Uvaleleke kuBlue Blue: Ukususwa kweCarbon Dioxide yoLwandlekazi

Ukophula iMozulu yeGeoengineering: iCandelo 2

Icandelo 1: Okungapheliyo okungaziwa
Icandelo 3: Ukuguqulwa kweSolar Radiation
Icandelo 4: Ukuqwalaselwa kweNdlela yoBulungisa, uBulungisa kunye noBulungisa

Ukususwa kwekhabhon diokside (CDR) luhlobo lwemozulu geoengineering efuna ukususa ikharbon diokside emoyeni. I-CDR ijolise kwimpembelelo yokukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse ngokunciphisa kunye nokususa i-carbon dioxide ye-atmospheric ngokugcina ixesha elide kunye nexesha elifutshane. I-CDR inokuthathwa njengesekwe emhlabeni okanye eselwandle, ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto kunye neenkqubo ezisetyenziselwa ukubamba nokugcina irhasi. Ugxininiso kwi-CDR esekwe emhlabeni ibiyeyona iphambili kwezi ncoko kodwa umdla wokusebenzisa i-CDR yolwandle uyakhula, kujongwe kwiiprojekthi eziphuculweyo zendalo kunye nezoomatshini kunye neekhemikhali.

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Iinkqubo zendalo sele ziyisusa ikharbon diokside emoyeni

Ulwandle sisinki yendalo yekhabhoni, ukuthatha 25% ye-atmospheric carbon dioxide kunye ne-90% yobushushu obugqithisileyo bomhlaba ngeenkqubo zendalo ezifana nephotosynthesis kunye nokufunxa. Ezi nkqubo ziye zanceda ukugcina ubushushu behlabathi, kodwa ziya zigcwala kakhulu ngenxa yokwanda kwekharbhon dioksayidi ye-atmospheric kunye nezinye iigesi ze-greenhouse eziphuma kwi-fossil fuel emissions. Oku kunyuswa kokunyuka kuqalisile ukuchaphazela ikhemistri yolwandle, kubangela iasidi yolwandle, ilahleko yeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kunye neepateni ezintsha ze-ecosystem. Ukwakhiwa ngokutsha kweentlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo ezidityaniswe nokucuthwa kwamafutha efosili kuya komeleza iplanethi ngokuchasene nokutshintsha kwemozulu.

Ukususwa kwekhabhon dayoksayidi, ngokukhula kwesityalo esitsha nokukhula kwemithi, kuyenzeka emhlabeni nakwizinto eziphilayo zaselwandle. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi yiyo ukudalwa kwamahlathi amatsha okanye i-ikhosistim yolwandle, njengemangrove, kwimimandla ebikade ingenazo izityalo ngokwembali, ngelixa ukutshalwa kwakhona kwamahlathi kufuna ukubuyisela imithi nezinye izityalo kwiindawo eziguqulelwe kusetyenziso olwahlukileyo, njengendawo yeefama, imigodi, okanye uphuhliso, okanye emva kwelahleko ngenxa yongcoliseko.

Inkunkuma yaselwandle, iplastiki, kunye nongcoliseko lwamanzi zibe negalelo elithe ngqo kuninzi lwengca yolwandle kunye nelahleko ye mangrove. I Umthetho waManzi acocekileyo eUnited States, yaye eminye imigudu iye yasebenza ukuze kuncitshiswe ungcoliso olunjalo nokuvumela ukutshalwa kwakhona kwamahlathi. La magama asetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukuchaza amahlathi asemhlabeni, kodwa anokubandakanya indalo esekwe elwandle njengeemangrove, ingca yolwandle, imigxobhozo yetyuwa, okanye ukhula lwaselwandle.

Isithembiso:

Imithi, imango, ingca yolwandle, kunye nezityalo ezifanayo i-carbon sinks, ukusebenzisa kunye nokuhlutha ikharbon diokside ngokwemvelo ngephotosynthesis. I-CDR yoLwandle isoloko iqaqambisa 'ikhabhoni ezuba,' okanye ikharbon diokside egcinwe elwandle. Enye yezona ndawo zisebenzayo ze-carbon ecosystem yi-mangrove, ethi ithathe ikhabhoni kumaxolo ayo, inkqubo yeengcambu kunye nomhlaba, ukugcina. ukuya kumaxesha angama-10 ikhabhoni eninzi kunamahlathi asemhlabeni. Iimangrove zibonelela ngeendlela ezininzi izibonelelo zendalo esingqongileyo kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni kunye nenkqubo yendalo engaselunxwemeni, ukuthintela ukuthotywa kwexesha elide kunye nokhukuliseko kunye nokuthomalalisa impembelelo yezaqhwithi namaza onxweme. Kwakhona amahlathi e<em>mangrove adala iindawo zokuhlala zezilwanyana ezahlukahlukeneyo ezisemhlabeni, ezihlala emanzini, neentaka ezikwiingcambu nakumasebe esi sityalo. Iiprojekthi ezinjalo zinokusetyenziselwa ngqo umva iziphumo zokugawulwa kwamahlathi okanye izaqhwithi, ukubuyisela unxweme nomhlaba ophulukene nemithi nezityalo.

Ingozi:

Imingcipheko ekhapha ezi projekthi ivela kugcino lwexeshana lwekharbon diokside ehlulwe ngokwendalo. Njengoko utshintsho lokusetyenziswa komhlaba wonxweme kunye ne-ecosystem yolwandle iphazamiseka kuphuhliso, ukuhamba, ishishini, okanye ngokuqinisa iziphango, ikhabhoni egcinwe emhlabeni iya kukhutshwa emanzini olwandle kunye nomoya. Ezi projekthi nazo ziqhelekile iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo kunye nelahleko yeyantlukwano yemfuzo ekuthandeni iintlobo ezikhula ngokukhawuleza, ukwandisa umngcipheko wezifo kunye nokufa okukhulu. Iiprojekthi zokubuyisela inokuba namandla kakhulu kwaye ifuna amafutha efosili ukwenzela ukuthutha kunye noomatshini bokugcinwa. Ukubuyisela inkqubo yendalo engaselunxwemeni ngezi zisombululo zisekelwe kwindalo ngaphandle koqwalaselo olufanelekileyo kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni kunokukhokelela ekuhluthweni komhlaba kunye noluntu oluhlelelekileyo olube nelona galelo lincinci kutshintsho lwemozulu. Ubudlelwane obuluqilima boluntu kunye nothethathethwano nabachaphazelekayo kunye nabantu boMthonyama kunye noluntu lwengingqi lungundoqo ekuqinisekiseni ulingano kunye nobulungisa kwiinzame ze-CDR yolwandle lwendalo.

Ukulima kolwandle kujolise ukutyala i-kelp kunye ne-macroalgae yokucoca i-carbon dioxide emanzini kunye yigcine kwi-biomass nge-photosynthesis. Olu khula lutyebileyo lwekhabhoni lunokuthi emva koko lufuywe lusetyenziswe kwiimveliso okanye ekutyeni okanye lutshone emazantsi olwandle luhlulwe.

Isithembiso:

Ukhula lwaselwandle kunye nezityalo ezinkulu zolwandle ezifanayo zikhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye zikhona kwimimandla yehlabathi. Xa kuthelekiswa nemigudu yokugawulwa kwamahlathi okanye ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi, indawo ehlala elwandle yokhula ikwenza ukuba ingachatshazelwa ngumlilo, ingenelwe, okanye ezinye izisongelo kumahlathi asemhlabeni. Sequesters zolwandle Izixa eziphezulu ze-carbon dioxide kwaye ineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa emva kokukhula. Ngokususa ikharbon diokside esekwe emanzini, ukhula lwaselwandle lunokunceda imimandla isebenze ngokuchasene ne-asidi yolwandle kunye ukubonelela ngeendawo zokuhlala ezinomoya ococekileyo kwi-ecosystems yolwandle. Ukongeza koku kuphumelela kokusingqongileyo, i-seaweed nayo ineenzuzo zokuziqhelanisa nemozulu ezinokuthi khusela iindawo ezingaselunxwemeni kukhukuliseko ngokuthoba amandla amaza. 

Ingozi:

Ukubanjwa kwekhabhoni ye-seaweed kwahlukile kwezinye iinkqubo zeCDR zoqoqosho oluluhlaza, kunye nesityalo esigcina iCO₂ kwi-biomass yayo, kunokuba idluliselwe kwintlenga. Ngenxa yoko, i-CO₂ ukususwa kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla okhula lwaselwandle kuthintelwe sisityalo. Ukufuya ukhula lwasendle ngokulinywa kolwandle kungenzeka yehlisa iyantlukwano yemfuza yesityalo, ukwandisa amathuba okuba nesifo kunye nokufa okukhulu. Ukongeza, iindlela zangoku ezicetywayo zokulima ukhula lwaselwandle ziquka ukukhula kwezityalo emanzini kwizinto ezenziweyo, njengentambo, nakumanzi angekho nzulu. Oku kunokuthintela ukukhanya kunye nezondlo kwiindawo zokuhlala emanzini angaphantsi kokhula lolwandle kwaye kubangele ubungozi kwezo zixokelelwano zendalo. kubandakanywa ukuxakwa. Ukhula lwaselwandle ngokwalo lusesichengeni sokonakala ngenxa yemiba yobulunga bamanzi kunye nokuphangwa. Iiprojekthi ezinkulu ezijonge ukutshonisa ukhula lwaselwandle elwandle ngoku zilindele ukuba itshone intambo okanye izinto ezenziweyo ngokunjalo, okunokubanako ukungcolisa amanzi xa ukhula lwaselwandle lutshona. Olu hlobo lweprojekthi lukwalindeleke ukuba lube nakho ukunqongophala kweendleko, ukunciphisa ukunyuswa. Uphando oluthe kratya luyafuneka ukumisela eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokulima ukhula lwaselwandle kunye nokufumana izithembiso eziluncedo ngelixa unciphisa izoyikiso ezilindelweyo kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.

Lilonke, ukubuyiswa kwezinto eziphilayo zolwandle kunye nonxweme ngokusebenzisa imimango, ingca yolwandle, i-ecosystem yetyuwa, kunye nokulinywa kokhula lwaselwandle kujolise ekwandiseni nasekubuyiseleni amandla eenkqubo zendalo zoMhlaba ekuqhubeni nasekugcineni i-atmospheric carbon dioxide. Ilahleko yezityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu kudityaniswa nelahleko yeentlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphuma kwimisebenzi yabantu, njengokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukunciphisa ukomelela koMhlaba kutshintsho lwemozulu. 

Ngo-2018, i-Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) yabika ukuba isibini kwisithathu se-ecosystems yolwandle zonakele, zonakaliswe, okanye zitshintshwe. Eli nani liza kunyuka ngokunyuka komphakamo wolwandle, iasidi yolwandle, imigodi enzulu yolwandle, kunye neempembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu kwi-anthropogenic. Iindlela zokususa ikharbon diokside yendalo ziya kuxhamla ekwandiseni iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo kunye nokubuyisela inkqubo yendalo. Ukulinywa kwezityalo zolwandle ngummandla okhulayo wophononongo onokuthi uxhamle kuphando ekujoliswe kulo. Ukubuyiselwa okucingisisiweyo kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo yaselwandle kunesakhono esikhawulezileyo sokuthomalalisa iimpembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu ngokunciphisa okukhutshwayo okudityaniswe nezibonelelo ezihlangeneyo.

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Ukwandiswa kweenkqubo zendalo zaselwandle zokunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu

Ukongeza kwiinkqubo zendalo, abaphandi baphanda iindlela zokuphucula ukususwa kwekharbon diokside, ukukhuthaza ukufunyanwa kwekharbon diokside elwandle. Iiprojekthi ezintathu zobunjineli bemozulu yolwandle ziwela phakathi kolu didi lokuphucula iinkqubo zendalo: ukongezwa kwealkalinity yolwandle, ukuchumisa izondlo, kunye nokunyuswa kunye nokuhla okwenziweyo. 

I-Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) yindlela yeCDR ejolise ekususeni ikharbon dayoksayidi yolwandle ngokukhawulezisa ukusabela kwemozulu yendalo yezimbiwa. Ezi ntshukumo zemozulu zisebenzisa ikharbon diokside kwaye zenze izinto eziqinileyo. Iindlela zangoku ze-OAE bamba i-carbon dioxide ngamatye e-alkaline, oko kukuthi ikalika okanye i-olivine, okanye ngenkqubo ye-electrochemical.

Isithembiso:

Ngenxa ye iinkqubo rock weathering yendalo, OAE yiyo scalable kwaye inikeza indlela esisigxina ukususwa kwecarbon dioxide. Ukusabela phakathi kwerhasi kunye nezimbiwa kudala iidiphozithi ekulindeleke ukuba zibekho ukwandisa amandla okuthintela ulwandle, nayo inciphisa iasidi yolwandle. Ukwandiswa kweediphozithi zezimbiwa elwandle nako kunokunyusa imveliso yolwandle.

Ingozi:

Impumelelo yokusabela kwimo yezulu ixhomekeke kubukho nokusasazwa kwezimbiwa. Ulwabiwo olungalinganiyo lwezimbiwa kunye uvakalelo lwengingqi ukuncipha kwekharbon diokside kunokuthi kube nefuthe elibi kwimo engqongileyo yolwandle. Ukongeza, umyinge weeminerali ezifunekayo kwi-OAE idla ngokubakho ithathwe kwimigodi yasemhlabeni, kwaye iya kufuna ukuthuthwa ukuya kwimimandla eselunxwemeni ukuze isetyenziswe. Ukwandisa i-alkalinity yolwandle kuya kuguqula i-pH yolwandle, nayo ezichaphazela iinkqubo zebhayoloji. Ukomelezwa kwealkalinity yolwandle kuye ayibonwa njengemifuniselo yendawo emininzi okanye uphando oluninzi njengemozulu esekwe emhlabeni, kunye neempembelelo zale ndlela zaziwa ngcono ngemozulu esekwe emhlabeni. 

Ukuchumisa ngeZondlo icebisa ukongeza i-iron kunye nezinye izondlo elwandle ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwe-phytoplankton. Isebenzisa inkqubo yendalo, iphytoplankton ikwazi ukufunxa ikharbon diokside esemkhathini ize izike iye emazantsi olwandle. Ngo-2008, iintlanga kwiNgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo malunga neBiological Diversity bavuma ukumiswa kokhuseleko kwisenzo sokuvumela uluntu lwenzululwazi ukuba luqonde ngcono izinto ezilungileyo nezingalunganga zeeprojekthi ezinjalo.

Isithembiso:

Ukongeza kokususa i-carbon dioxide ye-atmospheric, ukuchumisa izondlo kunokwenzeka okwethutyana ukunciphisa iasidi yolwandle kwaye ukwandisa isitokhwe seentlanzi. I-Phytoplankton ngumthombo wokutya kwiintlanzi ezininzi, kwaye ukwanda kokufumaneka kokutya kunokunyusa inani leentlanzi kwimimandla apho iiprojekthi zenziwa khona. 

Ingozi:

Izifundo zihlala zilinganiselwe malunga nokuchumisa izondlo kunye qaphela izinto ezininzi ezingaziwayo malunga neziphumo zexesha elide, izibonelelo zokubambisana, kunye nesigxina sale ndlela ye-CDR. Iiprojekthi zokuchumisa izondlo zinokufuna izixa ezikhulu zemathiriyeli ekwimo yentsimbi, iphosphorus, nenitrogen. Ukufumana ezi mathiriyeli kunokufuna ukongezwa kwemigodi, imveliso, kunye nothutho. Oku kunokuchasa impembelelo yeCDR entle kwaye kwenzakalise ezinye izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni ngenxa yokutsalwa kwemigodi. Ukongeza, ukukhula kwephytoplankton kunokubangela i-algal blooms eyingozi, inciphisa ioksijini elwandle, kwaye yandise imveliso yemethane, i-GHG ebamba i-10 ubuninzi bobushushu xa kuthelekiswa ne-carbon dioxide.

Ukuxutywa kwendalo kolwandle ngokunyuka nokuhla kuzisa amanzi ukusuka phezulu ukuya kwintlenga, ukusasaza ubushushu kunye nezondlo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yolwandle. UkuNyuswa okuNgenziwanga kunye nokuDotywa ijolise ekusebenziseni indlela ebonakalayo ukukhawulezisa kunye nokukhuthaza oku kuxubana, ukwandisa ukuxubana kwamanzi olwandle ukuzisa i-carbon dioxide yamanzi atyebileyo phezu kolwandle olunzulu, kunye Amanzi abandayo, anezondlo ezityebileyo kumphezulu. Oku kulindeleke ukuba kukhuthaze ukukhula kwe-phytoplankton kunye ne-photosynthesis ukususa i-carbon dioxide emoyeni. Iindlela ezicetywayo ngoku zibandakanya usebenzisa imibhobho emi nkqo kunye neempompo ukukha amanzi ukusuka emazantsi olwandle ukuya phezulu.

Isithembiso:

Ukunyuswa kunye nokuhla okungekwenziwe kucetywa njengokwandiswa kwenkqubo yendalo. Le ntshukumo icwangcisiweyo yamanzi inokunceda ukuphepha iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zokukhula kwe-phytoplankton eyandayo njengemimandla ephantsi yeoksijini kunye nezondlo ezigqithisileyo ngokunyusa ukuxubana kolwandle. Kwiindawo ezifudumeleyo, le ndlela inokunceda ukupholisa amaqondo obushushu phezu komhlaba kunye ukucotha kwe-coral bleaching. 

Ingozi:

Le ndlela yokuxuba okwenziweyo ibone iimvavanyo ezilinganiselwe kunye neemvavanyo zentsimi ezijoliswe kwizikali ezincinci kunye nexesha elilinganiselweyo. Uphando lwakwangoko lubonisa ukuba xa lilonke, ukonyuswa okwenziweyo kunye nokuhla okuphantsi kune-CDR enokwenzeka kwaye ubonelele ngokuthinjwa okwethutyana icarbon dioxide. Olu gcino lwexeshana luyisiphumo somjikelo wokunyusa nokuhla. Nayiphi na ikharbon diokside ehamba emazantsi olwandle ngokuhla inokuthi inyuke ngelinye ixesha. Ukongeza, le ndlela iphinda ibone ukubakho komngcipheko wokupheliswa. Ukuba impompo eyenziweyo iyasilela, iyayekwa, okanye iswele imali, izondlo ezongeziweyo kunye nekharbon diokside kumphezulu inokunyusa i-methane kunye ne-nitrous oxide concentrations kunye ne-acidification yolwandle. Indlela ekhoyo ecetywayo yokuxuba ulwandle eyenziweyo ifuna inkqubo yombhobho, iimpompo, kunye nonikezelo lwamandla lwangaphandle. Ukufakwa kwale mibhobho kunokwenzeka ukuba kufuneke iinqanawa, umthombo osebenzayo wamandla, kunye nokugcinwa. 

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I-CDR yoLwandle ngokusebenzisa iindlela zoomatshini kunye neekhemikhali

I-CDR yoomatshini kunye neekhemikhali zolwandle zingenelela kwiinkqubo zendalo, ezijolise ekusebenziseni iteknoloji ukuguqula inkqubo yendalo. Okwangoku, ukutsalwa kwekhabhoni yamanzi olwandle kukongamela incoko yeCDR yomatshini kunye neekhemikhali zolwandle, kodwa ezinye iindlela ezifana nokunyuswa okungeyomfuneko kunye nokwehla, kuxoxwe ngasentla, zinokuwela kolu didi ngokunjalo.

I-Seawater Carbon Extraction, okanye i-Electrochemical CDR, ijolise ekususeni i-carbon dioxide emanzini olwandle kwaye igcinwe kwenye indawo, isebenza kwimigaqo efanayo yokuqondisa umoya wokubamba kunye nokugcinwa kwe-carbon dioxide. Iindlela ezicetywayo ziquka ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo ze-electrochemical ukuqokelela uhlobo lwegesi yekharbon diokside emanzini olwandle, kunye nokugcina loo rhasi kwindawo eqinileyo okanye elulwelo kwisakhiwo sokwakheka komhlaba okanye kwintlenga yolwandle.

Isithembiso:

Le ndlela yokususa ikharbon diokside kumanzi olwandle kulindeleke ukuba ivumele ulwandle ukuba luthabathe ngakumbi i-carbon dioxide ye-atmospheric ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zendalo. Uphononongo kwi-electrochemical CDR lubonise ukuba ngomthombo wamandla ahlaziyekayo, le ndlela ingawonga amandla. Ukususa ikharbon diokside kumanzi olwandle kulindeleke ukuba ukubuyisela umva okanye unqumame ukwenza iasidi yolwandle. 

Ingozi:

Izifundo zakwangoko malunga nokutsalwa kwekhabhoni yamanzi olwandle ziye zavavanya ingqikelelo kuvavanyo olusekwe elebhu. Ngenxa yoko, usetyenziso lwezorhwebo lwale ndlela luhlala luyingcingane, kwaye lunokwenzeka amandla amaninzi. Uphando luye lwagxininisa kwisakhono sekhemikhali yekharbon diokside ukuba isuswe emanzini olwandle, nge uphando oluncinci malunga neengozi zokusingqongileyo. Iinkxalabo zangoku ziquka ukungaqiniseki malunga neenguqu ze-ecosystem equilibrium yasekhaya kunye nefuthe le nkqubo enokuba nalo kubomi baselwandle.

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Ingaba ikhona indlela eya phambili yeCDR yolwandle?

Iiprojekthi ezininzi zeCDR yolwandle lwendalo, njengokubuyiselwa kunye nokukhuselwa kwenkqubo yendalo engaselunxwemeni, zixhaswa ngophando kunye noncedo oluhlangeneyo olwaziwayo kokusingqongileyo kunye noluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Uphando olongezelelweyo lokuqonda ubungakanani kunye nobude bexesha lekhabhoni enokugcinwa ngezi projekthi zisafuneka, kodwa i-co-benefits icacile. Ngaphaya kwe-CDR yolwandle lwendalo, nangona kunjalo, i-CDR yendalo ephuculweyo yendalo kunye neyomatshini kunye neekhemikhali zolwandle zinezingeloncedo ezibonakalayo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngononophelo phambi kokuphumeza nayiphi na iprojekthi ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. 

Sonke singabachaphazelekayo kulo mhlaba kwaye siya kuchatshazelwa ziiprojekthi zobunjineli bemozulu kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Abenzi bezigqibo, abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo, abatyali-mali, abavoti, kunye nabo bonke abachaphazelekayo bangundoqo ekunqumeni ukuba umngcipheko wendlela enye ye-geoengineering yemozulu idlula umngcipheko wenye indlela okanye umngcipheko wokutshintsha kwemozulu. Iindlela ze-CDR zolwandle zinokunceda ukunciphisa i-carbon dioxide ye-atmospheric, kodwa kufuneka ziqwalaselwe kuphela ngaphezu kokunciphisa ngokuthe ngqo ukukhutshwa kwe-carbon dioxide.