UMthetho wokuNyanzeliswa kwe-IUU wokuLoba usayinwe kuMthetho

nguJessie Neumann, uMncedisi wezoNxibelelwano we-TOF

I-HR 774: UMthetho wokuNyanzeliswa kokuLoba ngokungekho mthethweni, ongaxelwanga, nongalawulwayo (IUU) ka-2015

NgoFebruwari, ummeli uMadeleine Bordallo (D-Guam) uphinde waziswa UMthetho osaYilwayo weHR 774 kwiCongress. Lo mthetho uyilwayo ujolise ekomelezeni iindlela zonyanzeliso zokunqanda ukuloba okungekho mthethweni, okungaxelwanga, nokungalawulwayo (IUU). Umthetho oyilwayo waphunyezwa emva kokuba utyikitywe nguMongameli Obama ngomhla wesi-5 kuNovemba ka-2015.

Ingxaki

Ukuloba okungekho mthethweni, okungaxelwanga kunye nokulawulwayo (IUU) kusongela ubomi babalobi kwihlabathi jikelele njengoko iinqanawa ezingalawulwayo ziphelisa ukuloba kwaye zizisa umonakalo kwizinto eziphilayo zaselwandle. Ukongeza ekuthinteleni abalobi abathobela umthetho kunye noluntu lwaselunxwemeni ukutya kwaselwandle okuxabisa iibhiliyoni ezingama-23 zeerandi ngonyaka, iinqanawa ezizibandakanya ekulobeni i-IUU kusenokwenzeka ukuba zibandakanyeke kwezinye izinto zokurhweba ngabantu ngokungekho mthethweni eziquka ulwaphulo-mthetho olucwangcisiweyo, ukuthuthwa kweziyobisi kunye nokurhweba ngabantu.

Kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-20 abasebenza phantsi kokunyanzeliswa okanye phantsi kweemeko zokusebenza ngokunyanzeliswa kwihlabathi liphela, malunga nokuba bangaphi abasebenza ngokuthe ngqo kushishino lokuloba, elo nani phantse alinakukwazi ukubalwa. Ukurhweba ngabantu kushishino lokuloba asingomba mtsha, nangona kunjalo ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kushishino lokutya kwaselwandle kunceda ekuwenzeni mandundu. Ubume bobungozi bokusebenza kwinqanawa yokuloba kwenza abantu abaninzi bangafuni ukubeka ubomi babo esichengeni ukuze bafumane umvuzo ophantsi ngolo hlobo. Abafuduki bahlala bekuphela koluntu oluyifuna ngokwaneleyo le misebenzi iphantsi, kwaye ngenxa yoko iba sesichengeni sokurhweba kunye nokuphathwa gadalala. E-Thailand, i-90% yabasebenzi abalungisa ukutya kwaselwandle baqulunqwe ngabasebenzi abasuka kwamanye amazwe abavela kumazwe angabamelwane afana neMyanmar, iLao PDR kunye neCambodia. Kolunye uhlolisiso olwenziwa ngumbutho, iFishWise yaseThailand, ama-20 ekhulwini abo kwadliwan’ indlebe nabo kumaphenyane okuloba kunye nesi-9 ekhulwini kwabo kwakudliwan’ indlebe nabo ekulungiseni le nkqubo bathi “banyanzelwa ukuba basebenze.” Ukongeza, ukuhla ngokuthe ngcembe kweentlanzi zehlabathi ekulobeni ngokugqithisileyo kunyanzelisa iinqanawa ukuba zihambe zisiya elwandle, zilobe kwiindawo ezikude kakhulu kunye nexesha elide. Kukho umngcipheko ophantsi wokubanjiswa elwandle kwaye abaqhubi beenqanawa bathatha eli thuba, ngokulula baziqhelanisa ne-IUU yokuloba ngokungafanelekanga kubasebenzi abaxhatshaziweyo. Kukho ubunzima obucacileyo ekubekeni iliso nasekunyanzeliseni imigangatho yezabasebenzi kwiinqanawa zokuloba zehlabathi ezimalunga ne-4.32 yezigidi zeenqanawa, nangona kunjalo ukuphelisa ukuloba kwe-IUU kuya kuba negalelo kumlo ochasene nokuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo oluntu okwenziwa elwandle.

Ukuloba kwe-IUU yingxaki yehlabathi, eyenzeka kuwo wonke ummandla omkhulu wehlabathi kwaye kukho ukunqongophala okukhulu kwezixhobo zokunyanzelisa ukuyibeka esweni. Ulwazi malunga nemikhumbi ye-IUU eyaziwayo ayifane kwabelwane ngayo phakathi kwe-US kunye noorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuchonga ngokusemthethweni kunye nokohlwaya abenzi bobubi. Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha seentlanzi zaselwandle (57.4%) zixhatshazwa ngokupheleleyo nto leyo ethetha ukuba nanjengoko izitokhwe ezithile zikhuselwe ngokusemthethweni, imisebenzi ye-IUU isenempembelelo eyingozi ekukwazini kweentlobo ezithile ukuzinza.

Isisombululo sikaHR 774

"Ukomeleza iindlela zokunyanzelisa ukunqanda ukuloba okungekho mthethweni, okungaxelwanga, kunye nokungalawulwayo, ukulungisa i-Tuna Conventions Act ka-1950 ukuze kuphunyezwe iNgqungquthela yase-Antigua, kunye nezinye iinjongo."

I-HR 774 iceba ukwenza ngqongqo umsebenzi wamapolisa wokuloba kwi-IUU. Iza kwandisa igunya lonyanzeliso loMkhuseli woNxweme lwase-US kunye noLawulo lweSizwe lwe-Oceanic and Atmospheric (NOAA). Lo mthetho uyilwayo ubonelela ngemithetho nemimiselo yokuqinisekisa iimvume zeenqanawa, ukukhwela kunye nokukhangela iinqanawa, ukwala izibuko, njl.njl. Kuya kunceda ukukhuthaza ishishini elinoxanduva kunye nozinzo lokutya kwaselwandle ngokususa iimveliso ezingekho mthethweni kumatyathanga okubonelela ngokutya kwaselwandle. Lo mthetho usayilwayo ukwajolise ekwandiseni amandla okusebenza ukuze kubekwe iliso kwiinqanawa zamazwe angaphandle ezingekho mthethweni ngokwandisa ukwabelana ngolwazi noorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle. Ukwanda kokungafihli kunye nokulandeleka kuya kunceda oogunyaziwe abaninzi ukuba bachonge baze bohlwaye amazwe angayithobeliyo imigaqo yolawulo lokuloba. Umthetho oyilwayo ukwavumela uphuhliso kunye nokusasazwa koluhlu loluntu lwemikhumbi eyaziwayo ethatha inxaxheba kwi-IUU.

UHR 774 ulungisa izivumelwano ezibini zamazwe ngamazwe ukuvumela ukuphunyezwa ngcono kwemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nezohlwayo ezibambekayo zokuloba kwi-IUU. Lo mthetho usayilwayo ufuna ukusekwa kweKomitana yeeNgcebiso zobuNzululwazi njengenxalenye yeNgqungquthela yase-Antigua ka-2003, isivumelwano esatyikitywa yi-US neCuba ukomeleza ulondolozo nolawulo loshishino lokuloba ityhuna kunye nezinye iintlobo ezithathwa zinqanawa zokuloba ityhuna elwandle. empuma yoLwandlekazi lwePasifiki. I-HR 774 ikwaseka izohlwayo zoluntu nezolwaphulo-mthetho kwiinqanawa ezifunyaniswe zaphula iSivumelwano. Okokugqibela, umthetho oyilwayo ulungisa iZivumelwano zeMilinganiselo yeZibuko zowama-2009 ukuze kuphunyezwe igunya labaGadi boNxweme kunye ne-NOAA enegunya lokwala ukungena kunye neenkonzo zenqanawa zelizwe kunye “nabangaphandle” ukuba zibandakanyeka ekulobeni i-IUU.

Emva kokwaziswa ngoFebruwari 2015, iHR 774 yapasiswa kwiNdlu yaBameli, yamkelwa ngemvume ngamxhelo-mnye (isihlandlo esinqabileyo) yiNdlu yeeNgwevu, yaza yasayinwa njengomthetho nguMongameli Obama ngoLwesine, umhla wesi-5 kuNovemba ka-2015.

Ifoto: Abasebenzi beCoast Guard Cutter Rush bakhapha inqanawa yokuloba erhanelekayo yolwandle iDa Cheng kuLwandlekazi olukuMntla wePasifiki ngoAgasti 14, 2012. Ityala leFoto: US Coast Guard
Yonke idatha yatsalwa kule mithombo ilandelayo:
Ngokwentlanzi. (2014, Matshi). ITraficked II – IsiShwankathelo esiHlaziyiweyo sokuGwatywa kwamaLungelo oLuntu kuShishino lokutya kwaselwandle.