Arctic Shipping ke Koluoa ​​e Emetseng ho Etsahala

E ngotsoe ke Richard Steiner

Ha sekepe sa Malaysia se bitsoang Selendang Ayu se emisa Lihlekehlekeng tsa Aleutian tsa Alaska lilemong tse robeli tse fetileng bekeng ena, e ne e le khopotso e bohloko ea likotsi tse ntseng li eketseha tsa likepe tse ka leboea. Ha re ntse re le tseleng ho tloha Seattle ho ea Chaena, sefefong se matla sa mariha sa Leoatleng la Bering se nang le moea o matla oa 70 le maoatle a maoto a 25, enjene ea sekepe e ile ea hlōleha. Ha e ntse e hoholehela lebōpong, ho ne ho se na lithako tse lekaneng tsa ho e hula ka metsing, eaba e emisa Sehlekehlekeng sa Unalaska ka la 8 December, 2004. Ho ile ha lahleha basebetsi ba tšeletseng, sekepe sa robeha ka halofo, ’me thepa eohle ea sona le tse fetang 335,000 XNUMX. lilithara tsa mafura a boima a tšolotsoeng ka metsing a Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge (Setšabelo sa Sechaba sa Liphoofolo Tse Hlaha sa Alaska Maritime). Joaloka lintho tse ling tse khōlō tse tšolohileng leoatleng, tšollo ena e ne e sa thibeloa, ’me e ile ea bolaea likete tsa linonyana tsa leoatle le liphoofolo tse ling tse hlaha tsa leoatleng, ea koala libaka tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi, ’me ea silafatsa lik’hilomithara tse ngata lebōpong la leoatle.

Joalo ka likoluoa ​​​​tse ngata tsa indasteri, koluoa ​​​​ea Selendang Ayu e bakiloe ke motsoako o kotsi oa liphoso tsa batho, likhatello tsa lichelete, ho hloleha ha mochini, ho se tsotelle le ho okamela mmuso, ([PDF]Grounding of Malaysian-flag Bulk Carrier M/V Selendang Ayu on). Ka nakoana, koluoa ​​​​e ile ea lebisa tlhokomelo kotsing ea likepe tse tsoang leboea. Empa leha maemo a mang a kotsi a ne a rarolloa, ho se tsotelle ho ile ha khutla kapele. Kajeno, tlokotsi ea Selendang e se e lebetsoe, 'me ka ho eketseha ha sephethe-phethe sa likepe, kotsi e se e le khōlō ho feta leha e le neng pele.

Letsatsi le leng le le leng, likepe tse kholo tsa 10-20 tsa barekisi - likepe tsa lik'hamera, lipalangoang tse ngata, likoloi tsa likoloi le litanka - li tsamaea ka "tsela e kholo ea selikalikoe" pakeng tsa Asia le Amerika Leboea hammoho le ketane ea Aleutian ea lik'hilomithara tse 1,200. Ha khoebo e ntse e putlama ka lebaka la ho putlama ha moruo, ho tsamaisoa ka likepe tseleng ena ho ntse ho eketseha butle-butle. 'Me ha ho futhumala ha lefatše ho ntse ho tsoela pele ho qhibilihisa leqhoa la leoatleng hlabula, sephethephethe sa likepe le sona se eketseha ka potlako ho pholletsa le Leoatle la Arctic. Lehlabuleng lena le fetileng, likepe tse 46 tsa barekisi li ile tsa tšela Northern Sea Route lipakeng tsa Europe le Asia ho pholletsa le arctic ea Russia (Barents Moshebelli), keketseho e imenneng ka makhetlo a leshome ho tloha lilemong tse peli tse fetileng. Ho ile ha huloa thepa e fetang lithane tse milione tseleng ka mahlakore ka bobeli lehlabuleng lena (keketseho ea 1% ho feta 50), 'me boholo ba tsona e ne e le sehlahisoa se kotsi sa peterole se kang mafura a disele, mafura a jet le condensate ea khase. 'Me sekepe sa pele sa Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) historing se tsamaile tsela selemong sena, se nkile LNG ho tloha Norway ho ea Japane halofong ea nako eo se ka beng se e nkile ho tsamaea ka tsela e tloaelehileng ea Suez. Bophahamo ba oli le khase tse romelloang Leoatleng le ka Leboea ho lebelletsoe ho fihla ho lithane tse limilione tse 2011 selemo le selemo ka 40. Ho boetse ho na le sephethe-phethe se ntseng se eketseha sa likepe tse tsamaeang ka sekepe (haholo-holo ho potoloha Greenland), likepe tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi, le likepe tse sebeletsang libaka tsa oli le khase ea arctic le merafo. .

Ena ke khoebo e kotsi. Tsena ke likepe tse kholo, tse nkileng mafura a kotsi le thepa e kotsi, tse sesang maoatle a bolotsana haufi le mabōpo a nang le bothata ba tikoloho, tse tsamaisoang ke lik'hamphani tseo litlhoko tsa tsona tsa khoebo li atisang ho senya ts'ireletseho, 'me ho hang ha ho na tšireletso kapa mekhoa ea ts'ebetso ea tšohanyetso tseleng. Bongata ba sephethephethe sena bo tšoailoe ke linaha tse ling 'me bo le “tselaneng e se nang molato,” tlas'a Letšoao la Bonolo, le Sehlopha sa Basebetsi, le se nang le litekanyetso tse tlase tsa polokeho. 'Me tsohle li etsahala ka ntle ho pono, ho tsoa kelellong ea sechaba le balaoli ba mmuso. E 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea lipalangoang tsena tsa likepe e beha bophelo ba motho kotsing, moruo le tikoloho, 'me kotsi e ntse e eketseha selemo se seng le se seng. Ho tsamaisa likepe ho tlisa mefuta e sa tloaelehang ea mefuta, lerata le ka tlas'a metsi, ho hlaseloa ke likepe ho liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa metsing, le mesi e mengata. Empa kaha tse ling tsa likepe tsena li jara lilithara tse limillione tsa libeso tse boima, ’me likepe tsa litanka li nkile lilithara tse mashome a limillione tsa oli kapa lik’hemik’hale, ka ho hlakileng tšabo e khōlō ka ho fetisisa ke ho tšoloha ho tšosang.

Ho arabela ho Selengang koluoa, mokhatlo oa mekhatlo e seng ea 'muso, Alaska Natives, le batšoasi ba litlhapi ba khoebo ba ile ba ikopanya hammoho Shipping Safety Partnership ho buella ntlafatso e felletseng ea polokeho litseleng tsa likepe tsa Aleutian le Arctic. Ka 2005, Partnership e ne e batla hore ho lateloe likepe tsohle ka nako ea sebele, li-hugs tsa pholoso tsa leoatle, liphutheloana tsa maemo a tšohanyetso, litumellano tsa litsela, libaka tse lokelang ho qojoa, likoloto tse eketsehileng tsa lichelete, lithuso tse molemo tsa ho tsamaea, ho ntlafatsa lifofane, puisano e tlamang. li-protocol, lisebelisoa tse betere tsa ho arabela ho qhalaneng, litefiso tse eketsehileng tsa thepa, le tlhahlobo ea kotsi ea sephethephethe sa likepe. Tse 'maloa tsa tsena ("litholoana tse leketlang") li kentsoe ts'ebetsong: ho se ho hahiloe liteishene tse ling tsa morao-rao, liphutheloana tse nkehang habonolo li hlophisitsoe esale pele Dutch Harbor, ho na le lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa ho fana ka lithuso tsa lichelete le ho tšolla, tlhahlobo ea Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment. e entsoeng (LIKHAtiso > Related > AMSA - US Arctic Research ...), 'me tlhahlobo ea kotsi ea sekepe sa Aleutian e ntse e tsoela pele (Leqephe la Lehae la Aleutian Risk Assessment).

Empa ho fokotsa kotsi e akaretsang ea likepe tsa Arctic le Aleutian, khalase e ntse e ka ba kotara e tletse, kotara e le 'ngoe e se na letho. Tsamaiso e hole le ho sireletseha. Mohlala, ho latela likepe ho ntse ho sa lekana, 'me ho ntse ho se na lithapo tse matla tsa pholoso leoatleng tse emetsoeng litseleng. Ha ho bapisoa, ka mor'a Exxon Valdez, Prince William Sound hona joale o na le batho ba leshome le motso o mong ba tsamaeang le ba arabelang ba eme bakeng sa litanka tsa eona (Alyeska Pipeline – TAPS – SERVS). Ho The Aleutians, tlaleho ea 2009 ea National Academy of Sciences e ile ea etsa qeto ea hore: “Ha ho le e ’ngoe ea mehato e teng e lekaneng ho arabela likepeng tse khōlō tlas’a maemo a mabe a leholimo.”
Noka ea ING OB Libaka tse peli tse tšoenyang haholo, tseo boholo ba likepe tsena li tsamaeang ho tsona, ke Unimak Pass (pakeng tsa Kou ea Alaska le Leoatle la Bering karolong e ka bochabela ea Aleutians), le Bering Strait (lipakeng tsa Leoatle la Bering le Leoatle la Arctic). Kaha libaka tsena li tšehetsa liphoofolo tse ngata tse anyesang tsa leoatleng, linonyana tsa leoatle, litlhapi, makhala, le tlhahiso ka kakaretso ho feta tikoloho leha e le efe ea maoatle lefatšeng, kotsi e hlakile. Phetoho e le 'ngoe e fosahetseng kapa ho lahleheloa ke matla a tanka e laetsoeng kapa sepalangoang libakeng tsena ho ka baka koluoa ​​​​e kholo habonolo. Ka hona, Unimak Pass le Bering Strait li ile tsa khothaletsoa ka 2009 bakeng sa ho khethoa ha machabeng e le Libaka tsa Leoatle tse Sensitive Haholo-holo, le Liemahale tsa Naha tsa Marine kapa Lihalalelo, empa mmuso oa US o ntse o tlameha ho nka khato ka khothaletso ena (U se ke Ua Lebella Libaka tse Ncha tsa Marine tlas'a ... - Litoro tse Tloaelehileng).

Ho hlakile hore re hloka ho sebetsana le sena hona joale, pele ho koluoa ​​​​e latelang. Litlhahiso tsohle tsa Shipping Safety Partnership ho tloha ka 2005 (ka holimo) li lokela ho kenngoa ts'ebetsong hang-hang ho pholletsa le litsela tsa likepe tsa Aleutian le Arctic, haholo-holo ho lata le ho pholosa likepe tse tsoelang pele. Indasteri e lokela ho e lefella kaofela ka litefiso tsa thepa. 'Me, mebuso e tlameha ho etsa tlamo Litaelo tsa Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Maritime bakeng sa Likepe tse sebetsang metsing a koahetsoeng ke leqhoa la Arctic, ho ntlafatsa bokhoni ba ho batla le ho pholosa, le ho theha Makhotla a Keletso a Baahi ba Libaka.Lekhotla la Keletso la Baahi ba Lebatooa la Prince William Sound) ho hlokomela mesebetsi eohle ea khoebo ea kantle ho naha.

Likepe tsa Arctic ke koluoa ​​​​e emetseng ho etsahala. Ha se haeba, empa neng le moo koluoa ​​e latelang e tla etsahala. E ka ba bosiung bona kapa dilemo ho tloha jwale; e ka ba Unimak Pass, Bering Strait, Novaya Zemlya, Baffin Island, kapa Greenland. Empa ho tla etsahala. Mebuso ea Arctic le indasteri ea likepe li hloka ho ikemisetsa ho fokotsa kotsi ena ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang, mme haufinyane.

Richard Steiner o tsamaisa sehlopha sa Oasis Earth morero - e leng setsebi sa lefats'e se sebetsang le mekhatlo e ikemetseng, mebuso, indasteri, le mekhatlo ea sechaba ho potlakisa phetoho ho sechaba se tsitsitseng tikolohong. Oasis Earth e etsa Litlhahlobo tse Potlakileng bakeng sa mekhatlo e ikemetseng linaheng tse tsoelang pele ka mathata a bohlokoa a paballo, e lekola liteko tsa tikoloho, 'me e etsa lithuto tse ntlafalitsoeng ka botlalo.