RETS'ELISITSOE PHATLISISO

Tafole ea likateng

1. Selelekela
2. Moo U ka Qalang ho Ithuta ka Deep Seabed Mining (DSM)
3. Litšokelo tsa Meepo ea Deep Seabed ho Tikoloho
4. Mehopolo ea Bolaoli ba Machaba ba Seabed
5. Merafo ea Deep Seabed le Phapang, Tekano, Kenyeletso, le Toka
6. Lintlha tsa 'Maraka oa Theknoloji le Liminerale
7. Lichelete, Litlhokomelo tsa ESG, le Matšoenyeho a Greenwashing
8. Maikutlo a Boikarabello le Matšeliso
9. Merafo e tebileng ea Leoatle le Lefa la Setso ka Tlas'a Metsi
10. License tsa Sechaba (Lipitso tsa Thibelo, Thibelo ea 'Muso, le Maikutlo a Matsoalloa)

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1. Selelekela

Deep Seabed Mining ke eng?

Merafo e tebileng ea leoatle (DSM) ke indasteri e ka bang teng ea khoebo e lekang ho rafa lirafshoa tse tsoang botebong ba leoatle, ka tšepo ea ho ntša liminerale tsa bohlokoa tsa khoebo tse kang manganese, koporo, cobalt, zinki, le lirafshoa tse sa tloaelehang tsa lefatše. Leha ho le joalo, morafo ona o reretsoe ho senya tikoloho e atlehileng le e hokahaneng e nang le mefuta-futa ea mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng: leoatle le tebileng.

Liminerale tse khahlang li fumaneha libakeng tse tharo tsa bolulo tse botlaaseng ba leoatle: lithota tsa mohohlo, lithaba tsa leoatle, le liphahlo tse futhumatsang metsi. Mabala a mohohlo ke sebaka se seholohali sa botebo bo tebileng ba leoatle se koahetsoeng ke sediment le liminerale, tseo hape li bitsoang polymetallic nodules. Tsena ke sepheo sa hajoale sa DSM, se tsepamisitsoeng maikutlo ho Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ): sebaka sa lithota tsa mohohlo ka bophara joalo ka kontinenteng ea United States, e fumanehang metsing a machabeng le ho tloha lebopong le ka bophirima ho Mexico ho isa bohareng ba naha. Leoatle la Pacific, ka boroa ho Lihlekehleke tsa Hawaii.

Meepo ea Deep Seabed e ka sebetsa Joang?

DSM ea Khoebo ha e so qale, empa lik'hamphani tse fapa-fapaneng li leka ho etsa hore e be ntho ea sebele. Hajoale mekhoa e sisintsoeng ea ho rafa maqhutsu e kenyeletsa ho romelloa ha koloi ea morafo, hangata ke mochini o moholo haholo o ts'oanang le terekere e bolelele ba mekato e meraro, ho ea mokatong oa leoatle. Hang ha e se e le botebong ba leoatle, koloi e tla phunya karolo e ka holimo ea lisenthimithara tse ’nè ho tloha botebong ba leoatle, e romele seretse, majoe, liphoofolo tse pshatlehileng le maqhutsu sekepeng se emeng holim’a leoatle. Ka sekepeng, liminerale lia hlophisoa 'me metsi a litšila a setseng a seretse, metsi le lisebelisoa tsa ho lokisa li khutlisetsoa leoatleng ka phallo ea metsi.

DSM e lebelletsoe ho ama maemo ohle a leoatle, ho tloha litšila tse lahleloang ka har'a kholomo ea metsi ho isa merafong le ho putlama ha botebo ba leoatle. Ho boetse ho na le kotsi e tsoang ho seretse se ka bang chefo (slurry = motsoako oa lintho tse teteaneng) metsi a lahleloeng ka holim'a leoatle.

Joang Deep Seabed Mining e le Kotsi ho Tikoloho?

Ha ho tsejoe hakaalo ka sebaka sa bolulo le tikoloho e botebong ba leoatle. Kahoo, pele ho ka etsoa tlhahlobo e nepahetseng ea phello, ho tlameha hore ho be le pokello ea lintlha tsa motheo tse kenyeletsang lipatlisiso le 'mapa. Esita le haeba boitsebiso bona bo le sieo, thepa eo e tla akarelletsa ho phunya botlaaseng ba leoatle, ho etsa hore ho be le matsoelintsoeke ka har'a mokoloko oa metsi ebe ho khutlela sebakeng se haufi le moo. Ho hohloa ha botebo ba leoatle ho ntša maqhutsu ho ka senya libaka tse tebileng tsa leoatle tsa mefuta e phelang ea leoatle le lefa la setso sebakeng seo. Rea tseba hore masoba a tebileng a leoatle a na le lintho tse phelang metsing tse ka bang bohlokoa haholo. E meng ea mefuta ena e ikamahantse le khaello ea khanya ea letsatsi 'me khatello e phahameng ea metsi a tebileng e ka ba ea bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa lipatlisiso le nts'etsopele ea meriana, lisebelisoa tsa tšireletso, le litšebeliso tse ling tsa bohlokoa. Ha ho tsejoe hakaalo ka mefuta ena, sebaka sa eona sa bolulo, le tikoloho e amanang le eona ho theha motheo o lekaneng oo ho oona ho ka bang le tlhahlobo e nepahetseng ea tikoloho, re sa re letho ka ho etsa mehato ea ho e sireletsa le ho hlokomela phello ea merafo.

Bokaholimo ba leoatle ha se eona feela sebaka sa leoatle se tla utloa litlamorao tsa DSM. Li-sediment plumes (tse tsejoang hape e le lifefo tsa lerole tse ka tlas'a metsi), hammoho le lerata le tšilafalo e bobebe, li tla ama boholo ba karolo ea metsi. Litšepe tsa sediment, tse tsoang ho moqokelli le metsi a litšila ka mor'a ho ntšoa, li ka nama Lik'hilomithara tse 1,400 ka litsela tse ngata. Metsi a litšila a nang le litšepe le chefo a ka ama tikoloho ea metsing ho kenyeletsa le litlhapi le lijo tsa leoatleng. Joalokaha ho boletsoe ka holimo, ts'ebetso ea merafo e tla khutlisetsa seretse sa sediment, lisebelisoa tsa ho lokisa, le metsi leoatleng. Ha ho tsejoe hakaalo ka litlamorao tsa seretse sena tikolohong, ho kenyelletsa le: ke litšepe life le li-agent tse sebetsang tse neng li ka tsoakoa seretseng haeba seretse se ka ba chefo, le hore na ho tla etsahala eng ka mefuta e mengata ea liphoofolo tsa leoatleng tse ka pepesetsoang plums.

Ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ling ho utloisisa hantle litlamorao tsa seretse sena tikolohong e tebileng ea leoatle. Ho phaella moo, liphello tsa koloi ea mokelli ha li tsejoe. Papiso ea merafo e ka tlas'a leoatle e ile ea etsoa lebopong la Peru ka bo-1980 mme ha sebaka seo se ne se shejoa hape ka 2020, sebaka sa marang-rang ha se bontše bopaki ba ho hlaphoheloa. Kahoo tšitiso leha e le efe e ka 'na ea e-ba le liphello tsa nako e telele tsa tikoloho.

Ho boetse ho na le Lefa la Tlhaho ea Tlas'a Metsi (UCH) le kotsing. Lithuto tsa morao-rao li bontša mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea lefa la setso ka tlas'a metsi Leoatleng la Pacific le ka har'a libaka tsa merafo tse reriloeng, ho kenyeletsoa lintho tsa khale le tikoloho ea tlhaho e amanang le lefa la setso sa Maindia, khoebo ea Manila Galleon, le Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše. Lintlafatso tse ncha tsa merafo e ka tlas'a leoatle li kenyelletsa ho hlahisoa ha bohlale ba maiketsetso bo sebelisetsoang ho khetholla lirafshoa. AI ha e e-s'o ithute ho tseba ka nepo libaka tsa bohlokoa tsa histori le tsa setso tse ka lebisang timetsong ea Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH). Sena se tšoenya haholo ha ho nahanoa ka kananelo e ntseng e eketseha ea UCH le Middle Passage le monyetla oa hore libaka tsa UCH li ka senyeha pele li fumanoa. Sebaka sefe kapa sefe sa nalane kapa setso se ts'oaroang tseleng ea mechini ena ea merafo le sona se ka senngoa.

babuelli

Palo e ntseng e eketseha ea mekhatlo hajoale e ntse e sebetsa ho buella tšireletso ea botebo ba leoatle.The Deep Sea Conservation Coalition (eo Ocean Foundation e leng setho sa eona) e amohela boemo bo akaretsang ba boitlamo ho Molao-motheo oa Tlhokomelo mme e bua ka melumo e fetotsoeng. Ocean Foundation ke mofani oa lichelete oa Letšolo la Meepo ea Leoatleng le tebileng (DSMC), morero o shebaneng le litlamorao tse ka bang teng tsa DSM tikolohong ea leoatle le lebopong le lichabeng. Puisano e eketsehileng ea libapali tse ka sehloohong e ka fumanoa Mona.

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2. Moo U ka Qalang ho Ithuta ka Deep Seabed Mining (DSM)

Motheo oa Toka ea Tikoloho. Ho leba mohohlong: Kamoo ho potlakela ho ea merafong e tebileng ea leoatle ho sokelang batho le polanete ea rona joang. (2023). E tlisitsoe ka la 14 Hlakubele 2023, ho tsoa ho https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpJL_1EzAts

Motheo oa Toka ea Tikoloho. (2023, March 7). Ho leba mohohlong: Kamoo ho potlakela ho ea merafong e tebileng ea leoatle ho sokelang batho le polanete ea rona joang. Motheo oa Toka ea Tikoloho. E tlisitsoe ka la 14 Hlakubele 2023, ho tsoa ho https://ejfoundation.org/reports/towards-the-abyss-deep-sea-mining

Tlaleho ea tekheniki e tsoang ho Environmental Justice Foundation, e tsamaeang le video e ka holimo, e totobatsa kamoo merafo e tebileng ea leoatle e hlahisoang ho senya tikoloho e ikhethang ea maoatle.

IUCN (2022). Litaba tse Khutšoanyane: Meepo ea leoatle le tebileng. Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Paballo ea Tlhaho. https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/deep-sea-mining

Tlaleho e khuts'oane ka DSM, mekhoa e reriloeng hajoale, libaka tsa thahasello ea tlhekefetso hammoho le tlhaloso ea litlamorao tse tharo tse kholo tsa tikoloho, ho kenyeletsoa tšitiso ea mobu o ka tlas'a leoatle, matsoai a litšila le tšilafalo. Kakaretso ena e boetse e kenyelletsa likhothaletso tsa maano a ho sireletsa sebaka sena, ho kenyeletsoa le ho emisa ho latela molao-motheo oa tšireletso.

Imbler, S., & Corum, J. (2022, August 29). Maruo a botebo ba leoatle: Ho rafa tikoloho e hole. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/08/
29/world/deep-sea-rich-mining-nodules.html

Sengoliloeng sena se sebetsanang le litaba se totobatsa mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng tsa leoatle le litlamorao tse lebelletsoeng tsa merafo e tebileng ea leoatle. Ke mohloli o motle oa ho thusa ho utloisisa hore na tikoloho ea leoatle e tla angoa hakae ke merafo e tebileng ea leoatle bakeng sa ba qalang ho ithuta.

Amon, DJ, Levin, LA, Metaxas, A., Mudd, GM, Smith, CR (2022, March 18) Ho ea qetellong e tebileng ntle le ho tseba ho sesa: Na re hloka merafo e tebileng ea leoatle? Lefats'e le le leng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.02.013

Tlhaloso e tsoang ho sehlopha sa bo-rasaense mabapi le litsela tse ling tsa ho sebetsana le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo ntle le ho sebelisa DSM. Pampiri e hanyetsa khang ea hore DSM e hlokahala bakeng sa phetoho ea matla a tsosolositsoeng le libeteri, ho khothalletsa phetoho ea moruo oa selikalikoe. Melao ea hajoale ea machaba le litsela tsa molao tse eang pele le tsona li tšohloa.

Letšolo la DSM (2022, Mphalane 14). Webosaete ea Blue Peril. Video. https://dsm-campaign.org/blue-peril.

Luick, J. (2022, Phato). Tlhokomeliso ea Teknoloji: Mohlala oa Oceanographic oa Benthic le Midwater Plumes Ho Boletsoe esale pele Bakeng sa Meepo e Tebileng e Reriloeng ke The Metals Company Sebakeng sa Clarion Clipperton Leoatleng la Pacific, https://dsm-campaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Blue-Peril-Technical-Paper.pdf

Lengolo la tekheniki le tsoang ho Blue Peril Project, le tsamaeang le filimi e khuts'oane ea Blue Peril. Molaetsa ona o hlalosa lipatlisiso le mohlala o sebelisitsoeng ho etsisa marotholi a merafo a bonoang filiming ea Blue Peril.

GEM. (2021). Pacific Community, Geoscience, Energy and Maritime Division. https://gem.spc.int

Lefapha la Bongoli la Sechaba sa Pacific, Geoscience, Energy, le Maritime Division le fana ka lisebelisoa tse ngata tse kopanyang likarolo tsa geological, oceanographic, moruo, molao le tikoloho ea SBM. Lipampiri ke lihlahisoa tsa khoebo e kopanetsoeng ea European Union / Pacific Community.

Leal Filho, W.; Abubakar, IR; Nunes, C.; Platje, J.; Ozuyar, PG; Thato, M.; Nagy, GJ; Al-Amin, AQ; Hunt, JD; Li, C. Deep Seabed Mining: Tlhokomeliso ka Menyetla le Likotsi Tse Ling tsa ho Ratoa ha Liminerale tse Tsoelang Pele ho Tsoa Maoatleng. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050521

Tlhahlobo e felletseng ea lingoliloeng tsa sejoale-joale tsa DSM tse shebileng likotsi, litlamorao tsa tikoloho, le lipotso tsa molao ho fihlela pampiri e phatlalatsoa. Pampiri e fana ka lithuto tse peli tsa liketsahalo tsa likotsi tsa tikoloho 'me e khothaletsa lipatlisiso le tlhokomelo ea merafo e tsitsitseng.

Miller, K., Thompson, K., Johnson, P. le Santillo, D. (2018, January 10). Kakaretso ea Merafo ea Seabed Ho kenyeletsoa Boemo ba Hona Joale ba Tsoelo-pele, Liphello tsa Tikoloho, le Meeli ea Lekhalo la Tsebo ho Saense ea Maoatleng. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00418

Ho tloha bohareng ba lilemo tsa 2010, ho bile le thahasello hape mabapi le patlisiso le ho ntšoa ha mehloli ea lirafshoa tse ka tlas'a leoatle. Leha ho le joalo, libaka tse ngata tse hloailoeng bakeng sa merafo ea kamoso e ka tlas'a leoatle li se li lemohuoe e le tikoloho e tlokotsing ea maoatle. Kajeno, mesebetsi e meng ea merafo e ka tlas'a leoatle e se e ntse e tsoela pele ka har'a lishelefo tsa k'honthinente ea linaha, ka kakaretso botebong bo batlang bo sa teba, 'me tse ling li ntse li tsoela pele ho rala. Tlhahlobo ena e akaretsa: boemo ba hajoale ba nts'etsopele ea DSM, litlamorao tse ka bang teng tikolohong, le ho hloka botsitso le likheo tsebong ea mahlale le kutloisiso e fanang ka litekanyetso tsa motheo le tsa phello tse thata haholo bolibeng ba leoatle. Le ha sengoloa se se se fetile lilemo tse tharo, ke tlhahlobo ea bohlokoa ea maano a nalane ea DSM mme e totobatsa khatello ea sejoale-joale ea DSM.

IUCN. (2018, Phupu). Litaba tse Khutšoanyane: Merafo e tebileng ea Leoatle. Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Paballo ea Tlhaho. PDF. https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/deep-sea_mining_issues_brief.pdf

Ha lefatše le tobane le ho fokotseha ha lirafshoa tsa lefats'e tsa liminerale ba bangata ba shebile botebong ba leoatle bakeng sa mehloli e mecha. Leha ho le joalo, ho hloekisoa ha metsi a leoatle le tšilafalo ho tloha lits'ebetsong tsa merafo ho ka felisa mefuta eohle ea lintho tse phelang le ho senya sebaka sa leoatle ka lilemo tse mashome - haeba e se ho feta. Leqephe la lintlha le batla hore ho be le lithuto tse ling tsa motheo, litlhahlobo tsa phello ea tikoloho, taolo e matlafalitsoeng, le nts'etsopele ea mekhoa e mecha e fokotsang kotsi tikolohong e bakoang ke merafo e ka tlas'a leoatle.

Cuyvers, L. Berry, W., Gjerde, K., Thiele, T. le Wilhem, C. (2018). Meepo e tebileng ea leoatle: phephetso e ntseng e phahama ea tikoloho. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN le Gallifrey Foundation. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.16.en. PDF. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/ files/documents/2018-029-En.pdf

Leoatle le na le letlotlo le leholo la mehloli ea liminerale, tse ling li le maemong a ikhethang haholo. Lithibelo tsa molao lilemong tsa bo-1970 le bo-1980 li ile tsa sitisa nts'etsopele ea merafo e tebileng ea leoatle, empa ha nako e ntse e ea, lipotso tsena tse ngata tsa molao li ile tsa rarolloa ka Lekhotla la Machaba la Leoatle la Leoatle le lumellang thahasello e ntseng e eketseha ea merafo e tebileng ea leoatle. Tlaleho ya IUCN e totobatsa dipuisano tsa hajwale tse mabapi le ntshetsopele ya bokgoni ba indasteri ya merafo e ka tlase ho lewatle.

MIDASE. (2016). Ho Laola Liphello tsa Tšebeliso ea Mohloli oa Leoatle le Leholo. European Union's Seventh Framework Programme bakeng sa lipatlisiso, nts'etsopele ea thekenoloji le lipontšo, Tumellano ea Thuso No. 603418. MIDAS e ne e hokahantsoe ke Seascape Consultants Ltd. http://www.eu-midas.net/

Ts'ebetso e matla ea taolo e tšehelitsoeng ke EU ea tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa Deep-seA (MIDASE) Morero o sebetsang ho tloha ka 2013-2016 e ne e le lenaneo la lipatlisiso tse fapaneng tse batlisisang litlamorao tsa tikoloho mabapi le ho ntša mehloli ea liminerale le matla tikolohong e tebileng ea leoatle. Le ha MIDAS e se e sa sebetse lipatlisiso tsa bona li ruta haholo.

Setsi sa Mefuta-futa ea Likokoana-hloko. (2013). Lipotso tsa Morafo oa Leoatle le Leholo. Setsi sa Mefuta-futa ea Likokoana-hloko.

Ha Setsi sa Mefuta-futa ea Likokoana-hloko se hlahlela nyeoe e hanyetsang litumello tsa United States mabapi le merafo ea lipatlisiso se ile sa boela sa etsa lethathamo la maqephe a mararo la lipotso tse atisang ho botsoa ka Deep Sea Mining. Lipotso li kenyelletsa: Litšepe tse tebileng tsa leoatle li na le bokae? (hoo e ka bang $ 150 trillion), Na DSM e tšoana le ho hlobolisa merafo? (Ee). A lewatle le le boteng ga le a swafala e bile ga le na botshelo? (Che). Ka kopo hlokomela hore likarabo tse leqepheng lena li tebile haholoanyane 'me li loketse ka ho fetisisa ho bamameli ba batlang likarabo tsa mathata a rarahaneng a DSM a behiloeng ka tsela e bonolo ho utloisisa ntle le saense. Lintlha tse ling mabapi le nyeoe ka boeona li ka fumanoa Mona.

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3. Litšokelo tsa Meepo ea Deep Seabed ho Tikoloho

Thompson, KF, Miller, KA, Wacker, J., Derville, S., Laing, C., Santillo, D., & Johnston, P. (2023). Tekolo e potlakileng e hlokahalang ho lekola litlamorao tse ka bang teng ho li-cetaceans tse tsoang merafong e tebileng ea leoatle. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, 1095930. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1095930

Ts'ebetso ea Meepo ea Deep Sea e ka hlahisa likotsi tse kholo le tse ke keng tsa etsolloa tikolohong ea tlhaho, haholo ho liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa leoatleng. Melumo e hlahisoang ke mesebetsi ea merafo, e reriloeng ho tsoela pele lihora tse 24 ka letsatsi botebong bo sa tšoaneng, e kopana le maqhubu ao li-cetaceans li buisanang ka tsona. Lik'hamphani tsa merafo li rera ho sebetsa Sebakeng sa Clarion-Clipperton, e leng sebaka sa bolulo sa li-cetaceans tse kenyeletsang bobeli baleen le maruarua a meno. Ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng ho fumana liphello ho liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa leoatleng pele mesebetsi leha e le efe ea khoebo ea DSM e qala. Bangoli ba hlokomela hore ena ke e 'ngoe ea liphuputso tsa pele tse batlisisang phello ena, le ho khothaletsa tlhokahalo ea lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng mabapi le tšilafalo ea lerata ea DSM holim'a maruarua le li-cetaceans tse ling.

Hitchin, B., Smith, S., Kröger, K., Jones, D., Jaeckel, A., Mestre, N., Ardron, J., Escobar, E., van der Grient, J., & Amaro, T. (2023). Mehaho ea merafong e tebileng ea leoatle: Selelekela sa nts'etsopele ea bona. Leano la Marine, 149, 105505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105505

Melemo e tla etsa karolo ea tlhaho ea melao le taolo ea tlhahlobo ea tikoloho ea merafo e tebileng. Meeli ke tekanyo, boemo, kapa moeli oa sesupo se lekantsoeng, se entsoeng le ho sebelisoa ho thusa ho qoba phetoho e sa batleheng. Boemong ba tsamaiso ea tikoloho, moeli o fana ka moeli oo, ha o fihletsoe, o fana ka maikutlo a hore kotsi e tla - kapa e lebeletsoe - e kotsi kapa e sa bolokehe, kapa e fana ka temoso ea pele ea ketsahalo e joalo. Monyako bakeng sa DSM e lokela ho ba SMART (e khethehileng, e ka lekanyetsoang, e ka finyelloang, e loketseng, e tlamahanoang ka nako), e hlahisoe ka mokhoa o hlakileng le e utloisisoang, e lumelle ho lemoha phetoho, e amanang ka ho toba le liketso tsa tsamaiso le lipakane/lipheo tsa tikoloho, e kenyelle tlhokomeliso e nepahetseng, e fane ka ts'ireletso e nepahetseng. mehato ea ho lumellana le ts'ebetsong, 'me e kenyelelitsoe.

Carreiro-Silva, M., Martins, I., Riou, V., Raimundo, J., Caetano, M., Bettencourt, R., Rakka, M., Cerqueira, T., Godinho, A., Morato, T ., & Colaço, A. (2022). Litlamorao tsa mochini le tse chefo tsa maqeba a matsoai a merafong a botebong ba leoatle sebakeng sa bolulo sa metsi a batang a octocoral. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 915650. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.915650

Phuputso e mabapi le litlamorao tsa sediment e emisitsoeng e tsoang DSM holim'a likorale tsa metsi a batang, ho fumana litlamorao tsa mochini le chefo ea seretse. Bafuputsi ba ile ba leka karabelo ea likorale ho pepesehela likaroloana tsa sulfide le quartz. Ba fumane hore kamora ho pepeseha nako e telele, likorale li ile tsa ba le khatello ea maikutlo ea 'mele le mokhathala oa metabolism. Kutloelo-bohloko ea likorale ho seretse e bontša tlhokeho ea libaka tse sirelelitsoeng tsa maoatleng, libaka tse sirelelitsoeng, kapa libaka tse khethiloeng tseo e seng tsa merafo.

Amon, DJ, Gollner, S., Morato, T., Smith, CR, Chen, C., Christensen, S., Currie, B., Drazen, JC, TF, Gianni, M., et al. (2022). Tekolo ea likheo tsa saense tse amanang le taolo e sebetsang ea tikoloho ea merafo e tebileng. Leano la Mar. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105006.

E le ho utloisisa tikoloho e tebileng ea leoatle le phello ea merafo bophelong, bangoli ba thuto ena ba ile ba etsa tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng tse hlahlojoang ke lithaka tsa DSM. Ka tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea lingoloa tse hlahlobiloeng ke lithaka tse fetang 300 ho tloha 2010, bafuputsi ba ile ba lekanya libaka tsa leoatle ka tsebo ea mahlale bakeng sa taolo e thehiloeng ho bopaki, ba fumana hore ke 1.4% feela ea libaka tse nang le tsebo e lekaneng bakeng sa taolo e joalo. Ba pheha khang ea hore ho koala likheo tsa saense tse amanang le merafo e tebileng ke mosebetsi o moholo o bohlokoa ho phethahatsa tlamo e kholo ea ho thibela kotsi e tebileng le ho netefatsa tšireletso e sebetsang 'me e tla hloka tataiso e hlakileng, lisebelisoa tse ngata, le khokahanyo e matla le tšebelisano. Bangoli ba phethela sehlooho sena ka ho fana ka tlhahiso ea 'mapa oa litsela tse phahameng oa mesebetsi e amanang le ho hlalosa lipakane tsa tikoloho, ho theha lenaneo la machaba la ho fihlella ho hlahisa lintlha tse ncha, le ho kopanya lintlha tse teng ho koala likheo tsa bohlokoa tsa saense pele ho ts'oaroa leha e le efe ho nkoa.

van der Grient, J., & Drazen, J. (2022). Ho lekola monyetla oa ho ba le monyetla oa ho ba le monyetla oa hore sechaba sa maoatleng a merafong se sebelise data ea metsi a sa tebang. Saense ea The Total Environment, 852, 158162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022. 158162.

Meepo ea botebong ba leoatle e ka ba le litlamorao tse kholo tikolohong ea maoatle a tebileng ho tsoa ho liphaephe tsa makoloi a bokelleng le mahlahahlaha a litšila. Ho ipapisitsoe le liphuputso tsa merafo ea metsi a sa tebang, matsoai ana a sa tebang a ka etsa hore liphoofolo li bipetsoe, li senye maqeba a tsona, li fetole boitšoaro ba tsona, li eketse lefu, li fokotse tšebelisano ea mefuta, 'me li ka etsa hore liphoofolo tsena li silafatsoe ke litšepe botebong ba leoatle. Ka lebaka la ho haella ha seretse se tlase sa tlhaho libakeng tse tebileng tsa leoatle, keketseho e nyane haholo ea seretse se emisitsoeng e ka baka litlamorao tse mpe. Bangoli ba fumane hore ho tšoana ho mofuta le tataiso ea likarabelo tsa liphoofolo ho eketseha ha matsoai a emisitsoeng ho pholletsa le libaka tsa metsi a sa tebang ho bontša likarabo tse tšoanang libakeng tse sa emetsoeng hantle li ka lebelloa, ho kenyeletsa le leoatle le tebileng.

R. Williams, C. Erbe, A. Duncan, K. Nielsen, T. Washburn, C. Smith, Lerata le tsoang merafong e tebileng ea leoatle le ka ’na la akaretsa libaka tse khōlō tsa maoatle, Science, 377 (2022), https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science. abo2804

Patlisiso ea mahlale mabapi le phello ea lerata le tsoang mesebetsing ea merafo e tebileng ea leoatle tikolohong e tebileng ea leoatle.

DOSI (2022). “Deep Ocean e U Etsetsa Eng?” Kakaretso ea Leano la Leano la Botsamaisi ba Leoatle la Deep. https://www.dosi-project.org/wp-content/uploads/deep-ocean-ecosystem-services- brief.pdf

Kakaretso e khuts'oane ea leano mabapi le lits'ebeletso tsa tikoloho le melemo ea leoatle le phetseng hantle molemong oa tikoloho e tebileng ea leoatle le litlamorao tsa anthropogenic tikolohong ena.

Paulus E., (2021). Ho Khantša Leseli ka Mefuta-futa ea Lihloliloeng Tsa Leoatle le Leng—Sebaka se Kotsing Haholo Ha re Tobane le Phetoho ea Anthropogenic, Meeli ho Saense ea Leoatleng, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.667048

Tlhahlobo ea mokhoa oa ho fumana mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng tsa leoatle le hore na mefuta-futa eo ea lintho tse phelang e tla angoa joang ke ho kena-kenana le anthropogenic joalo ka merafo e tebileng ea leoatle, ho tšoasa litlhapi ho feta tekano, tšilafalo ea polasetiki, le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo.

Miller, KA; Brigden, K; Santillo, D; Currie, D; Johnston, P; Thompson, KF, (2021). Ho Phephetsa Tlhokahalo ea Meepo e tebileng ea Leoatleng ho ea ka Tebelelo ea Tlhokeho ea Metal, Mefuta-futa ea Lihloliloeng, Litšebeletso tsa Ecosystem, le Kabelano ea Melemo, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.706161.

Lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng, ho ntšoa ha liminerale botlaaseng ba maoatle a tebileng ke thahasello e ntseng e eketseha ho boramatsete le lik'hamphani tsa merafo. 'Me ho sa tsotellehe taba ea hore ha ho na merafo e tebileng ea khoebo e kileng ea etsoa, ​​ho na le khatello e kholo ea hore merafo e fetohe mabaka a moruo. Mongoli oa pampiri ena o sheba litlhoko tsa 'nete tsa liminerale tsa leoatleng le tebileng, likotsi tsa mefuta-futa ea tikoloho le ts'ebetso ea tikoloho le khaello ea ho arolelana melemo e lekanang sechabeng sa lefats'e hona joale le bakeng sa meloko e tlang.

Muñoz-Royo, C., Peacock, T., Alford, MH et al a. Boholo ba tšusumetso ea lipeipi tsa merafo ea maqhutsu a botebong ba leoatle bo susumetsoa ke ho tlala ha sediment, moferefere le menyako. Tikoloho ea Lefatše la Commun 2, 148 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00213-8

Ts'ebetso ea lipatlisiso tsa maqhutsu a tebileng a leoatle a polymetallic e eketsehile haholo lilemong tsa morao tjena, empa boemo bo lebelletsoeng ba tšusumetso ea tikoloho bo ntse bo theoa. Ntho e 'ngoe e amehileng ka tikoloho ke ho qhalloa ha sediment plume ka har'a metsi. Re ile ra etsa boithuto bo ikemetseng re sebelisa sediment ho tsoa sebakeng sa Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone. The plume e ne e behiloe leihlo le ho lateloa ho sebelisoa lisebelisoa tse ncha le tse ncha, ho kenyeletsoa litekanyo tsa acoustic le turbulence. Liphuputso tsa rona tsa tšimo li senola hore ho etsa mohlala ho ka bolela esale pele boleng ba metsi a bohareng ba metsi a haufi le moo metsi a tsoang teng le hore liphello tsa ho bokellana ha sediment ha li bohlokoa. Moetso oa plume o sebelisoa ho tsamaisa papiso ea lipalo ea tšebetso ea maemo a khoebo sebakeng sa Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone. Lintlha tsa bohlokoa tse nkiloeng ke hore sekala sa phello ea pompo e susumetsoa haholo ke boleng ba maemo a amohelehang tikolohong, bongata ba sediment e lahliloeng, le moferefere o fapaneng sebakeng sa Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone.

Muñoz-Royo, C., Peacock, T., Alford, MH et al a. Boholo ba tšusumetso ea lipeipi tsa merafo ea maqhutsu a botebong ba leoatle bo susumetsoa ke ho tlala ha sediment, moferefere le menyako. Tikoloho ea Lefatše la Commun 2, 148 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00213-8. PDF.

Boithuto bo mabapi le phello ea tikoloho ea liphaephe tsa sediment ho tsoa merafong e tebileng ea maqhutsu a leoatle a polymetallic. Bafuputsi ba phethetse tlhahlobo e laoloang ho bona hore na sediment e lula joang le ho etsisa sediment plume e ts'oanang le e neng e tla etsahala nakong ea merafo e tebileng ea leoatle. Ba netefalitse ho tšepahala ha software ea bona ea mohlala mme ba etsa mohlala oa palo ea ts'ebetso ea sekala sa merafo.

Hallgren, A.; Hansson, A. Litlaleho tse Khohlano tsa Deep Sea Mining. itsetsepetse 2021, 13, 5261. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095261

Litlaleho tse 'nè tse mabapi le merafo e tebileng ea leoatle lia hlahlojoa le ho hlahisoa, ho kenyelletsa: ho sebelisa DSM bakeng sa phetoho e tsitsitseng, ho arolelana phaello, likheo tsa lipatlisiso, le ho tlohela liminerale feela. Bangoli ba lumela hore pale ea pele ke eona e ka sehloohong lipuisanong tse ngata tsa DSM le likhohlano le litlaleho tse ling tse teng, ho kenyelletsa le likheo tsa lipatlisiso le ho siea liminerale feela. Ho tlohela liminerale feela ho totobatsoa e le potso ea boitšoaro le e thusang ho eketsa phihlello ea lits'ebetso tsa taolo le lipuisano.

van der Grient, JMA, le JC Drazen. "Tekano e ka 'nang ea E-ba Teng ea Sebaka pakeng tsa Litlhapi tsa Maoatle a Phahameng le Meepo ea Leoatle le Leholo ka Metsing ea Machaba." Marine Policy, vol. 129, Phupu 2021, leq. 104564. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104564.

Boithuto bo hlahlobang kamano ea sebaka sa likonteraka tsa DSM le libaka tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa tuna. Boithuto bona bo lekanya litlamorao tse mpe tse lebelletsoeng tsa DSM ts'ebetsong ea litlhapi bakeng sa RFMO ka 'ngoe libakeng tse nang le likonteraka tsa DSM. Bangoli ba hlokomelisa hore liphaephe tsa merafo le ho tsoa ha metsi li ka ama linaha tsa Sehlekehlekeng sa Pacific.

de Jonge, DS, Stratmann, T., Lins, L., Vanreusel, A., Purser, A., Marcon, Y., Rodrigues, CF, Ravara, A., Esquete, P., Cunha, MR, Simon- Lledó, E., van Breugel, P., Sweetman, AK, Soetaert, K., & van Oevelen, D. (2020). Moetso oa Websaete ea lijo o sa lebaleheng o bonts'a pholiso ea phallo ea khabone le ho senyeha ha microbial loop lilemo tse 26 kamora liteko tsa tšitiso ea sediment. Tsoelo-pele ho Oceanography, 189, 102446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102446

Ka lebaka la tlhokahalo e boletsoeng esale pele ea litšepe tsa bohlokoa, lithota tsa mohohlo tse koahetsoeng ka maqhutsu a polymetallic hajoale li ntse li lebelletsoe bakeng sa merafo e tebileng ea leoatle. E le ho ithuta ho eketsehileng ka liphello tsa merafo e tebileng ea leoatle, bangoli ba pampiri ena ba ile ba sheba liphello tsa nako e telele tsa teko ea 'DISturbance and reCOLonization' (DISCOL) sebakeng sa Peru Basin e ileng ea bona teko ea mohoma oa harrow Sea floor ka 1989. Bangoli ka nako eo ba fana ka maikutlo a mabapi le tepo ea lijo tsa benthic ba entsoe libakeng tse tharo tse ikhethileng: ka har'a litselana tsa 26-year old plow tracks (IPT, e tlas'a tšusumetso e tobileng ea ho lema), ka ntle ho litsela tsa mohoma (OPT, li pepesehetse ho rarolla mathata). ea sediment e tsosolositsoeng), le libakeng tsa litšupiso (REF, ha ho na tšusumetso). Ho sibollotsoe hore ka bobeli palo e hakanyetsoang ea kakaretso ea tsamaiso le baesekele ea loop ea likokoana-hloko li fokotsehile haholo (ka 16% le 35%, ka ho latellana) ka har'a litsela tsa mohoma ha li bapisoa le tse ling tse peli taolo. Liphetho li bonts'a hore ts'ebetso ea marang-rang ea lijo, haholo-holo "microbial loop", ha e so hlaphoheloe pherekanong e neng e bakiloe sebakeng sa mohohlo lilemong tse 26 tse fetileng.

Alberts, EC (2020, Phuptjane 16) "Meepo ea leoatleng le tebileng: tharollo ea tikoloho kapa koluoa ​​​​e tlang?" Mongabay News. E nkiloe ho: https://news.mongabay.com/2020/06/deep-sea-mining-an-environmental-solution-or-impending-catastrophe/

Le hoja merafo e tebileng ea leoatle e so ka e qala karolong efe kapa efe ea lefatše, lik'hamphani tse 16 tsa machaba tsa merafo li na le likonteraka tsa ho hlahloba botebo ba leoatle bakeng sa lirafshoa ka har'a Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ) Leoatleng la Pacific Bochabela, 'me lik'hamphani tse ling li na le likonteraka tsa ho hlahloba li-nodule. Leoatleng la Indian le Leoatle la Pacific Bophirimela. Tlaleho e ncha ea Letšolo la Deep Sea Mining le Mining Watch Canada e fana ka maikutlo a hore merafo ea polymetallic nodule e tla ama hampe tikoloho, mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng, litlhapi, le maemo a sechaba le moruo a lichaba tsa lihlekehleke tsa Pacific, le hore morafo ona o hloka mokhoa oa ho itšireletsa.

Chin, A., le Hari, K., (2020). Ho bolela esale pele ka litlamorao tsa merafo ea maqhutsu a tebileng a leoatle a polymetallic Leoatleng la Pacific: Tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng tsa Mahlale, Letšolo la Merafo ea Deep Sea le MiningWatch Canada, maqephe a 52.

Meepo e tebileng ea leoatle Pacific e na le thahasello e ntseng e eketseha ho bo-ramatsete, lik'hamphani tsa merafo, le moruo oa lihlekehlekeng tse ling, leha ho le joalo, ha ho tsejoe hakaalo ka liphello tsa 'nete tsa DSM. Tlaleho e hlahlobisisa lithaka tse fetang 250 tse hlahlobileng lingoloa tsa mahlale tse fumaneng hore litlamorao tsa maqhutsu a leoatle a tebileng a polymetallic li tla ba ngata, li be matla, 'me li tšoarelle melokong eohle, tse bakang tahlehelo ea mefuta e ke keng ea etsolloa. Tlhahlobo e fumana hore merafo ea leoatle le tebileng e tla ba le litlamorao tse matla le tse tšoarellang nako e telele mabopong a leoatle 'me e ka beha likotsi tse kholo tikolohong ea maoatle hammoho le botšoantšisi ba litlhapi, sechaba le bophelo bo botle ba batho. Kamano ea baahi ba lihlekehleke tsa Pacific le leoatle ha e kopane hantle lipuisanong tsa DSM 'me liphello tsa sechaba le tsa setso ha li tsejoe ha melemo ea moruo e ntse e belaella. Sesebelisoa sena se khothalelitsoe haholo ho bamameli bohle ba nang le thahasello ho DSM.

Drazen, JC, Smith, CR, Gjerde, KM, Haddock, SHD et al a. (2020) Tikoloho ea tikoloho ea metsi a mahareng e tlameha ho nahanoa ha ho hlahlojoa likotsi tsa tikoloho tsa merafo e tebileng ea leoatle. PNAS 117, 30, 17455-17460. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011914117. PDF.

Tlhahlobo ea litlamorao tsa merafo e tebileng ea leoatle ho tikoloho ea metsi a mahareng. Litsi tsa tikoloho tse bohareng ba metsi li na le 90% ea biosphere le lihlahisoa tsa litlhapi bakeng sa ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa khoebo le polokeho ea lijo. Litlamorao tse ka bang teng tsa DSM li kenyelletsa litšepe tsa sediment le litšepe tse chefo tse kenang letotong la lijo sebakeng sa leoatle sa mesopelagic. Bafuputsi ba khothaletsa ho ntlafatsa maemo a mantlha a tikoloho ho kenyelletsa lithuto tsa tikoloho ea metsi a mahareng.

Christiansen, B., Denda, A., & Christiansen, S. Liphello tse ka bang teng tsa merafo e tebileng ea leoatle ho pelagic le benthopelagic biota. Leano la Marine 114, 103442 (2020).

Meepo e botebong ba leoatle e kanna ea ama pelagic biota, empa ho teba le boholo bo ntse bo sa hlaka ka lebaka la ho hloka tsebo. Boithuto bona bo atoloha ka nģ'ane ho thuto ea lichaba tsa benthic (li-macroinvertibrates tse kang crustaceans) 'me e sheba tsebo ea hona joale ea tikoloho ea pelagic (sebaka se pakeng tsa leoatle le ka holim'a metsi a leoatle) e hlokomela kotsi ho libōpuoa tse ka hlahang, empa e ke ke ea e-ba teng. e boletsoeng esale pele ka nako ena ka lebaka la tlhokeho ya tsebo. Ho hloka tsebo hona ho bontša hore ho hlokahala boitsebiso bo eketsehileng ho utloisisa hantle liphello tse khutšoanyane le tsa nako e telele tsa DSM tikolohong ea leoatle.

Orcutt, BN, et al a. Liphello tsa merafo e tebileng ea leoatle litšebeletsong tsa likokoana-hloko tsa tikoloho. Limnology le Oceanography 65 (2020).

Boithuto mabapi le lits'ebeletso tsa ecosystem tse fanoang ke baahi ba leoatle le tebileng ba microbial maemong a merafo e tebileng ea leoatle le tšitiso e 'ngoe ea anthropogenic. Bangoli ba buisana ka tahlehelo ea metse ea likokoana-hloko libakeng tsa hydrothermal vents, liphello tsa bokhoni ba ho tlosa carbon ea masimo a li-nodule, 'me ba bontša tlhokahalo ea lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng mabapi le metse ea likokoana-hloko metsing a tlas'a metsi. Lipatlisiso tse ling li khothaletsoa ho theha motheo oa biogeochemical bakeng sa likokoana-hloko pele ho hlahisa merafo e tebileng ea leoatle.

B. Gillard et al., Thepa ea 'mele le ea hydrodynamic ea merafo e tebileng ea leoatle e hlahisoang, e nang le seretse se sekoti sebakeng sa Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (ka bochabela-bohareng ba Pacific). Ntlha ea 7, 5 (2019), https://online.ucpress.edu/elementa/article/ doi/10.1525/elementa.343/112485/Physical-and-hydrodynamic-properties-of-deep-sea

Boithuto ba botekgeniki mabapi le litlamorao tsa anthropogenic tsa merafo e tebileng ea botebo ba leoatle, ho sebelisoa mefuta ea ho sekaseka phallo ea sediment plume. Bafuputsi ba fumane maemo a amanang le merafo a entse hore ho be le seretse se kenngoeng ke metsi, se etsa maru a maholo, a ileng a eketseha ka boholo bo nang le marotholi a maholo. Li bontša hore seretse sena se khutlela sebakeng sa heno ka potlako sebakeng se ferekaneng ntle le haeba se rarahane ke maqhubu a leoatle.

Cornwall, W. (2019). Lithaba tse ipatileng botebong ba leoatle ke libaka tse chesang haholo tsa bophelo. Na merafo e tla ba senya? Saense. https://www.science.org/content/article/ mountains-hidden-deep-sea-are-biological-hot-spots-will-mining-ruin-them

Sengoloa se sekhuts'oane se mabapi le nalane le tsebo ea hajoale ea li-seamounts, e 'ngoe ea libaka tse tharo tsa bophelo bo tebileng ba leoatle tse kotsing ea ho rafshoa botebong ba leoatle. Likheo liphuputsong tsa litlamorao tsa merafo holim'a lithapo tsa leoatle li bakile litlhahiso tse ncha tsa lipatlisiso le lipatlisiso, empa biology ea seamounts e ntse e sa ithutoa hantle. Bo-rasaense ba sebetsa ho sireletsa seamount bakeng sa merero ea lipatlisiso. Ho tšoasa litlhapi ho se ho sentse mefuta-futa ea lintho tse phelang metsing a mangata a sa tebang ka ho tlosa likorale, ’me ho lebeletsoe hore thepa ea merafo e tla mpefatsa bothata le ho feta.

The Pew Charitable Trusts (2019). Meepo ea Leoatleng le Tebileng ka Li-Hydrothermal Vents e Sokela Mefuta-futa ea Lihloliloeng. The Pew Charitable Trusts. PDF

Leqephe la lintlha le hlalosang litlamorao tsa merafo e tebileng ea leoatle libakeng tse futhumatsang metsi, e leng e 'ngoe ea libaka tse tharo tsa tikoloho tse ka tlas'a metsi tse sokeloa ke merafo e tebileng ea leoatle. Bo-ramahlale ba tlaleha hore maqhubu a merafo a tla sokela mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng 'me a ka ama tikoloho ea boahelani. Mehato e latelang e sisintsoeng bakeng sa ho sireletsa li-vents tsa hydrothermal e kenyelletsa ho khetholla mekhoa ea litsamaiso tsa moea tse sebetsang le tse sa sebetseng, ho netefatsa pepeneneng ea tlhahisoleseling ea mahlale bakeng sa baetsi ba liqeto ba ISA le ho kenya lits'ebetso tsa taolo ea ISA bakeng sa li-vents tse sebetsang tsa hydrothermal.

Bakeng sa tlhahisoleseling e akaretsang ka DSM, Pew e na le sebaka sa marang-rang se hlophisitsoeng sa maqephe a eketsehileng a lintlha, kakaretso ea melaoana, le lingoliloeng tse ling tse ka thusang ba bacha ho DSM le sechaba ka kakaretso: https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/projects/seabed-mining-project.

D. Aleynik, ME Inall, A. Dale, A. Vink, Impact of eddies e hlahisoang ka remoutu ho hasana ha metsi libakeng tsa merafo e mohohlong oa Pacific. Sci. Rep. 7, 16959 (2017) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16912-2

Tlhahlobo ea phello ea maqhubu a counter counter (eddies) mabapi le ho hasana ho ka bang teng ha liphaephe tsa merafo le sediment e latelang. Phapang e teng hona joale e ipapisitse le lintlha tse fapaneng tse kenyelletsang maqhubu, moea o ka holim'a metsi le li-eddies. Phallo e ntseng e eketseha ea maqhubu a eddy e fumanoa e hasana le ho hasanya metsi, le mantle a ka 'nang a tsamaisoa ke metsi, ka potlako libakeng tse kholo.

JC Drazen, TT Sutton, Ho jella bolibeng: Thepa ea tikoloho ea lihlapi tse tebileng tsa leoatle. Selemo. Moruti Mar. Sci. 9, 337–366 (2017) doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060543

Boithuto mabapi le khokahanyo ea sebaka sa leoatle le tebileng ka mekhoa ea ho fepa ea litlhapi tse tebileng tsa leoatle. Karolong ea "Anthropogenic Effects" pampiring, bangoli ba buisana ka litlamorao tse ka bang teng merafong e tebileng ea leoatle ho litlhapi tse tebileng tsa leoatle ka lebaka la kamano e sa tsejoeng ea sebaka sa mesebetsi ea DSM. 

Letšolo la Meepo ea Leoatleng le tebileng. (2015, September 29). Tlhahiso ea pele ea lefats'e ea merafo e tebileng ea leoatle e iphapanyetsa litlamorao tsa litlamorao tsa eona maoatleng. Phatlalatso ea Phatlalatso. Letšolo la Meepo ea Leoatle le Botebo, Morui ho Large, MiningWatch Canada, EarthWorks, Oasis Earth. PDF

Ha indasteri ea merafo e tebileng ea leoatle e lelekisa bo-ramatsete Sebokeng sa Morafo sa Leoatle le Leholo la Asia Pacific, tlhahlobo e ncha ea Letšolo la Meepo ea Leoatle le Leholo le senola liphoso tse ke keng tsa qojoa ho Tlhahlobo ea Benchmarking ea Tikoloho le ea Sechaba ea morero oa Solwara 1 o rometsoeng ke Nautilus Minerals. Fumana tlaleho e felletseng mona.

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4. Mehopolo ea Bolaoli ba Machaba ba Seabed

Bolaoli ba Machaba ba Seabed. (2022). Mabapi le ISA. Bolaoli ba Machaba ba Seabed. https://www.isa.org.jm/

Bolaoli ba Machaba ba Leoatleng, bolaoli bo ka sehloohong bo holim'a leoatle lefatšeng ka bophara bo thehiloe ke Machaba a Kopaneng tlas'a Tumellano ea Machaba a Kopaneng ea 1982 ea Molao oa Leoatle (UNCLOS) le tokiso ka mokhoa oa Tumellano ea 1994 ea UNCLOS. Ho tloha ka 2020, ISA e na le linaha tse 168 (ho kenyeletsoa European Union) 'me e akaretsa 54% ea leoatle. ISA e laetswe ho netefatsa tshireletso e sebetsang ya tikoloho ya mawatleng ditlamorao tse kotsi tse ka hlahang mesebetsing e amanang le bodiba ba lewatle. Sebaka sa Marang-rang sa Machaba sa Seabed Authority se bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa litokomane tsa molao le lipampiri tsa mahlale le lipuisano tsa lithupelo tse nang le tšusumetso e matla mabapi le ho etsa liqeto tsa ISA.

Morger, E., & Lily, H. (2022). Ho kenya letsoho ha sechaba ho Lekhotla la Machaba la Seabed: Tlhahlobo ea molao oa machaba oa litokelo tsa botho. Tlhahlobo ea Molao oa Europe, Papiso le oa Machaba oa Tikoloho, 31 (3), 374-388. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12472

Tlhahlobo ea molao mabapi le litokelo tsa botho lipuisanong tse mabapi le taolo ea merafo e tebileng ea leoatle ho Lekhotla la Machaba la Leoatle la Leoatle. Sengoliloeng se hlokomela khaello ea ho kenya letsoho ha sechaba 'me se pheha khang ea hore mokhatlo o hlokomolohile boitlamo ba litokelo tsa botho tsa tsamaiso ka har'a likopano tsa ISA. Bangoli ba khothaletsa letoto la mehato ea ho matlafatsa le ho khothaletsa seabo sa sechaba ha ho etsoa liqeto.

Woody, T., & Halper, E. (2022, April 19). Peiso ho ea tlase: Lebelong la ho rafa botebo ba leoatle bakeng sa liminerale tse sebelisoang ka libeteri tsa EV, ke mang ea shebileng tikoloho? Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-04-19/gold-rush-in-the-deep-sea-raises-questions-about-international-seabed-authority

Sengoliloeng se totobatsang ho kenya letsoho ha Michael Lodge, mongoli-kakaretso oa International Seabed Authority, le The Metals Company, e leng e 'ngoe ea lik'hamphani tse nang le thahasello ea ho rafa botebong ba leoatle.

Lipolelo tse fanoeng ke 'muelli oa molao oa Lekhotla la Machaba la Seabed. (2022, April 19). Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/ 2022-04-19/statements-provided-by-attorney-for-international-seabed-authority

Pokello ya dikarabo ka mmuelli wa molao e amanang le ISA dihloohong tse kenyeletsang: boikemelo ba ISA e le mokgatlo o kantle ho UN, ponahalo ya Michael Lodge, mongoli-kakaretso wa ISA ka video ya papatso ya The Metals Company (TMC) , le ka dingongoreho tsa boramahlale ba hore ISA e ke ke ya laola le ho nka karolo merafong.

Ka 2022, NY Times e ile ea hatisa letoto la lingoloa, litokomane, le podcast mabapi le kamano pakeng tsa The Metals Company, e mong oa ba etelletseng pele ho ts'oara merafo e tebileng ea leoatle, le Michael Lodge, mongoli-kakaretso oa hajoale oa Lekhotla la Machaba la Seabed. Lintlha tse latelang tse qotsitsoeng li fupere lipatlisiso tsa New York Times mabapi le merafo e tebileng e ka tlas'a leoatle, libapali tse kholo tse phehellang bokhoni ba ho rafa, le likamano tse belaetsang lipakeng tsa TMC le ISA.

Lipton, E. (2022, August 29). Lintlha tsa lekunutu, lihlekehleke tse nyane le ho batla letlotlo fatše la leoatle. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/world/ deep-sea-mining.html

Ho pepeseha ho tebileng ka har'a lik'hamphani tse etelletseng pele boiteko ba merafo bo tebileng ba leoatle ho kenyeletsoa The Metals Company (TMC). Kamano e haufi-ufi ea lilemo tse telele ea TMC le Michael Lodge le Bolaoli ba Machaba ba Seabed bo tšohloa hammoho le matšoenyeho a tekano mabapi le baholehi ba mesebetsi e joalo haeba merafo e ka etsahala. Sengoliloeng se batlisisa lipotso mabapi le hore na k'hamphani e thehiloeng Canada, TMC, e bile moetapele oa pele lipuisanong tsa DSM ha merafo e ne e reretsoe ho fana ka thuso ea lichelete ho lichaba tse futsanehileng tsa Sehlekehlekeng sa Pacific.

Lipton, E. (2022, August 29). Patlisiso e lebisa botlaaseng ba Pacific. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/insider/ mining-investigation.html

Karolo ea letoto la "Race to the future" la NY Times, sengoloa sena se tsoela pele ho hlahloba kamano lipakeng tsa The Metals Company le liofisiri tse kahare ho Lekhotla la Machaba la Seabed. Sengoliloeng se qaqisa lipuisano le litšebelisano lipakeng tsa moqolotsi oa litaba oa lipatlisiso le liofisiri tsa boemo bo holimo TMC le ISA, ho hlahloba le ho botsa lipotso mabapi le phello ea tikoloho ea DSM.

Kitroeff, N., Reid, W., Johnson, MS, Bonja, R., Baylen, LO, Chow, L., Powell, D., & Wood, C. (2022, September 16). Tshepiso le kotsi tlase ho lewatle. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/16/ podcasts/the-daily/electric-cars-sea-mining-pacific-ocean.html

Podcast ea metsotso e 35 e buisanang le Eric Lipton, moqolotsi oa lipatlisiso oa NY Times ea neng a ntse a latela kamano pakeng tsa The Metals Company le International Seabed Authority.

Lipton, E. (2022) Seabed Mining Selection Documents. https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/ 22266044-seabed-mining-selected-documents-2022

Letoto la litokomane tse bolokiloeng ke NY Times tse tlalehang litšebelisano tsa pele lipakeng tsa Michael Lodge, mongoli-kakaretso oa hajoale oa ISA, le Nautilus Minerals, khamphani e fumanoeng ke TMC ho qala ka 1999.

Ardron JA, Ruhl HA, Jones DO (2018). Ho kenyelletsa pepeneneng pusong ea merafo e tebileng sebakeng se ka nģ'ane ho matla a naha. Mar. Pol. 89, 58-66. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2017.11.021

Tshekatsheko ya 2018 ya Bolaodi ba Matjhaba ba Seabed bo fumane hore ponaletso e eketsehileng e a hlokahala ho ntlafatsa boikarabelo, haholoholo mabapi le: phihlello ya tlhahisoleseding, ho tlaleha, seabo sa setjhaba, netefatso ya boleng, tlhahisoleseding ya boikamahanyo le tumello, le bokgoni ba ho hlahloba le ho hlahella diqeto.

Lodge, M. (2017, May 26). The International Seabed Authority le Deep Seabed Mining. UN Chronicle, Buka ea 54, Khatiso ea 2, leqepheng la 44 - 46. https://doi.org/10.18356/ea0e574d-en https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/journals/15643913/54/2/25

Bokaholimo ba leoatle, joalo ka lefats'e la lefatše, bo entsoe ka likarolo tse ikhethang tsa sebaka le lehae la lirafshoa tse kholo tsa liminerale, hangata e le ka mefuta e matlafalitsoeng. Tlaleho ena e khutšoane e fihlellehang e akaretsa lintlha tsa motheo tsa merafo e ka tlas'a leoatle ho ea ka pono ea Tumellano ea Machaba a Kopaneng ea Molao oa Leoatle (UNCLOS) le ho thehoa ha mebuso ea taolo bakeng sa ho sebelisoa ha mehloli ea lirafshoa tsena.

Bolaoli ba Machaba ba Seabed. (2011, July 13). Moralo oa tsamaiso ea tikoloho bakeng sa Sebaka sa Clarion-Clipperton, o amohetsoe Phupu 2012. Bolaoli ba Machaba ba Seabed. PDF

Ka matla a molao a fanoeng ke Tumellano ea Machaba a Kopaneng ea Molao oa Leoatle, ISA e ile ea theha moralo oa tsamaiso ea tikoloho bakeng sa Zone ea Clarion-Clipperton, sebaka seo ho ka etsahala hore ho eetsoe merafo e tebileng ka ho fetisisa leoatleng le moo boholo ba litumello. bakeng sa DSM li fanoe. Tokomane ena ke ea ho laola ponelopele ea nodule ea manganese Pacific.

Bolaoli ba Machaba ba Seabed. (2007, July 19). Qeto ea Seboka se amanang le melaoana ea ho batla le ho hlahloba li-nodule tsa polymetallic Sebakeng. Bolaoli ba Machaba ba Seabed, bo Tsoetse Pele Seboka sa Leshome le Metso e meraro, Kingston, Jamaica, 9-20 Phupu ISBA/13/19.

Ka la 19 Phupu, 2007 Lekhotla la Machaba la Leoatle la Leoatle (ISA) le ile la hatela pele mabapi le melaoana ea sulfide. Tokomane ena ke ea bohlokoa hobane e fetola sehlooho le lipehelo tsa molao oa 37 e le hore melaoana ea ho hlahloba hona joale e kenyelelitse lintho le libaka tsa khale tsa khale kapa tsa histori. Tokomane e tsoela pele ho tšohla maemo a linaha tse fapaneng a kenyelletsang maikutlo mabapi le libaka tse fapaneng tsa nalane tse kang khoebo ea makhoba le tlaleho e hlokahalang.

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5. Merafo ea Deep Seabed le Phapang, Tekano, Kenyeletso, le Toka

Tilot, V., Willaert, K., Guilloux, B., Chen, W., Mulalap, CY, Gaulme, F., Bambridge, T., Peters, K., le Dahl, A. (2021). 'Maemo a Tloaelehileng a Taolo ea Mehloli ea Seabed Boemong ba Meepo ea Leoatle le Tebileng ho la Pacific: Ho Ithuta ho Tsoela Pele ho Khokahano ea Socio-Ecological Between Island Communities le Ocean Realm', Front. Mar, Sci. 8: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.637938/full

Tlhahlobo ea mahlale ea libaka tsa leoatle le lefa le tsebahalang le sa tšoareheng la ka tlas'a metsi Lihlekehlekeng tsa Pacific tse lebelletsoeng ho angoa ke DSM. Tlhahlobo ena e tsamaea le tlhahlobo ea molao ea meralo ea hajoale ea molao ho fumana mekhoa e metle ea ho baballa le ho sireletsa tikoloho khahlanong le litlamorao tsa DSM.

Bourrel, M., Thiele, T., Currie, D. (2018). E tloaelehileng ea lefa la moloko oa batho e le mokhoa oa ho lekola le ho ntšetsa pele tekano meepong e tebileng ea leoatle. Leano la Marine, 95, 311-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.07.017. PDF.

Ho nahanoa ka molao-motheo o tloaelehileng oa lefa la moloko oa batho ka har'a moelelo oa eona le tšebeliso ea eona ho UNCLOS le ISA. Bangoli ba tsebahatsa mebuso ea molao le boemo ba molao ba lefa le tloaelehileng la moloko oa batho hammoho le hore na le sebelisoa joang ho ISA. Bangoli ba khothaletsa letoto la mehato e lokelang ho kengoa tšebetsong maemong ohle a molao oa leoatle ho khothaletsa teka-tekano, toka, tlhokomeliso, le kananelo ea meloko e tlang.

Jaeckel, A., Ardron, JA, Gjerde, KM (2016) Ho arolelana melemo ea lefa le tloaelehileng la moloko oa batho - Na puso ea merafo e tebileng ea leoatle e se e loketse? Leano la Marine, 70, 198-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.03.009. PDF.

Ka lense ea lefa le tloaelehileng la moloko oa batho, bafuputsi ba tseba likarolo tsa ntlafatso bakeng sa ISA le taolo mabapi le lefa le tloaelehileng la moloko oa batho. Mabaka ana a kenyelletsa ponaletso, melemo ea lichelete, Khoebo, phetisetso ea theknoloji le kaho ea bokhoni, tekano lipakeng tsa meloko, le mehloli ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa leoatleng.

Rosembaum, Helen. (2011, Mphalane). Ho Tsoa Botebong ba Rōna: Ho Rafa Bokatong ba Leoatle Papua New Guinea. Mining Watch Canada. PDF

Tlaleho e qaqisa litlamorao tse tebileng tsa tikoloho le tsa sechaba tse lebelletsoeng ka lebaka la merafo e neng e e-so ka e bonoa fatše ea leoatle Papua New Guinea. E totobatsa bofokoli bo tebileng ba Nautilus Minerals EIS joalo ka tlhahlobo e sa lekaneng ea k'hamphani mabapi le chefo ea ts'ebetso ea eona ho mefuta ea moea, 'me ha e so nahane ka ho lekana ka litlamorao tse chefo ho lintho tse phelang lijong tsa leoatleng.

Cuyvers, L. Berry, W., Gjerde, K., Thiele, T. le Wilhem, C. (2018). Meepo e tebileng ea leoatle: phephetso e ntseng e phahama ea tikoloho. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN le Gallifrey Foundation. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.16.en. PDF. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/ files/documents/2018-029-En.pdf

Leoatle le na le letlotlo le leholo la mehloli ea liminerale, tse ling li le maemong a ikhethang haholo. Lithibelo tsa molao lilemong tsa bo-1970 le bo-1980 li ile tsa sitisa nts'etsopele ea merafo e tebileng ea leoatle, empa ha nako e ntse e ea, lipotso tsena tse ngata tsa molao li ile tsa rarolloa ka Lekhotla la Machaba la Leoatle la Leoatle le lumellang thahasello e ntseng e eketseha ea merafo e tebileng ea leoatle. Tlaleho ya IUCN e totobatsa dipuisano tsa hajwale tse mabapi le ntshetsopele ya bokgoni ba indasteri ya merafo e ka tlase ho lewatle.

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6. Lintlha tsa 'Maraka oa Theknoloji le Liminerale

Boiteko ba Boemo ba leholimo bo Putsoa. (Mphalane 2023). Next Generation EV Batteries Felisa Tlhokeho ea Deep Sea Mining. Boiteko ba Boemo ba leholimo bo Putsoa. E tsositsoe ka la 30 Mphalane 2023
https://www.blueclimateinitiative.org/sites/default/files/2023-10/whitepaper.pdf

Tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji ea betri ea koloi ea motlakase (EV), le ho amoheloa ka potlako ha mahlale ana, li lebisa ho nkeloeng sebaka sa libeteri tsa EV tse itšetlehileng ka cobalt, nickel le manganese. Ka lebaka leo, merafo e tebileng ea leoatle ea litšepe tsena ha e hlokahale, ha e na molemo moruong, kapa ha e khothalletsoe tikolohong.

Moana Simas, Fabian Aponte, le Kirsten Wiebe (Indasteri ea SINTEF), Moruo oa Circle le Liminerale tse Bohlokoa bakeng sa Phetoho ea Green, maq. 4-5. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/ downloads/the_future_is_circular___sintef mineralsfinalreport_nov_2022__1__1.pdf

Phuputso ea November 2022 e fumane hore "ho amoheloa ha lik'hemik'hale tse fapaneng bakeng sa libeteri tsa likoloi tsa motlakase le ho tloha hole le libeteri tsa lithium-ion bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse emeng ho ka fokotsa tlhokahalo eohle ea cobalt, nickel le manganese ka 40-50% ea tlhokahalo e ntseng e eketseha pakeng tsa 2022 le 2050. XNUMX ha e bapisoa le mahlale a hajoale le maemo a khoebo joalo ka tloaelo.

Dunn, J., Kendall, A., Slattery, M. (2022) Betri ea motlakase ea lithium-ion e tsosolositse litekanyetso tsa dikahare tsa US - lipakane, litšenyehelo, le liphello tsa tikoloho. Lisebelisoa, Paballo le Tšebeliso e Ncha 185, 106488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022. 106488.

Khang e le 'ngoe bakeng sa DSM ke ho ntlafatsa phetoho ho e tala, x loop recycling system.

Miller, KA; Brigden, K; Santillo, D; Currie, D; Johnston, P; Thompson, KF, e Phephetsa Tlhokahalo ea Merafo e Tebileng ea Leoatleng ho ea ka Pono ea Tlhokeho ea Metal, Mefuta-futa ea Lihloliloeng, Litšebeletso tsa Ecosystem, le Kabelo ea Melemo, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.706161

Sengoliloeng sena se hlahloba lipelaelo tse ngata tse teng mabapi le merafo e tebileng ea leoatle. Haholo-holo, re fana ka maikutlo a mabapi le: (1) likhang tsa hore ho hlokahala merafo e tebileng e tsoang botebong ba leoatle ho fana ka liminerale bakeng sa phetoho ea matla a tala, ho sebelisoa indasteri ea libeteri tsa likoloi tsa motlakase e le papiso; (2) likotsi tsa mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng, tšebetso ea tikoloho le litšebeletso tse amanang le tsona; le (3) khaello ea ho arolelana melemo e lekanang sechabeng sa lefatše hona joale le bakeng sa meloko e tlang.

Letšolo la Deep Sea Mining (2021) Keletso ea Beng ba Liabo: Motsoako o reriloeng oa khoebo pakeng tsa Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition Corporation le DeepGreen. (http://www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org/ wp-content/uploads/Advice-to-SOAC-Investors.pdf)

Ho thehoa ha The Metals Company ho ile ha tlisa tlhokomelo ea Deep Sea Mining Campaign le mekhatlo e meng e kang The Ocean Foundation, e leng se ileng sa fella ka keletso ena ea ba nang le kabelo mabapi le khamphani e ncha e thehang ho tsoa ho Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition Corporation le kopano ea DeepGreen. Tlaleho e bua ka ho se tsitse ha DSM, sebopeho se inahaneloang sa merafo, mekoloto, le likotsi tse amanang le ho kopanngoa le ho fumana.

Yu, H. le Leadbetter, J. (2020, Phupu 16) Bacterial Chemolihoautotrophy via Manganese Oxidation. Tlhaho. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2468-5 https://scitechdaily.com/microbiologists-discover-bacteria-that-feed-on-metal-ending-a-century-long-search/

Bopaki bo bocha bo fana ka maikutlo a hore libaktheria tse jang tšepe le mantle a baktheria ena li ka fana ka tlhaloso e le 'ngoe bakeng sa palo e kholo ea liminerale fatše leoatleng. Sengoliloeng se pheha khang ea hore lithuto tse ling li tlameha ho phethoa pele botebo ba leoatle bo rafshoa.

European Union (2020) Leano la Ts'ebetso la Circcular Economy: Bakeng sa Europe e hloekileng le e nang le tlholisano. Mokhatlo oa linaha tsa Iropa. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/pdf/circular-economy/new_circular_economy_action_plan. pdf

European Union e ntse e hatela pele ho kenya tšebetsong moruo o potolohang. Tlaleho ena e fana ka tlaleho ea khatelo-pele le mehopolo ea ho theha moralo oa leano la lihlahisoa tse tsitsitseng, ho hatisa liketane tsa bohlokoa tsa boleng ba lihlahisoa, ho sebelisa litšila tse fokolang le ho eketsa boleng, le ho eketsa tšebeliso ea moruo oa selikalikoe bakeng sa bohle.

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7. Lichelete, Litlhokomelo tsa ESG, le Matšoenyeho a Greenwashing

United Nations Environment Program Finance Initiative (2022) Lits'oants'o tse Kotsi tsa Marine: Ho utloisisa likotsi le litlamorao tsa ho fana ka lichelete ho liindasteri tse sa tsosolositsoeng. Geneva. https://www.unepfi.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Harmful-Marine-Extractives-Deep-Sea-Mining.pdf

Lenaneo la Tikoloho la Machaba a Kopaneng (UNEP) le lokolotse tlaleho ena e lebisitsoeng ho bamameli ba lekaleng la lichelete, joalo ka libanka, liinshorense, le bo-ramatsete, mabapi le likotsi tsa lichelete, tsa baeloji le tse ling tsa merafo e tebileng ea leoatle. Tlaleho e lebelletsoe ho sebelisoa e le mohloli oa litsi tsa lichelete ho etsa liqeto mabapi le matsete a tebileng a merafo a ka tlas'a leoatle. E phethela ka ho bontša hore DSM ha e tsamaisane 'me e ke ke ea amahanngoa le tlhaloso ea moruo o tsitsitseng o moputsoa.

WWF (2022). Deep Seabed Mining: Tataiso ea WWF bakeng sa litsi tsa lichelete. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/ wwf_briefing_financial_institutions_dsm.pdf

E thehiloe ke World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), memo ena e khutšoanyane e hlalosa kotsi e hlahisoang ke DSM 'me e khothalletsa mekhatlo ea lichelete ho nahana le ho kenya ts'ebetsong maano a ho fokotsa kotsi ea lichelete. Tlaleho e fana ka maikutlo a hore litsi tsa lichelete li lokela ho itlama phatlalatsa hore li ke ke tsa tsetela lik'hamphani tsa merafo tsa DSM, li sebelisana le lekala, bo-ramatsete, le lik'hamphani tseo e seng tsa merafo tse ka hlalosang takatso ea ho sebelisa liminerale ho thibela DSM. Tlaleho e tsoela pele ho thathamisa lik'hamphani, mekhatlo ea machaba, le litsi tsa lichelete tseo, ho tloha tlalehong, li saenneng ho emisa le/kapa ho theha leano la ho qhelela DSM lipotefoliong tsa tsona.

Leano la Lichelete la Lenaneo la Machaba a Kopaneng la Tikoloho (2022) Lihlahisoa tse Kotsi tsa Marine: Ho utloisisa likotsi le litlamorao tsa ho tšehetsa liindasteri tse sa tsosoloseng ka lichelete. Geneva. https://www.unepfi.org/publications/harmful-marine-extractives-deep-sea-mining/;/;

Tlhahlobo ea litlamorao tsa sechaba le tsa tikoloho molemong oa matsete le litsi tsa lichelete le kotsi eo DSM e e hlahisang ho batseteli. Mokhuts'oane o shebana le nts'etsopele e ka bang teng, ts'ebetso, le ho koaloa ha DSM mme o phethela ka likhothaletso bakeng sa phetoho ho mokhoa o mong o tsitsitseng, o pheha khang ea hore ho ke ke ha ba le mokhoa oa ho theha indasteri ena ka hloko ka lebaka la khaello ea bonnete ba saense.

Bonitas Research, (2021, October 6) TMC the metals co. https://www.bonitasresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2021/10/ BonitasResearch-Short-TMCthemetalsco-Nasdaq-TMC-Oct-6-2021.pdf?nocookies=yes

Patlisiso mabapi le The Metals Company le litšebelisano tsa eona pele le poso e kena 'marakeng oa setoko e le k'hamphani ea sechaba. Tokomane e fana ka maikutlo a hore TMC e fane ka tefo e fetelletseng ho batho ba sa boleloang ba ka hare ho Tonga Offshore Mining Limited (TOML), e leng kholiso ea maiketsetso ea litšenyehelo tsa tlhahlobo, e sebetsang ka laesense e belaetsang ea molao ea TOML.

Bryant, C. (2021, September 13). $500 Limilione tsa Chelete ea SPAC e Nyamela Tlas'a Leoatle. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/ 2021-09-13/tmc-500-million-cash-shortfall-is-tale-of-spac-disappointment-greenwashing?leadSource=uverify%20wall

Ka mor'a ho qala 'maraka oa' maraka oa ho kopana ha DeepGreen le Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition, ho theha k'hamphani e rekisoang phatlalatsa ea The Metals Company, k'hamphani e bile le matšoenyeho a pele ho batseteli ba ileng ba hula tšehetso ea bona ea lichelete.

Scales, H., Steeds, O. (2021, June 1). Tšoara Our Drift Episode 10: Meepo e tebileng ea leoatle. Nekton Mission Podcast. https://catchourdrift.org/episode10 deepseamining/

Ketsahalo ea podcast ea metsotso ea 50 le baeti ba khethehileng Dr. Diva Amon ho buisana ka liphello tsa tikoloho ea merafo e tebileng ea leoatle, hammoho le Gerrard Barron, Molula-setulo le CEO oa The Metals Company.

Singh, P. (2021, May).Deep Seabed Mining and Sustainable Development Goal 14, W. Leal Filho et al. (eds.), Bophelo bo ka Tlase ho Metsi, Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71064-8_135-1

Tlhahlobo ea mateanong a mateano a merafo e tebileng ea leoatle ka Sepheo sa Sustainable Development Goal 14, Life Under Water. Sengoli se bontša tlhokahalo ea ho boelanya DSM le Lipehelo tsa Ntšetso-pele tsa Machaba a Kopaneng, haholo-holo Sepheo sa 14, ho arolelana hore "merafo e tebileng e ka 'na ea qetella e mpefatsa mesebetsi ea merafo ea lefats'e, ho fella ka liphello tse kotsi tse hlahang ka nako e le' ngoe lefatšeng le leoatleng." (leqephe la 10).

BBVA (2020) Moralo oa Tikoloho le Sechaba. https://shareholdersandinvestors.bbva.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Environmental-and-Social-Framework-_-Dec.2020-140121.pdf.

Moralo oa Tikoloho le Sechaba oa BBVA o ikemiselitse ho arolelana litekanyetso le litataiso tsa matsete ka har'a merafo, khoebo ea temo, matla, meaho, le ts'ireletso le bareki ba nkang karolo ho BBVA banking le tsamaiso ea matsete. Har'a merero e thibetsoeng ea merafo, BBVA e thathamisa merafo e ka tlas'a leoatle, e bontšang ho se ikemisetse ka kakaretso ho tšehetsa bareki kapa merero e thahasellang DSM ka lichelete.

Levin, LA, Amon, DJ, le Lily, H. (2020)., Liphephetso tsa ho tšoarella ha merafo e tebileng ea leoatle. Nat. Ntlafatsa. 3, 784–794. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0558-x

Tlhahlobo ea lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao mabapi le merafo e tebileng ea leoatle boemong ba tsoelo-pele e tsitsitseng. Bangoli ba bua ka lintho tse susumetsang bakeng sa merafo e tebileng ea leoatle, litlamorao tsa ts'ebetso, mathata a molao le maikutlo, hammoho le melao ea boitšoaro. Sengoliloeng se qetella ka bangoli ba ts'ehetso ea moruo oa selikalikoe ho qoba merafo e tebileng ea leoatle.

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8. Maikutlo a Boikarabello le Matšeliso

Proelss, A., Steenkamp, ​​RC (2023). Boikarabello Tlas'a Karolo ea XI UNCLOS (Deep Seabed Mining). Ho: Gailhofer, P., Krebs, D., Proelss, A., Schmalenbach, K., Verheyen, R. (eds) Boikarabello ba K'hamphani bakeng sa Kotsi ea Tikoloho e Transboundary. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13264-3_13

Khaolo ea buka ea Pulungoana 2022 e fumaneng hore, "[g]aps melaong ea hajoale ea lehae e kanna ea kenyelletsa ho se ikobele [UNCLOS] Article 235, e kenyelletsang ho hloleha ha boitlamo ba Naha ba boits'oaro bo nepahetseng mme e na le monyetla oa ho pepesetsa Linaha boikarabellong. ” Sena se bohlokoa hobane ho kile ha boleloa hore ho theha molao oa lehae ho laola DSM sebakeng sena ho ka sireletsa linaha tse tšehetsang lichelete. 

Litlhahiso tse ling li kenyelletsa sengoloa Boikarabello le Boikarabello ba Tšenyo e Tsoang ho Mesebetsi sebakeng: Attribution of Liabilty, hape ke Tara Davenport: https://www.cigionline.org/publications/ responsibility-and-liability-damage-arising-out-activities-area-attribution-liability/

Craik, N. (2023). Ho hloaea Maemo a Boikarabello ba Kotsi ea Tikoloho ho tsoa ho Deep Seabed Mining Activities, leq. 5 https://www.cigionline.org/publications/ determining-standard-liability-environmental-harm-deep-seabed-mining-activities/

The Liability Issues for Deep Seabed Mining project e ile ea ntlafatsoa ke Center for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), Secretariat ea Commonwealth le Secretariat of the International Seabed Authority (ISA) ho thusa ka ho hlakisa litaba tsa molao tsa boikarabello le boikarabello bo tšehetsang nts'etsopele ea tlhekefetso. melaoana ea botebo ba leoatle. CIGI, ka ts'ebelisano le ISA Secretariat le Commonwealth Secretariat, ka 2017, e ile ea memela litsebi tse etellang pele tsa molao ho theha Sehlopha sa Ts'ebetso sa Molao mabapi le Boikarabello ba Kotsi ea Tikoloho ho tsoa ho Mesebetsi sebakeng (LWG) ho buisana ka boikarabello bo amanang le tšenyo ea tikoloho, ka sepheo. ea ho fa Khomishene ea Molao le Setegeniki, hammoho le litho tsa ISA tlhahlobo e tebileng ea litaba tse ka bang teng tsa molao le mekhoa.

Mackenzie, R. (2019, Hlakola 28). Boikarabello ba Molao bakeng sa Kotsi ea Tikoloho ho Tsoa Mesebetsi ea Merafo e tebileng ea Seabed: Ho Hlalosa Tšenyo ea Tikoloho. CIGI. https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

The Liability Issues for Deep Seabed Mining e na le kopano le kakaretso, hammoho le litlhahlobo tse supileng tse tebileng tsa taba. Morero ona o entsoe ke Setsi sa Ts'ebetso ea Tsamaiso ea Machabeng (CIGI), Mongoli oa Commonwealth le Bongoli ba Lekhotla la Machaba la Leoatle la Leoatle (ISA) ho thusa ho hlakisa litaba tsa molao tsa boikarabello le boikarabello bo tšehetsang nts'etsopele ea melao ea ts'ebeliso ea bolibeng bo tebileng ba leoatle. CIGI, ka ts'ebelisano le ISA Secretariat le Commonwealth Secretariat, ka 2017, e ile ea memela litsebi tse etellang pele tsa molao hore li thehe Sehlopha sa Ts'ebetso sa Molao mabapi le Boikarabello ba Kotsi ea Tikoloho ho tsoa ho Mesebetsi ea Sebakeng ho buisana ka boikarabello bo amanang le tšenyo ea tikoloho, ka sepheo sa ho fana ka Khomishene ea Molao le Setegeniki, hammoho le litho tsa ISA ka tlhahlobo e tebileng ea litaba tse ka bang teng tsa molao le mekhoa. ”) 

Bakeng sa tlhahisoleseding e eketsehileng mabapi le Mathata a Boikarabello a amanang le Deep Seabed Mining, ka kopo bona letoto la Centre for International Governance Innovation's (CIGI) le nang le sehlooho se reng: Liability Issues for Deep Seabed Mining Series, e ka fumanoang ho: https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

Davenport, T. (2019, Hlakola 7). Boikarabello le Boikarabello bakeng sa Tšenyo e Tsoang ho Mesebetsi ea Sebaka: Batho ba ka 'nang ba Batla le Lifora tse ka khonehang. CIGI. https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

Pampiri ena e hlahloba lintlha tse fapaneng tse amanang le ho tsebahatsa baipelaetsi ba nang le thahasello e lekaneng ea molao ho tlisa tleleime ea tšenyo e bakoang ke mesebetsi sebakeng se ka nģ'ane ho matla a naha (e emeng) le hore na baipelaetsi ba joalo ba na le monyetla oa ho kena sebokeng sa tharollo ea likhohlano ho ahlola liqoso tse joalo. , e ka ba lekhotla la machaba, lekhotla kapa makhotla a naha ( phihlello). Pampiri e pheha khang ea hore phephetso e kholo maemong a merafo e tebileng ea leoatle ke hore ts'enyehelo e ka ama lithahasello tsa motho ka mong le tse kopaneng tsa sechaba sa machaba, ho etsa qeto ea hore na ke motšoantšisi ofe ea nang le mosebetsi o boima.

Seabed Likhang tsa Lekhotla la ITLOS, Boikarabello le Litlamo tsa Linaha tse Tšehetsang Batho le Mekhatlo e Tšehetsang Mesebetsi e Lebakeng (2011), Maikutlo a Boeletsi, No 17 (Maikutlo a Advisory a SDC 2011) https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents /cases/case_no_17/17_adv_op_010211_en.pdf

Maikutlo a ntsoe-leng a qotsitsoeng khafetsa le a nalane ho tsoa Lekhotleng la Machaba la Molao oa Seabed Disputes Chamber, a hlalosang litokelo le boikarabello ba ho tšehetsa linaha ka lichelete. Maikutlo ana ke litekanyetso tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tsa boikitlaetso bo loketseng ho kenyelletsa le tlamo ea molao ea ho sebelisa tlhokomeliso, mekhoa e metle ea tikoloho, le EIA. Habohlokoa, e laela hore linaha tse tsoelang pele li be le boitlamo bo tšoanang mabapi le ts'ireletso ea tikoloho joalo ka linaha tse tsoetseng pele ho qoba maemo a "folakha ea boiketlo".

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9. Merafo ea Leoatle le Lefa la Setso sa ka Tlas'a Metsi

Ho sebelisa lense ea biocultural ho haha ​​pilina (Likamano) le kai lipo (Deep sea ecosystems) | Ofisi ea Libaka tsa Naha tsa Maoatle. (2022). E tlisitsoe ka la 13 Hlakubele 2023, ho tsoa https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/education/ teachers/utilizing-a-biocultural-lens-to-build-to-the-kai-lipo.html

A webinar ea Hōkūokahalelani Pihana, Kainalu Steward, le J. Hauʻoli Lorenzo-Elarco e le karolo ea US National Marine Sanctuary Foundation letoto la Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Letoto lena le ikemiselitse ho totobatsa tlhoko ea ho eketsa seabo sa Matsoalloa a mahlale a maoatle, STEAM (Saense, Theknoloji, Boenjiniere, Botaki le Lipalo), le mesebetsi mafapheng ana. Libui li buisana ka morero oa 'mapa oa leoatle le lipatlisiso ka har'a Monument le Johnston Atoll moo matsoalloa a Hawaii a ileng a nka karolo e le baithuti.

Tilot, V., Willaert, K., Guilloux, B., Chen, W., Mulalap, CY, Gaulme, F., Bambridge, T., Peters, K., le Dahl, A. (2021). 'Maemo a Tloaelehileng a Taolo ea Mehloli ea Seabed Boemong ba Meepo ea Leoatle le Tebileng Leoatleng la Pacific: Ho Ithuta ho Tsoela Pele ho Khokahano ea Socio-Ecological Pakeng tsa Mecha ea Lihlekehleke le Sebaka sa Leoatle', Pele. Mar, Sci. 8: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.637938/full

Tlhahlobo ea mahlale ea libaka tsa leoatle le lefa le tsebahalang le sa tšoareheng la ka tlas'a metsi Lihlekehlekeng tsa Pacific tse lebelletsoeng ho angoa ke DSM. Tlhahlobo ena e tsamaea le tlhahlobo ea molao ea meralo ea hajoale ea molao ho fumana mekhoa e metle ea ho baballa le ho sireletsa tikoloho khahlanong le litlamorao tsa DSM.

Jeffery, B., McKinnon, JF le Van Tilburg, H. (2021). Lefa la setso ka tlas'a metsi Pacific: Lihlooho le litsela tsa nako e tlang. Journal ea Machaba ea Lithuto tsa Asia Pacific 17 (2): 135–168: https://doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.6

Sengoliloeng sena se supa lefa la moetlo le tlas'a metsi le fumanehang ka har'a Leoatle la Pacific ka har'a mekhahlelo ea setso sa Matsoalloa, khoebo ea Manila Galleon, hammoho le lintho tsa khale tsa Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše. Puisano ea likarolo tsena tse tharo e senola mefuta e mengata ea nako le sebaka sa UCH Leoatleng la Pacific.

Turner, PJ, Cannon, S., DeLand, S., Delgado, JP, Eltis, D., Halpin, PN, Kanu, MI, Sussman, CS, Varmer, O., & Van Dover, CL (2020). Sehopotso sa Tsela e Bohareng Leoatleng la Atlantic libakeng tse ka ntle ho naha. Leano la Marine, 122, 104254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104254

E le ho tšehetsa kananelo le toka bakeng sa Lilemo tse Leshome tsa Machaba tsa Batho ba Leloko la Afrika (2015–2024), bafuputsi ba batla litsela tsa ho hopola le ho tlotla ba bileng le phihlelo ea le leng la maeto a 40,000 ho tloha Afrika ho ea Amerika e le makhoba. Nyakišišo ya methopo ya diminerale bodibeng bja boditšhabatšhaba bja lewatle (“Sebaka”) ka Lewatleng la Atlantic e šetše e tšwela pele, e bušwa ke Bolaodi bja Boditšhabatšhaba bja Lewatleng (ISA). Ka Tumellano ea Machaba a Kopaneng ea Molao oa Leoatle (UNCLOS), Linaha tseo e leng Litho tsa ISA li na le mosebetsi oa ho sireletsa lintho tsa khale le tsa nalane tse fumanehang sebakeng seo. Lintho tse joalo e ka 'na ea e-ba mehlala ea bohlokoa ea lefa la setso ka tlas'a metsi' me li ka tlamelloa ho lefa le sa tshwareheng la setso, joalokaha ho pakoa ka maqhama le bolumeli, meetlo, bonono le lingoliloeng. Lithothokiso tsa sejoale-joale, 'mino, bonono le lingoliloeng li fetisa bohlokoa ba leoatle la Atlantic mohopolong oa setso sa Afrika, empa lefa lena la setso le ntse le tlameha ho amoheloa ka molao ke ISA. Bangoli ba sisinya sehopotso sa litsela tseo likepe li li nkileng e le lefa la setso la lefats'e. Litsela tsena li feta libakeng tse botlaaseng ba Leoatle la Atlantic moo ho nang le thahasello ea merafo e tebileng ea leoatle. Bangoli ba khothaletsa ho lemoha Phase e Bohareng pele ho lumella DSM le tšebeliso ea liminerale hore e etsahale.

Evans, A le Keith, M. (2011, December). Ho Nahana ka Libaka tsa Archaeological Ts'ebetsong ea ho Cheka Oli le Khase. http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/ MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/Amanda%20M. %20Evans_Paper_01.pdf

United States, Kou ea Mexico, basebetsi ba indasteri ea oli le khase ba hlokoa ke Bureau of Ocean Energy Management ho fana ka litlhahlobo tsa baepolli ba lintho tsa khale tse ka bang teng sebakeng sa morero oa bona e le boemo ba ts'ebetso ea kopo ea tumello. Le hoja tokomane ena e shebane le ho hlahloba oli le khase, tokomane ena e ka sebetsa e le moralo oa litumello.

Bingham, B., Foley, B., Singh, H., and Camilli, R. (2010, November). Lisebelisoa tsa Robotic bakeng sa Archaeology ea Metsi a Tebileng: Ho Hlahloba Sekepe sa Boholo-holo se Senyehileng ka Koloi e Ikemetseng ea Ka tlas'a Metsi. Journal of Field Robotics DOI: 10.1002 / rob.20359. PDF.

Tšebeliso ea likoloi tse ikemetseng ka tlas'a metsi (AUV) ke theknoloji ea bohlokoa e sebelisoang ho khetholla le ho ithuta libaka tsa lefa tsa setso tse tlas'a metsi joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ka katleho ke lipatlisiso tsa sebaka sa Chios Leoatleng la Aegean. Sena se bontša bokhoni ba theknoloji ea AUV e lokelang ho sebelisoa liphuputsong tse entsoeng ke lik'hamphani tsa DSM ho thusa ho tseba libaka tsa bohlokoa historing le setso. Leha ho le joalo, haeba theknoloji ena e sa sebelisoe tšimong ea DSM joale ho na le monyetla o matla oa hore libaka tsena li senyehe pele li ka fumanoa.

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10. License tsa Sechaba (Lipitso tsa Thibelo, Thibelo ea 'Muso, le Maikutlo a Matsoalloa)

Kaikkonen, L., & Virtanen, EA (2022). Meepo ea metsi a sa tebang e nyenyefatsa lipheo tsa lefats'e tsa ts'ebetso. Mekhoa ea Ecology & Evolution, 37(11), 931-934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2022.08.001

Mehloli ea liminerale ea lebopong e khothaletsoa joalo ka khetho ea moshoelella ea ho khahlametsa litlhoko tse ntseng li eketseha tsa tšepe. Leha ho le jwalo, meepo ya metsi a sa tebang e hanana le dipheo tsa matjhaba tsa paballo le tsa moshwelella mme melao ya yona ya taolo e ntse e ntlafatswa. Le hoja sengoloa sena se bua ka merafo ea metsi a sa tebang, khang ea hore ha ho na mabaka a ho tšehetsa merafo ea metsi a sa tebang e ka sebelisoa ho leoatle le tebileng, haholo-holo mabapi le khaello ea ho bapisa le mekhoa e fapaneng ea merafo.

Hamley, GJ (2022). Litlamorao tsa merafo e ka tlas'a leoatle sebakeng sa Sebaka sa litokelo tsa botho tsa bophelo bo botle. Tlhahlobo ea Molao oa Europe, Papiso le oa Machaba oa Tikoloho, 31 (3), 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12471

Tlhahlobo ena ea molao e fana ka tlhoko ea ho nahana ka bophelo bo botle ba batho lipuisanong tse mabapi le merafo e tebileng ea leoatle. Mongoli o bolela hore lipuisano tse ngata tsa DSM li tsepamisitse maikutlo litabeng tsa lichelete le tsa tikoloho tsa mokhoa ona, empa bophelo bo botle ba batho bo 'nile ba bonahala bo le sieo. Joalokaha ho boletsoe koranteng, “tokelo ea botho ea bophelo bo botle, e itšetlehile ka mefuta-futa ea lintho tse phelang metsing. Motheong ona, Linaha li tlas'a sephutheloana sa litlamo tlas'a tokelo ea bophelo bo botle mabapi le ts'ireletso ea mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng tsa maoatleng….. Tshekatsheko ya tsamaiso e rerilweng bakeng sa karolo ya tshebediso ya meepo ya lewatleng e fana ka maikutlo a hore, ho fihlela ha jwale, Dinaha di hlotswe ho phetha boikarabelo ba tsona tlasa tokelo ya bophelo bo botle.” Sengoli se fana ka likhothaletso tsa mekhoa ea ho kenyelletsa bophelo bo botle ba batho le litokelo tsa botho lipuisanong tse mabapi le merafo e tebileng ea leoatle ho ISA.

Deep Sea Conservation Coalition. (2020). Merafo ea Leoatle le Leholo: Lethathamo la Litaba tsa Saense le Liphello Tse ka khonehang 2. Deep Sea Conservation Coalition. http://www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org/ wp-content/uploads/02_DSCC_FactSheet2_DSM_ science_4pp_web.pdf

Ho emisoa ha merafo e botebong ba leoatle ho bohlokoa ha ho nahanoa ka matšoenyeho mabapi le ho ba kotsing ha tikoloho e tebileng ea leoatle, khaello ea leseli mabapi le litlamorao tsa nako e telele, le boholo ba mesebetsi ea merafo bolibeng ba leoatle. Leqephe la lintlha tse 'ne le akaretsa litšokelo tsa tikoloho tsa merafo e tebileng ea leoatle mahoatateng a mohohlo, lithabeng tsa leoatle le liphaepheng tse futhumatsang metsi.

Mengerink, KJ, et al., (2014, May 16). Pitso ea Botsamaisi ba Deep-Ocean. Policy Forum, Maoatle. AAAS. Saense, Moq. 344. PDF

Leoatle le tebileng le se le ntse le sokeloa ke mesebetsi e mengata ea anthropogenic le merafo e ka tlas'a leoatle ke tšokelo e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa e ka emisoang. Ka hona, sehlopha sa bo-ramahlale ba ka sehloohong ba likepe ba entse phatlalatso ea phatlalatsa ea ho kopa botsamaisi bo tebileng ba leoatle.

Levin, LA, Amon, DJ, le Lily, H. (2020)., Liphephetso tsa ho tšoarella ha merafo e tebileng ea leoatle. Nat. Ntlafatsa. 3, 784–794. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0558-x

The Ocean Foundation e khothalletsa ho hlahloba likoloto tsa morao-rao tsa melao, ho kenyeletsa le California Seabed Mines Prevention Act, Washington's Mabapi le thibelo ea ho rafshoa ha leoatle la liminerale tse thata, le likonteraka tse thibetsoeng tsa Oregon bakeng sa ho hlahloba liminerale tse thata. Tsena li ka thusa ho tataisa ba bang ho etsa molao oa ho fokotsa tšenyo e bakiloeng ke merafo e ka tlas'a leoatle e totobatsang lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa hore merafo ea leoatleng ha e tsamaellane le lithahasello tsa sechaba.

• California - https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/ billCompareClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB1832& showamends=false
• Washington - https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?BillNumber=5145&Initiative=false &Year=2021
• Oregon - https://oregon.public.law/statutes/ors_ 274.610

Deepsea Conservation Coalition. (2022). Ho hanyetsa Merafo ea Leoatle le Leholo: Mebuso le Maparamente. https://www.savethehighseas.org/voices-calling-for-a-moratorium-governments-and-parliamentarians/

Ho tloha ka Tšitoe 2022, linaha tse 12 li nkile khato khahlano le Deep Seabed Mining. Linaha tse 'nè li thehile selekane ho tšehetsa ho emisa DSM (Palau, Fiji, Federated States of Micronesia, le Samoa, linaha tse peli li boletse tšehetso ea ho emisa (New Zealand le French Polynesia Kopano. Linaha tse tšeletseng li tšehetse khefu (Jeremane, Costa Rica, Chile, Spain, Panama le Ecuador), ha Fora e buella thibelo.

Deepsea Conservation Coalition. (2022). Ho hanyetsa Merafo ea Leoatle le Leholo: Mebuso le Maparamente. https://www.savethehighseas.org/voices-calling-for-a-moratorium-fishing-sector/

Deepsea Conservation Coalition e entse lethathamo la lihlopha tsa indasteri ea ho tšoasa litlhapi tse batlang ho emisoa ha DSM. Tsena li kenyelletsa: Mokhatlo oa Afrika oa Mekhatlo ea Litsebi tsa Botšoasi ba Litlhapi, Makhotla a Boeletsi a EU, Motheo oa Machaba oa Pole and Line, Mokhatlo oa Litlhapi oa Norway, Mokhatlo oa Afrika Boroa oa Tuna, le Mokhatlo oa Afrika Boroa oa Hake Long Line.

Thaler, A. (2021, April 15). Mekhatlo e Meholo e Re Che ho Meepo ea Leoatle le Leholo, hajoale. Moshebelli oa DSM. https://dsmobserver.com/2021/04/major-brands-say-no-to-deep-sea-mining-for-the-moment/

Ka 2021, lik'hamphani tse 'maloa tse kholo tsa theknoloji le likoloi li ile tsa fana ka polelo ea hore li tšehetse ho emisoa ha DSM hajoale. Likhamphani tsena ho kenyeletsa Google, BMW< Volvo, le Samsung SDI kaofela li saenetse World Wide Fund For Nature's Global Deep-sea Mining Moratorium Campaign. Le hoja mabaka a hlakileng a ho feheloa a fapane ho ile ha hlokomeloa hore lik'hamphani tsena li ka tobana le liphephetso tsa boemo ba tsona ba ho tšoarella, kaha liminerale tse tebileng tsa leoatle li ke ke tsa rarolla bothata ba liphello tse kotsi tsa merafo le hore merafo e tebileng ea leoatle e ne e ke ke ea khona ho fokotsa litaba tse amanang le meepo ya lefatshe.

Likhamphani li ntse li tsoela pele ho saena Letšolo, ho kenyeletsoa Patagonia, Scania, le Triodos Bank, bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling e batsi bona. https://sevenseasmedia.org/major-companies-are-pledging-against-deep-sea-mining/.

'Muso oa Guam (2021). KE MINA'TRENTAI SAIS NA LIHESLATURAN GUÅHAN LIQETO. 36th Guam Legislature – Melao ea Sechaba. (2021). ho tloha https://www.guamlegislature.com/36th_Guam _Legislature/COR_Res_36th/Res.%20No.% 20210-36%20(COR).pdf

Guam esale e le moetapele oa ts'ebetso ea ho emisa merafo mme e buella hore mmuso oa koporasi oa US o fane ka taelo ea ho emisa sebakeng sa bona sa Exclusive-economic, le hore Lekhotla la Machabeng la Leoatle le etse molao oa ho emisa leoatleng le tebileng.

Oberle, B. (2023, March 6). Lengolo le bulehileng la Motsamaisi Kakaretso oa IUCN le eang ho Litho tsa ISA mabapi le merafo e botebong ba leoatle. Tlhaloso ea IUCN DG. https://www.iucn.org/dg-statement/202303/iucn-director-generals-open-letter-isa-members-deep-sea-mining

Kopanong ea 2021 IUCN e Marseille, Litho tsa IUCN li ile tsa khetha ho amohela Qeto 122 ho kopa ho emisoa ha merafo e tebileng ka leoatleng ntle le haeba likotsi li utloisisoa ka botlalo, ho etsoa litekolo tse matla le tse pepeneneng, molao-motheo oa ho lefa o kengoa ts'ebetsong, ho netefatsa hore ho nkoa mokhoa o pota-potileng oa moruo, sechaba se ameha, le tiisetso ea hore puso. ea DSM e pepeneneng, e ikarabella, e kenyeletsa bohle, e sebetsa hantle, ebile e na le boikarabelo ba tikoloho. Qeto ena e tiisitsoe lengolong la Motsamaisi Kakaretso oa IUCN, Ngaka Bruno Oberle le tla hlahisoa ketelong ea kopano ea Lekhotla la Machaba la Seabed ea Hlakubele 2023 e neng e tšoaretsoe Jamaica.

Deep Sea Conservation Coalition (2021, November 29). Ho Tebile Haholo: Theko ea 'Nete ea Meepo ea Leoatleng le tebileng. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OuUjDkcINOE

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