Ukunyamalala kweelwandle: Yintoni enokwenziwa malunga nokunqongophala kwesanti yehlabathi?

Njengoko uphuma ukuya elunxwemeni olukhethileyo kweli hlotyeni, thatha ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwindawo ebalulekileyo elunxwemeni: isanti. Isanti yinto esicinga ukuba ininzi; igubungela iilwandle kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye yeyona nto iphambili kwiintlango. Nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke isanti ezenziwe ngokulinganayo kwaye njengoko inani labemi behlabathi liqhubeka likhula, imfuno yethu yesanti iyanda. Ngaloo ndlela kuya kucaca ngakumbi nangakumbi ukuba isanti ibubutyebi obunesiphelo. Kunzima ukubeka ixabiso kuloo mvakalelo yesanti phakathi kweenzwane zakho okanye ukwakha inqaba yesanti, kwaye kungekudala kuya kufuneka ukuba njengoko unikezelo lwesanti yehlabathi luncipha kancinci.   

Isanti ngoyena mthombo wendalo esiwusebenzisa kakhulu emva komoya namanzi. Ikuyo phantse yonke into. Umzekelo, isakhiwo ohleli kuso ngoku kusenokwenzeka ukuba senziwe ngekhonkrithi, eyona ntlabathi kunye negrabile. Iindlela zenziwe ngekhonkrithi. Iglasi yefestile kunye nenxalenye yefowuni yakho yenziwe ngesanti enyibilikisiweyo. Ngaphambili, isanti ibingumthombo we-common-pool, kodwa ngoku kukho ukunqongophala kwezinye iindawo, imimiselo eyandisiweyo iye yafakwa.

Isanti iye yaba yeyona nto ifunwayo kakhulu kwihlabathi jikelele. Kwaye ke iye yabiza kakhulu.

Ke isuka phi yonke le ntlabathi kwaye singaphelelwa njani? Isanti ubukhulu becala ivela ezintabeni; Iintaba ziyadinwa ngumoya nayimvula, zilahleka ngenxa yamasuntswana amancinane alahliweyo. Ngaphezulu kwamawaka eminyaka, imilambo iye yathwala loo masuntswana ezantsi ezintabeni kwaye yenza idiphozithi kwindawo okanye kufuphi nalapho idibana khona nolwandle (okanye ichibi) ibe yile nto siyibona njengeenduli zesanti kunye nolwandle.   

Ikhredithi yeefoto: Josh Withers/Unsplash

Sithetha nje, izixeko zethu zikhula ngesantya esingazange sabonwa ngaphambili kwaye izixeko zisebenzisa isamente eninzi kunangaphambili. Ngokomzekelo, iTshayina iye yasebenzisa isamente eninzi kule minyaka imbalwa idluleyo kunaseUnited States eyayisetyenziswa kuyo yonke inkulungwane yama-20. ISingapore iye yaba lelona lizwe lingenisa isanti kumazwe angaphandle. Yongeze i-130 square kilometers kwindawo yayo yomhlaba kwisithuba seminyaka engama-40. Uvela phi wonke loo mhlaba mtsha? Ukulahla isanti elwandle. Kukwakho neentlobo ezithile kuphela zesanti ezinokuthi zisetyenziselwe ikhonkrithi kwaye ezinye iindidi aziluncedo kangako kwimisebenzi yabantu. Isanti ecolekileyo onokuyifumana kwiNtlango yeSahara ayinakwenziwa into yokwakha. Eyona ndawo ilungileyo yokufumana intlabathi yokwenza ikhonkrithi ziindonga zemilambo nakwimimandla engaselunxwemeni. Imfuneko yesanti ibangela ukuba sihlube imilambo, iilwandle, amahlathi namasimi ukuze siye kufika entlabathini. Ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo luye lwathabatha indawo kwezinye iindawo.

IUnited Nations Environment Programme iqikelela ukuba ngo-2012, ihlabathi lasebenzisa iitoni ezimalunga neebhiliyoni ezingama-30 zesanti negrabile ukwenza ikhonkile.

Loo ntlabathi yanele ukwakha udonga oluziimitha ezingama-27 ukuphakama neemitha ezingama-27 ububanzi ukujikeleza iikhweyitha! Ixabiso lezorhwebo lesanti limalunga namaxesha amathandathu kunokuba laliyi-25 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye e-US, ukuveliswa kwesanti kuye kwanda nge-24% kwiminyaka emi-5 edlulileyo. Kubekho ubundlobongela kwimithombo yesanti kwiindawo ezifana neIndiya, iKenya, iIndonesia, iChina, neVietnam. Iimafia zesanti kunye nokumbiwa kwesanti ngokungekho mthethweni ziye zasasazeka ngakumbi kumazwe anolawulo olubuthathaka kunye norhwaphilizo. Ngokomlawuli weSebe leZixhobo zoKwakha eVietnam, ilizwe lisenokuphelelwa yisanti ngonyaka ka-2020. 

Ukumbiwa kwesanti bekuxhaphake kakhulu kwihlabathi jikelele. Imigodi yesanti yayiziintsika ezinkulu zokutsalela intlabathi kanye elunxwemeni. Ekugqibeleni, abantu baqala ukuqonda ukuba le migodi itshabalalisa iilwandle kwaye imigodi yaqala ukuvalwa. Nangona kunjalo, nangona sele kuthethiwe, isanti iseyeyona nto imbiweyo ehlabathini. Isanti kunye negrabile zenza ukuya kuthi ga kwi-85% yayo yonke into egrunjwa kwihlabathi jikelele ngonyaka. Umgodi wokugqibela oshiyekileyo wesanti eselunxwemeni e-US uya kuvalwa ngo-2020.

Imigodi yeSanti

Ukugrunjwa kwesanti, okwenziwa ngaphantsi kwamanzi, yenye indlela yokufuduswa kwesanti ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye. Ngokufuthi le santi isetyenziselwa “ukutya kwakhona elunxwemeni,” nto leyo ebuyisela intlabathi ethe yalahleka kwindawo evela kwi-longshore drift, ukhukuliseko, okanye eminye imithombo yokukhukuliseka. Ukondla kwakhona elwandle kuyaphikisana kwiindawo ezininzi ngenxa yexabiso lexabiso elihamba nalo kunye nenyaniso yokuba lulungiso lwexeshana. Umzekelo, iBathtub Beach eMartin County, eFlorida inexabiso elimangalisayo lokondliwa kwakhona. Kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo, ngaphezulu kwe-6 yezigidi zeedola echithwe ekondleni kwakhona nasekubuyiseleni iindunduma eBathtub Beach kuphela. Imifanekiso esuka elunxwemeni ngamanye amaxesha ibonisa isanti entsha inyamalala elunxwemeni kwiiyure ezingama-24 (jonga ngezantsi). 

Ngaba likhona iyeza lokunqongophala kwesanti? Ngeli xesha, uluntu luthembele kakhulu kwisanti ukuyeka ukuyisebenzisa ngokupheleleyo. Enye impendulo inokuba kukuhlaziya isanti. Umzekelo, ukuba unesakhiwo esidala sekonkrithi esingasasetyenziswayo okanye esitshintshwayo, unokutyumza ikhonkrithi eqinileyo kwaye uyisebenzisele ukwenza ikhonkrithi “entsha”. Kakade ke, kukho imida ekwenzeni oku: kunokubiza kwaye ikhonkrithi esele isetyenzisiwe ayilunganga njengokusebenzisa isanti esitsha. I-asphalt inokuphinda isetyenziswe kwaye isetyenziswe njengenye indlela kwezinye izicelo. Ukongeza, ezinye izinto ezithatha indawo yesanti ziquka izakhiwo zokwakha ngomthi kunye neendiza, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuba ezo ziya kuba zidume ngakumbi kunekhonkrithi. 

Ikhredithi yeFoto: Bogomil Mihaylo/Unsplash

Kwi-2014, iBritane yakwazi ukubuyisela i-28% yezinto zayo zokwakha, kwaye ngo-2025, i-EU iceba ukuphinda isetyenziswe i-75% yezinto zokwakha iiglasi, ezimele zincede ukunciphisa imfuno yesanti yezoshishino. I-Singapore iceba ukusebenzisa inkqubo ye-dykes kunye neepompo kwiprojekthi yayo elandelayo yokubuyisela ukuze ingaxhomekeki kwisanti. Abaphandi kunye neenjineli zikhangela ezinye iindlela eziphathekayo, kwaye sinethemba lokuba okwangoku, ukurisayikilisha okuninzi kweemveliso zethu ezisesantini kuya kunceda ukunciphisa imfuno yesanti. 

Ukutsalwa kwesanti, ukumbiwa, kunye nokugrunjwa zonke zinxulunyaniswe neempembelelo ezimbi zokusingqongileyo. Ngokomzekelo, eKenya, ukugrunjwa kwentlabathi kuye kwanxulunyaniswa nokonakala kweingqaqa zekorale. EIndiya, ukukhutshwa kwesanti kusongela iingwenya ezisengozini. E-Indonesia, iziqithi ziye zanyamalala kwimigodi yesanti eninzi kakhulu.

Ukususa intlabathi kummandla kunokubangela ukhukuliseko lonxweme, kutshabalalise inkqubo yendalo, kube lula ukusasazeka kwezifo, kwaye kwenza indawo ibe sesichengeni ngakumbi kwiintlekele zemvelo.

Oku kuye kwaboniswa kwiindawo ezifana neSri Lanka, apho uphando lubonise ukuba ngenxa yemigodi yesanti eyenzeka ngaphambi kwe-tsunami ye-2004, amaza ayeyingozi kakhulu kunokuba ayengekho imigodi yesanti. E-Dubai, ukugrumba kudala ukuminxa kwezaqhwithi zentlabathi engaphantsi kwamanzi, ezibulala izinto eziphilayo, zitshabalalise iingqaqa zekorale, ziguqule iipatheni zokujikeleza kwamanzi, kwaye zinokufunxa izilwanyana njengeentlanzi ekubeni zivale iigill zazo. 

Akukho nto ilindelekileyo ukuba i-santi yethu yehlabathi iya kumisa i-turkey ebandayo, kodwa ayifuni ukuyeka. Kufuneka nje sifunde indlela yokunciphisa impembelelo yokutsalwa kunye nokubuyisela. Imigangatho yokwakha kufuneka iphakanyiswe ukwandisa ubomi besakhiwo, kunye nezixhobo zokwakha ezininzi kangangoko kufuneka zihlaziywe. Isanti iya kuqhubeka inyamalala njengoko abantu bethu besanda kwaye ngokunjalo nezixeko zethu. Ukuyiqonda ingxaki linyathelo lokuqala. Amanyathelo alandelayo kukwandisa ubomi beemveliso zesanti, ukurisayikilisha, kunye nophando ngezinye iimveliso ezinokuthatha indawo yesanti. Asikalwi idabi elingaphumeleliyo okwangoku, kodwa kufuneka sitshintshe amaqhinga ethu. 

imithombo

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https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/05/29/the-world-is-running-out-of-sand
https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/feb/27/sand-mining-global-environmental-crisis-never-heard
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/world-facing-global-sand-crisis-180964815/
https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/11/28/could-we-run-out-sand-because-we-going-through-fast/901605001/
https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21719797-thanks-booming-construction-activity-asia-sand-high-demand
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http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/03/asias-hunger-sand-takes-toll-endangered-species