mukuwedzera, kupenya kwepamusoro-soro kunogona kukwanisa kubatsira dzosera kupisa kwakawedzera maguta mazhinji nenzvimbo dzemadhorobha semugumisiro wekupisa kwemudhorobha chitsuwa.

Dambudziko:

Padanho re theoretical uye reconcept, kupenya kwakavakirwa pamusoro kunoratidzika kunge kunogona kuitwa nekukurumidza uye nemazvo. Nekudaro, iyo tsvagiridzo yekushandurwa kwealbedo inoramba yakaonda uye mishumo yakawanda inoratidza mukana wekusazivikanwa uye kushatisa mhedzisiro. Kuedza kwakadaro hakugone kupa mhinduro yepasirese, asi kusaenzana kwekusimudzira kupenya kwepamusoro kana dzimwe nzira dzekutonga nemwaranzi yezuva dzinogona kuve zvisingadiwi uye zvisingatarisirwe mhedzisiro yepasirese pakutenderera kana kutenderera kwemvura. Kupenya kwepamusoro mune mamwe matunhu kunogona kushandura tembiricha yedunhu uye kushandura mafambiro ezvimedu uye zvinhu kune zvinonetsa. Pamusoro pezvo, kupenya kwepamusoro-soro kunogona kukonzera kusimudzira kusingaenzaniswi pamwero wepasirese kana wepasi rose, zvichiwedzera mukana wekuchinja masimba emagetsi.

Marine Cloud Brightening (MCB) inoshandisa nemaune spray yegungwa kumbeu yakaderera makore pamusoro pegungwa, zvichikurudzira kuumbwa kwe kupenya uye kukora kwegore layer. Makore aya anodzivirira mwaranzi iri kuuya kuti isasvike pasi kana gungwa pasi mukuwedzera kukuratidza mwaranzi ichidzokera kumhepo.

The Promise:

MCB ine mukana wekudzikisa tembiricha pachiyero chedunhu uye kudzivirira zviitiko zvekoral bleaching. Tsvagiridzo uye bvunzo dzekutanga dzakaona budiriro muAustralia, iine chirongwa chazvino paGreat Barrier Reef. Zvimwe zvikumbiro zvinogona kusanganisira kudzvara makore pamusoro pemazaya echando kumisa chando chegungwa. Nzira irikurudzirwa parizvino inoshandisa mvura yemugungwa, ichidzikisa kukanganisa kwayo pazvinhu zvakasikwa uye inogona kuitwa chero pasirese.

Dambudziko:

Kunzwisisa kwevanhu kweMCB kunoramba kusina chokwadi. Iwo maedzo akapedzwa ane mashoma uye anoedza, ne vaongorori vanodaidzira hutongi hwepasi rose kana hwenzvimbo patsika dzekushandisa zvipenyu izvi nechinangwa chekudzivirira. Zvimwe zvekusagadzikana uku zvinosanganisira mibvunzo pamusoro pekuita kwakananga kwekutonhodza uye kuderedzwa kwechiedza chezuva pane zvipenyu zvemuno, pamwe nemhedzisiro isingazivikanwe yekuwedzera kwezvimedu zvinofambiswa nemhepo pahutano hwevanhu nezvivakwa. Imwe neimwe yeiyi yaizoenderana nekugadzirwa kweMCB mhinduro, nzira yekuendesa, uye huwandu hweMCB hunotarisirwa. Sezvo makore ane mbeu anofamba nomukufamba kwemvura, mvura, munyu, uye mamwe mamorekuru achadzokera kupasi. Madhipoziti emunyu anogona kukanganisa nzvimbo yakavakirwa, kusanganisira pekugara kwevanhu, nokukurumidzisa kuora. Aya madhipoziti anogona zvakare kuchinja ivhu, zvichikanganisa kudya uye kugona kwezvirimwa kukura. Izvi zvinonetsa zvakakura zvinokwenya pamusoro pezvisingazivikanwe zvinoperekedzwa neMCB.

Nepo SAI, albedo gadziriso, uye MCB ichishanda kuratidza iri kuuya nemwaranzi yezuva, Cirrus Cloud Thinning (CCT) inotarisa kuwedzera kwemwaranzi inobuda. Makore eCirrus anotora uye anoratidza kupisa, muchimiro chemwaranzi, kudzokera kupasi. Cirrus Cloud Thinning yakakurudzirwa nemasayendisiti kuderedza kupisa kunoratidzwa nemakore aya uye kubvumira kupisa kwakawanda kubuda mumhepo, zvichidzika tembiricha. Masayendisiti anofungidzira kutetepa makore aya kumwaya makore nezvidimbu kuderedza hupenyu hwavo nekukora.

The Promise:

CCT inovimbisa kuderedza kupisa kwepasi nekuwedzera huwandu hwemwaranzi kutiza mumhepo. Ongororo yazvino inoratidza kuti izvi kuchinja kunogona kukurumidza kutenderera kwemvura, kuwedzera kunaya kwemvura uye kubatsira nzvimbo dzisinganaye mvura. Tsvakurudzo itsva zvakare inoratidza kuti kudzikira kwekushisa uku kunogona kubatsira gungwa rinononoka chando chinonyunguduka uye rubatsiro mukuchengetedza polar ice caps. 

Dambudziko: 

Iyo 2021 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) mushumo wekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye nesainzi yemuviri yakaratidzwa. kuti CCT haina kunyatsonzwisiswa. Kugadziriswa kwemamiriro ekunze kwerudzi urwu kunogona kushandura mafambiro emvura uye kukonzera kusazivikanwa kukanganisa kune ecosystem uye zvekurima. Nzira dziri kutaurwa pari zvino dzeCCT dzinosanganisira kumwaya makore nematehwe. Nepo humwe huwandu hwezvimedu hunotarisirwa kubatsira mukurerutsa makore, pamusoro pejekiseni rezvimedu angadyara makore pachinzvimbo. Makore anembeu aya anogona kupedzisira awedzera kukora uye kuteya kupisa, pane kutetepa uye kuburitsa kupisa. 

Space Mirrors ndiyo imwe nzira vatsvakurudzi vakaronga kutungamira uye kuvhara chiedza chezuva chiri kuuya. Iyi nzira inokurudzira kuisa zvinhu zvinoratidzira zvakanyanya munzvimbo yekuvharisa kana kuratidza mwaranzi yezuva iri kuuya.

The Promise:

Magirazi emuchadenga anotarisirwa kuderedza kuwanda kwemwaranzi kupinda mumhepo nekuimisa isati yasvika pasi. Izvi zvaizoita kuti kupisa kushoma kunopinda mumhepo uye kutonhora pasi.

Dambudziko:

Nzvimbo dzakavakirwa nzira dzakanyanya dzidziso uye dzinoperekedzwa ne kushaya mabhuku uye empirical data. Zvisingazivikanwe nezvekukanganisa kwerudzi urwu rweprojekiti inongova chikamu chimwe chezvinetswa zvinobatwa nevazhinji vaongorori. Zvimwe zvinonetsa zvinosanganisira kudhura kwemapurojekiti emuchadenga, kukanganisa kwakananga kwemwaranzi isati yasvika pasi penyika, kutadza kwakananga kwekuderedza kana kubvisa chiedza chenyeredzi kumhuka dzomugungwa idzo. vimba nekufamba kwemudenga, zvinobvira kugumisa njodzi, uye kushaikwa kwekutonga kwenzvimbo dzepasi rose.

Kufambisa kuenda kune ramangwana rinotonhorera?

Nekudzosera mwaranzi yezuva kuti ideredze tembiricha yepasi, solar radiation management inoedza kupindura chiratidzo chekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze pane kugadzirisa dambudziko. Iyi nzvimbo yekudzidza yakazara nemigumisiro isingatarisirwi. Pano, kuongororwa kwenjodzi kwakakosha kuona kana njodzi yeprojekiti yakakosha njodzi kune pasi kana njodzi yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze isati yaita chero chirongwa pamwero mukuru. Iko kugona kwemapurojekiti eSRM kukanganisa pasi rose kunoratidza kudiwa kwekuongororwa kwenjodzi kunosanganisira kufunga nezve njodzi kune yakasikwa nharaunda, kuwedzera kwekunetsana kwegeopolitical, uye kukanganisa kwekuwedzera kusaenzana kwepasirese. Nechirongwa chipi nechipi chekushandura mamiriro ekunze edunhu, kana pasi rose, mapurojekiti anofanirwa kutarisisa kuenzana uye kubatanidzwa kwevatambi.