IziCwangciso zokuZiqhelanisa neMozulu ukuya kuNqanaba loLwandle

Ukunyuka komphakamo wolwandle okuzayo kusisoyikiso esicinezelayo kuluntu oluhlala kumanxweme asezantsi. Ehlabathini lonke, abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-20 bahlala kwiindawo ezikumgangatho ophantsi ezinokuthi zibonise kwaye ziqikelele ukunyuka komgangatho wolwandle (Nicholls, 2010). Ukongeza, abantu abazizigidi ezingama-200 bahlala kwiindawo ezisengozini yezikhukhula ezivela kwimozulu embi kakhulu (Nicholls, 2010). E-United States, ukunyuka komgangatho wolwandle okuqikelelweyo kunokusongela i-9% yomhlaba ngaphakathi kwe-180 izixeko ezinxweme zase-US nge-2100 (iYunivesithi yase-Arizona, i-2011). Ngokutsho kweNgxelo ye-IPCC Synthesis Report ka-2014, kuqikelelwa ukuba ukunyuka komphakamo wolwandle “kunokwenzeka kakhulu” ngaphezu kwe-95% yemimandla yolwandle (IPCC, 2014). Kweyona meko imbi kakhulu uqikelelo lokukhutshwa komyinge, umyinge wokunyuka komphakamo wolwandle uya kuba malunga ne-61cm-1.1m nge-2100 (IPCC, 2014). Nokuba imeko ekhutshwayo ingenzeki, amaqondo olwandle anyuka kancinci kangange-10 cm anokuba neziphumo ezibi kuluntu oluselunxwemeni, ngakumbi kwimimandla enemivuzo ephantsi kunye noluntu lweBIPOC. Imimandla engaselunxwemeni isemngciphekweni wezikhukula, izehlo zemozulu ezimandundu, ukwanda kongcoliseko lwamanzi, ilahleko yendawo yokuhlala, ukhukuliseko lwamanxweme, ukwanda kwetyuwa yomhlaba, kunye nokulahleka kwendawo engaselwandle. Abemi baselunxwemeni baya kunyanzeleka ukuba bafudukele kude nonxweme oluhlayo, beyishiya indawo yabo yokuhlala, ukuba amanyathelo okhuseleko awenziwanga.

E-United States nakwihlabathi jikelele, uluntu oluselunxwemeni kunye nabaqulunqi bemigaqo-nkqubo benza izicwangciso zokuziqhelanisa nemozulu ukuze kuncitshiswe ukunyuka komgangatho wolwandle okulindelekileyo. Izicwangciso zokuziqhelanisa zihlala zibandakanya uluhlu lweenguqu eziphunyeziweyo eziwela ngokubanzi phantsi kweendidi zeziseko "ezingwevu" okanye "eziluhlaza". Iziseko zophuhliso “ezingwevu” zinzima, izakhiwo zaselunxwemeni ezenziwe ngabantu eziquka iindonga ezikhukulayo, iingcango zezandyondyo, imibhobho, amadama, njl.njl. Ngokuchaseneyo, iziseko ezingundoqo “eziluhlaza” zibhekiselele ekulondolozeni imisebenzi yendalo ephilayo ukuze kuthintelwe izikhukhula, kubandakanywa amahlathi eengrove, iindunduma, kunye neenkqubo zolwalwa. Izixeko ezingaselunxwemeni ezisesichengeni sokukhukula kunye nemozulu embi kakhulu zinokukhetha ukusebenzisa iziseko ezingwevu, izakhiwo eziluhlaza, okanye indibaniselwano yezi ndlela zimbini.

Iziseko ezingundoqo zohlaza kunye neendawo ezihlala iilwandle ziyakwazi ukuthabatha ithuba leenkonzo zendalo yendalo ephilayo ukukhusela uluntu oluselunxwemeni, amakhaya, kunye namashishini ukusuka ekunyukeni komgangatho wolwandle okubangelwa zizikhukula, ngelixa kufuna amanqanaba aphantsi olondolozo kunye neendleko zokugcina. Kungabiza imali ephindwe kabini ukuya kwi-2 ukubuyisela imigxobhozo eselunxwemeni kunokwakha izithintelo ezenziweyo zezikhukula (Cook, 5). Ecaleni kweendleko eziphantsi zokwakha nokulungisa, uluntu lwaselunxwemeni lunako ukuvuna iinkonzo ezongezelelweyo ze-ikhosistim kuquka nokufumaneka kwendawo yokuhlala yaselwandle nesemhlabeni, ukuhluzwa kwamanzi, ukuhluthwa kwekhabhoni, kunye nolonwabo loluntu. Nangona izisombululo ezisekelwe kwindalo zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezicacileyo, azikathandwa kubenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo. Kumazwe ngamazwe, kumagalelo ali-2020 amiselweyo phantsi kwesivumelwano saseParis, ngama-167 kuphela aquke izisombululo ezisekelwe kwindalo kwaye uninzi lwawo bekumazwe anengeniso ephantsi. Kukho ukunqongophala kolwazi ngexabiso lezisombululo ezisekelwe kwindalo phakathi koluntu kunye noorhulumente basekhaya. Iimodeli eziphumeleleyo ezisekelwe kwindalo kufuneka zigxininiswe njengemizekelo yokufunda kwaye isetyenziswe ekwandiseni imfundo yeziseko eziluhlaza. 

Nangona izicwangciso ezininzi zokuziqhelanisa zisilela ukunika ingqwalasela kwizisombululo ezisekelwe kwindalo, ezinye iindawo ezihlala ngaselunxwemeni ziyaziqonda iinzuzo kwaye zinokusebenza njengemizekelo. KuMntla weJava, eIndonesia, abantu abazizigidi ezingama-30 bathwaxwa zizikhukula nokhukuliseko oluselunxwemeni. Iziganeko zokukhukula ziye zandiswa kukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi asekuhlaleni. Iqela elihlukeneyo labachaphazelekayo lisebenza kunye eDemak, eJava kwiprojekthi eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Building with Nature" ukubuyisela i-12 yeekhilomitha zamahlathi e-mangrove enxweme ukukhusela uluntu lwaselunxwemeni kwizikhukhula (Ukwakha ngeNdalo e-Indonesia, 2020). Ngeprojekthi yokubuyisela imimango, bomeleza ngempumelelo inkqubo yabo yokuhlala engaselunxwemeni ngexa bekhusela iindawo abahlala kuzo kwizikhukula.  

Imangrove ingakumbi ibonelela ngenkunzi yendalo exabisekileyo kwizinto eziphilayo zaselwandle kunye noluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Ixabiso eliphakathi lokubuyiselwa kwe-mangrove limalunga ne- $ 0.01 ye-USD ngonyawo lwesikwere, ngaphantsi kakhulu kuneziseko zokwenziwa (Cook, 2020). I-Global Commission on Adaptation ifumene ukuba izibonelelo ezishiyekileyo zokukhusela amahlathi e-mangrove, kwihlabathi jikelele, zifikelela kwi-1 yetriliyoni zeedola ze-USD ngo-2030 (iKhomishini yeHlabathi yoKuqhelanisa, ngo-2019). Amahlathi eMangrove anyusa iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo zaselwandle, kwaye ngenxa yoko anda kwindawo ekulotywa kuzo kude nonxweme ukusuka kumyinge wama-40 eeponti ukuya kuma-271 eeponti ngeyure (Hussain, 2010). Ngokuhambelanayo, imimango njengendawo yokuhlala eselunxwemeni igcina i-14% yokuhluthwa kwekhabhoni kulwandlekazi lwehlabathi (Alongi, 2012). IMangrove njengemimandla ehlala elunxwemeni iyakwazi ukujongana nokungaphezulu kwamasango ezikhukula, iindonga zezandyondyo, okanye ezinye iziseko ezenziweyo.

Ngokwahlukileyo kwimithi yemithi yemithi, ezinye iintlobo zeendawo zokuhlala eziselunxwemeni zisetyenziselwa ukulawula ukhukuliseko. Iindawo ezihlala elunxwemeni zendalo zibandakanya izityalo ezihlala kwindawo ethile njengengca enomgxobhozo, ingca yolwandle, iindunduma, kunye neenkqubo zolwalwa. Ukubuyisela amanxweme endalo kunceda i-ikhosistim yonxweme izinze kwaye igcine imisebenzi yebhayoloji ngelixa ikhusela kwizehlo zemozulu ezimandundu kunye nezikhukhula. Eminye imida ehlala elunxwemeni iya kwenza umxube wezakhiwo eziluhlaza nezingwevu ezidibanisa uhlaza lwendalo kunye neziseko eziqinileyo ezifana neesell zamatye, iinkuni ezi-ankile, ikhonkrithi okanye izinyuko zentsimbi. Uyilo oluyingxubevange olutsha lunokusebenzisa eyona miba ingcono yolwakhiwo kunye neziseko ezingundoqo zendalo ukuyila inkqubo yokhuselo lonxweme eluncedo ngokubambisana. Umzekelo, ngo-2013, i-Nature Conservancy yenza ucazululo lwenzuzo yeendleko kwi-5.6km ye-hybrid oyster reefs system efakwe kwi-Gulf of Mexico. I-Nature Conservancy ifumene izibonelelo ezahlukeneyo ze-ecosystem kuhlalutyo lwabo lweendleko-inzuzo: ukunciphisa ukuphakama kunye namandla amaza amakhulu, ngaphezu kwe-6,900 yeepounds zokubamba ezongezelelweyo ngonyaka, ukususwa kwe-1,888 kilogram ye-nitrogen ngonyaka, kwaye kwaqikelelwa. ezo zibonelelo zigqithise kakhulu iindleko zokubuyiswa kunye nezavenge nge-4.28 yezigidi zeerandi kunyaka wama-34 weprojekthi (The Nature Conservancy, 2013). Ubuchule be-Hybrid buvumela uluntu ukuba luthathe ithuba leenzuzo zenkqubo yendalo ngelixa lifikelela kumanqanaba okuzithemba okukhulu kuneendlela zendalo zodwa. 

Ngelixa uvavanya izicwangciso zokuqhelana nemozulu, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqaphela nokuqaqambisa ukucalulana kwamacandelo phakathi kokunyuka komgangatho wolwandle kunye nobulungisa bobuhlanga. Uluntu lwe-BIPOC luchatshazelwa ngokulinganayo kukutshintsha kwemozulu kubandakanya ukunyuka komphakamo wolwandle, izikhukhula, kunye neziganeko zemozulu ezimandundu kunxweme. Ngelixa bonke abantu bechatshazelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu, uninzi lwe-BIPOC kunye noluntu olufumana umvuzo ophantsi alunazo izixhobo zokuphatha okanye zokuthintela ukuphazamiseka kokusingqongileyo. Kwingxelo ka-2019 yeziko leSizwe leSayensi, ubuNjineli, kunye noNyango, kwapapashwa ukuba izikhukhula zasezidolophini zichaphazela uluhlu olubanzi lwabantu, kodwa ziyingozi kakhulu kubantu abancinci kunye nabahlali abarhola imivuzo ephantsi njengoko kunokwenzeka ukuba bahlale kwiindawo. iphantsi komngcipheko ophezulu wezikhukula ngelixa ngaxeshanye inikwe ingqwalaselo ephambili ephantsi kunye nokhuseleko oluncinci lwezikhukhula (Amaziko eSizwe eSayensi, ubuNjineli kunye noNyango, ngo-2019). INkanyamba uKatrina ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wokungabikho kokusesikweni kwendalo. INkanyamba yaseLouisiana yowama-2005 yachaphazela abantu abamnyama ngokungenamkhethe. Iziphumo ezivela kwi-poll eqhutywe yi-American Red Cross ibonisa ukuba iRace yayiyinto enkulu ngakumbi yokuchaza iziphumo zokutshatyalaliswa kwenkanyamba kunamanqanaba oMvuzo (Moore, 2005). Nokuba kusetyenziswa iziseko zophuhliso ezingwevu okanye eziluhlaza, uluntu oluselunxwemeni lweBIPOC kufuneka lubekwe phambili ekuyilweni kwezicwangciso zokumelana nemozulu.

Njengoko amaqondo olwandle eqhubeka nokunyuka, oorhulumente kunye nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo baya kujongana nezigqibo ezinzima zokukhusela amanxweme kunye noluntu olusemngciphekweni. Ummandla ngamnye kuya kufuneka wenze ukhetho olusekwe kwimeko yendawo kunye neemeko ezizimeleyo. Iziseko ezingundoqo eziluhlaza zisenokungakwazi ukusetyenziswa zodwa, kodwa ngokusebenzisa umxube oxhomekeke kwimeko yeendlela zokunciphisa ezenziweyo nezendalo, ngokubekwa phambili kweziseko ezingundoqo eziluhlaza, ukunyuka komgangatho wolwandle kunokulawulwa ngempumelelo ngakumbi.

imisebenzi ekhankanyiweyo

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