Trawling uye Kutyisidzira kune Underwater Cultural Heritage

Yakapiwa pa2022 European Association of Archaeologists Annual Meeting

Trawling uye Underwater Cultural Heritage

Kubva payakatanga kutaurwa muchikumbiro cheparamende yeChirungu chezana ramakore rechigumi nemana, kukweva kwave kucherechedzwa setsika inokuvadza ine mhedzisiro yakaipa isingaperi pazvipenyu zvegungwa uye zvipenyu zvemugungwa. Shoko rokuti kukweva mambure (trawling) rinoreva muitiro wokukweva mambure kuseri kwechikepe kuti ubate hove. Yakakura kubva pakuda kufambirana nekuderera kwehove dzehove uye yakaenderera mberi nekuchinja kwehunyanzvi uye zvaidiwa, kunyangwe vabati vehove vaigara vachinyunyuta nezvematambudziko mukuredza hove kwaikonzeresa. Trawling yakavewo nemhedzisiro inoshamisa munzvimbo dzemugungwa dzekuchera matongo, kunyangwe iro divi rekukweva risawana kufukidzwa kwakakwana.

Maritime archaeologists uye marine ecologists vanofanira kutaurirana uye kushanda pamwe chete kutsvaga kurambidzwa kwetrawl. Kuputsikirwa kwengarava kwakawanda sechikamu chenyika yegungwa, uye nekudaro kwakakosha kune ecologists, sezvavari kune tsika, nhoroondo yenzvimbo.

Zvakadaro hapana chakaitwa kudzikamisa tsika iyi nekuchengetedza tsika yepasi pemvura, uye zvinokonzeresa zvekuchera matongo uye data risipo kubva mumishumo yebiology pamusoro pemaitiro. Hapana mitemo yepasi pemvura yakaumbwa kuti igadzirise kuredza kunze kwemahombekombe zvichienderana nekuchengetedza tsika. Zvimwe zvirambidzo zvekukwevera pasi zvakaiswa mushure mekudzokera shure muma1990 uye vezve ecologist, vachinyatsoziva njodzi yekukweva, vakatsvaga zvimwe zvirambidzo. Tsvagiridzo iyi uye kurudziro yekutonga mavambo akanaka, asi hapana chimwe cheizvi chinobva mukunetsekana kana kuratidzira kwevanochera matongo. UNESCO ichangoburitsa zvinonetsa, uye, inotarisira kutungamira kuedza kugadzirisa dambudziko iri. Pane a preferred policy nokuti in situ kuchengetedzwa muChibvumirano cha2001 uye mamwe matanho anoshanda kune mamaneja esaiti kugadzirisa kutyisidzira kubva kuzasi. Kana in situ kuchengetedzwa kunofanira kutsigirwa, zvimisikidzo zvinogona kuwedzerwa uye kuputsikirwa kwengarava, kana kwakasiiwa munzvimbo, kunogona kuve matombo ematombo uye nzvimbo dzekuredza kwakawanda, hove-ne-line. Zvakadaro, chinonyanya kudiwa ndechekuti nyika nemasangano epasi rese anobata hove arambidze kukwevera pasi nekutenderedza nzvimbo dzeUCH dzakaonekwa sezvakaitirwa mamwe maseamounts. 

Nzvimbo yegungwa inosanganisira ruzivo rwezvakaitika kare uye kukosha kwetsika. Haisi nzvimbo dzinogara hove chaidzo dzinoparadzwa—kuputsikirwa kwengarava kwakakosha uye zvinhu zvakare zvakarasika uye zvave zviripo kubvira pakatanga kukweva ngarava. Vanochera matongo munguva pfupi yapfuura vakatanga kuzivisa pamusoro pemigumisiro yekuchera panzvimbo dzavo, uye basa rakawanda rinodiwa. Coastal trawling inonyanya kuparadza, sezvo ndiko kunowanikwa makorokoza mazhinji, asi hazvireve kuti kuziva kunofanira kungogumira pakukweva kwemahombekombe chete. Sezvo tekinoroji ichivandudzika, mafukuro anozoenda kwakadzika-gungwa, uye nzvimbo idzodzo dzinofanirwa kuchengetedzwa kuti dzisakweva zvakare-kunyanya sezvo apa ndipo parikuitika kurumwa kwemutemo. Nzvimbo dzegungwa rakadzika zvakare dzakakosha midziyo, sezvo isingasvikike kwenguva yakareba, yakave nekukuvara kushoma kweanthropocentric kusasvikika kwenguva yakareba. Trawling inokuvadza nzvimbo idzodzo zvakare, kana isati yatove.

Deep Seabed Mining uye Underwater Cultural Heritage

Panyaya yematanho ekumberi, zvatinoita nekukweva zvinogona kugadzira nzira yekumwe kushandiswa kwakakosha kwemugungwa. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kucharamba kuchityisidzira gungwa redu (somuenzaniso, kukwira kwegungwa kuchanyura nzvimbo dzaimbova dzepasi) uye isu tatoziva nezvezvakatipoteredza, nei zvakakosha kuchengetedza gungwa.

Sainzi zvine basa, uye kunyangwe paine zvakawanda zvisingazivikanwe maererano nekudzika-mugungwa zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana uye ecosystem masevhisi, zvatinoziva zvakajeka zvinonongedza kukuvadzwa kukuru uye kunosvika kure. Mune mamwe mazwi, isu tinoziva zvakaringana kare kubva kune iripo kukuvara kwetrawling inotiudza kuti tinofanira kumisa maitiro akafanana, semigodhi yepasi pegungwa, kuenda kumberi. Isu tinofanirwa kushandisa precautionary mandate inoratidzwa nekukuvadzwa kwekudonha uye kwete kutanga mamwe maitiro ekubiridzira senge isu mugodhi wegungwa.

Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha ne-yakadzika-gungwa, sezvo inowanzosiyiwa kunze kwekukurukurirana pamusoro pegungwa, iyo yakave yakave, munguva yakapfuura, yakasara kunze kwekukurukurirana pamusoro pemamiriro ekunze uye zvakatipoteredza. Asi kutaura zvazviri, izvi zvinhu zvese zvakakosha uye zvakabatana zvakanyanya.

Hatigone kufanotaura kuti ndeapi masaiti angave akakosha munhoroondo, uye nekudaro kukweva hakufanirwe kubvumidzwa. Zvirambidzo zvinokurudzirwa nevamwe vanochera matongo kuti vadzikise kubata hove munzvimbo dzenhoroondo dzepamusoro dzemugungwa, kutanga kwakanaka asi hakuna kukwana. Kukwevera kune njodzi—kune hove dzose nenzvimbo dzinogara, uye kunharaunda dzetsika. Hazvifanirwe kuve kuwirirana pakati pevanhu nenyika yechisikigo, kunofanira kurambidzwa.

Trawling inoratidzwa paEAA 2022

IEuropean Association of Archaeologists (EAA) yakabata yavo musangano wegore negore muBudapest, Hungary kubva Nyamavhuvhu 31 kusvika Gunyana 3, 2022. Mumusangano wekutanga wemubatanidzwa weSangano, dingindira raive Re-Kubatanidza uye rakagamuchira mapepa “anosanganisira kusiyana kweEAA uye kuwanda kwemaitiro ezvekuchera matongo, kusanganisira kududzira kwekuchera matongo, kutonga kwenhaka. uye zvematongerwo enyika zvekare nezvino”.

Kunyange zvazvo musangano wacho wagara wakanangana nehurukuro dzinotarisa pakuchera matongo uye tsvakurudzo ichangobva kuitika, Claire Zak (Texas A&M University) naSheri Kapahnke (University of Toronto) vakaita musangano wezvekuchera matongo kwemahombekombe uye matambudziko kubva mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze izvo vanyori venhoroondo dzemakungwa nevanochera matongo vachaita. chiso chichienda mberi.

Charlotte Jarvis, anodzidzira kuThe Ocean Foundation uye archaeologist wemugungwa, akapa muchikamu chino uye akaita kudanwa kuchiito kune vanochera matongo nenyanzvi dzezvipenyu zvemugungwa kuti vabatane uye vashande kune mimwe mitemo, uye zviri nani kurambidzwa, kutsika mugungwa. Izvi zvakabatana nedanho reTOF: Kushanda takanangana neDead Seabed Mining (DSM) Moratorium.