Ukuphelelwa lithemba. Ukulahlekelwa yiVaquita

NguMark J. Spalding, uMongameli

Usuku lweGroundhog kwakhona

Kule mpelaveki, ndivile ukuba iVaquita Porpoise isengozini, isengxakini, kwaye ifuna ukhuseleko olukhawulezileyo. Ngelishwa, ikwayingxelo efanayo enokuthi, kwaye ibisenziwa qho ngonyaka ukusukela phakathi koo-1980 xa ndandiqala ukusebenza eBaja California.

Ewe, phantse iminyaka engama-30, besisazi ngesimo seVaquita. Siyazi ukuba zeziphi izoyikiso eziphambili ekusindeni kweVaquita. Kwanakwinqanaba lesivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe, siyayazi eyona nto ekufuneka yenziwe ukuze kuthintelwe ukuphela kwezilwanyana.

Kangangeminyaka emininzi, iKomishoni yezanyisayo zaseLwandle yase-US ithathele ingqalelo kakhulu iVaquita njengesona silwanyana sanyisayo saselwandle esilandelayo esinokuthi sitshabalale, kwaye sizinikele ixesha, amandla kunye nezibonelelo ekukhuthazeni ulondolozo nokhuseleko lwaso. Ilizwi elikhulu kule komishini yayiyintloko yayo, uTim Ragen, osele ethathe umhlala-phantsi. Ngowama-2007, ndandingumququzeleli weNorth American Commission for Environmental Cooperation yeNorth American Conservation Action Plan yeVaquita, apho bobathathu oorhulumente baseMntla Merika bavumayo ukusebenza ukuze balungise izisongelo ngokukhawuleza. Ngo-2009, sasingumxhasi omkhulu wefilimu ebhalwe nguChris Johnson ebizwa ngokuba yi "Ithuba lokugqibela lePorpoise yaseNtlango."  Lo mboniso bhanya-bhanya uquka ukufotwa kwevidiyo yokuqala yesi silwanyana sinzima.

IVaquita ekhula ngokucothayo yaqala ukufunyanwa ngamathambo kunye nezidumbu ngeminyaka yoo-1950. Ubume bayo bangaphandle ayizange ichazwe de kwangoo-1980 xa iVaquita yaqalisa ukubonakala kwiminatha yabalobi. Abalobi babelandela i-finfish, i-shrimp, kwaye kutshanje, i-Totoaba esengozini yokuphela. I-Vaquita ayiyona i-porpoise enkulu, idla ngokungaphantsi kweenyawo ezi-4 ubude, kwaye izalelwa kumantla eGulf of California, indawo yayo kuphela yokuhlala. Intlanzi ye-Totoaba yintlanzi yaselwandle, ekhethekileyo kwiGulf yaseCalifornia, i-bladders yayo ifunwa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno kwiimarike zase-Asia naphezu kokungekho mthethweni kwezorhwebo. Le mfuno yaqala emva kokuba intlanzi efana kakhulu ne-China yaphela ngenxa yokuloba ngokugqithisileyo.

I-United States yeyona ndawo iphambili yentengiso yoshishino lokuloba ngeeshrimps emantla eGulf of California. I-shrimp, njenge-finfish kunye ne-Totoaba esengozini zibanjiswa ngeegillnets. Ngelishwa, iVaquita lelinye lamaxhoba ngengozi, “indlela yokubanjwa,” ebanjwa ngegiya. IVaquita ithanda ukubamba iphiko le-pectoral kwaye iqengqeleke ukuze iphume—kuphela nje ukuba ibanjiswa ngakumbi. Kuyintuthuzelo encinane ukwazi ukuba zibonakala zifa ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokothuka kunokuba zicothe, ziphefumle kabuhlungu.

IVaquita inendawo encinane yokusabela echongiweyo kwigophe eliphezulu loLwandle lwaseCortez. Indawo ehlala kuyo inkulu kancinane kwaye indawo yayo yonke, ngelishwa, ingqamana neentlanzi ezinkulu, iifinfish kunye noshishino lokuloba lweTotoaba olungekho mthethweni. Kwaye ke, akukho shrimps okanye iTotoaba, okanye iVaquita engakwazi ukufunda imephu okanye azi apho zikhoyo izoyikiso. Kodwa abantu banako kwaye bafanele.

NgoLwesihlanu, kuNyaka wethu weSithandathu Iworkshop yaseMazantsi yeCalifornia Marine Mammal, kwabakho iqela lokuxoxa ngemeko yangoku yeVaquita. Isiphelo silusizi, kwaye silusizi. Kwaye, impendulo yabo babandakanyekayo ihlala iphazamisekile kwaye ingonelanga-kunye neempukane ebusweni besayensi, ingqiqo, kunye nemigaqo yokwenene yolondolozo.

Ngowe-1997, sasisele sikhathazeke kakhulu ngobuncinane babemi beVaquita porpoise kunye nesantya sokuhla kwazo. Ngelo xesha kwakukho abantu abaqikelelwa kuma-567. Ixesha lokusindisa iVaquita yayingelo xesha—ukuseka ukuvalwa ngokupheleleyo kwegillnetting nokukhuthaza iindlela zokuphila ezizezinye kunye nezicwangciso ezinokuthi zisindise iVaquita kwaye zizinzise uluntu olulobayo. Okulusizi kukuba, phakathi kwabahlali bolondolozo lwendalo okanye abalawuli babengafuni “ukuthi hayi” baze bakhusele indawo ezihlala iimbila.

UBarbara Taylor, uJay Harlow kunye namanye amagosa e-NOAA baye basebenza nzima ukwenza isayensi ehambelana nolwazi lwethu lweVaquita yomelele kwaye ingenakuphikiswa. Bade baqinisekisa oorhulumente bobabini ukuba bavumele inqanawa yophando ye-NOAA ukuba ichithe ixesha kwi-Gulf ephezulu, isebenzisa itekhnoloji yamehlo amakhulu ukufota kunye nokwenza izibalo ze-transect zobuninzi besilwanyana (okanye ukungabikho kwayo). UBarbara Taylor naye wamenywa kwaye wavunyelwa ukuba asebenze kwikomishoni yomongameli waseMexico malunga nesicwangciso sokubuyisela urhulumente weVaquita.

NgoJuni ka-2013, urhulumente waseMexico wakhupha inombolo enguMgangatho woLawulo ongu-002 owayalela ukuba kucinywe iminatha yeegill kushishino lokuloba. Oku bekufuneka kwenziwe malunga ne-1/3 ngonyaka kwisithuba seminyaka emithathu. Oku akukafezekiswa kwaye kusemva kweshedyuli. Ukongeza, izazinzulu ziye endaweni yoko zacebisa ukuvalwa ngokupheleleyo kwazo zonke iintlanzi kwindawo yokuhlala yaseVaquita ngokukhawuleza.

Okulusizi kukuba, kuzo zombini iKhomishini yanamhlanje yeZilwanyana ezanyisayo zase-US naphakathi kweenkokeli ezithile zolondolozo lwendalo eMexico, kukho ukuzibophelela okukhawulezileyo kwisicwangciso esinokuba sasebenza kwiminyaka engama-30 eyadlulayo kodwa namhlanje iphantse yahlekwa ngokusilela kwayo. Amawaka eedola kunye neminyaka emininzi kakhulu iye yanikelwa ekuphuhliseni izixhobo ezizezinye ukunqanda ukuphazamisa ushishino lokuloba. Ukuthi nje “hayi” ibingeyondlela yokukhetha—ubuncinane hayi egameni lamahlwempu eVaquita. Endaweni yoko, ubunkokeli obutsha kwiKomishoni yezanyisayo zaseLwandle yase-US yamkela “iqhinga lenkuthazo yezoqoqosho,” uhlobo oluye lwangqinwa lungasebenzi lulo lonke uphononongo olukhulu—kutsha nje yingxelo yeBhanki yehlabathi, “Ingqondo, Uluntu, kunye nokuziphatha.”

Nokuba oko kubhalwe “Vaquita safe shrimp” ngezixhobo ezingcono kunokuzanywa, siyazi ukuba iinzame ezinje zithatha iminyaka ukuze ziphunyezwe kwaye zamkelwe ngokupheleleyo ngabalobi, kwaye zinokuba neziphumo zazo ebezingalindelekanga kwezinye iintlobo. Kwinqanaba langoku, iVaquita ineenyanga, kungekhona iminyaka. Kwangexesha isicwangciso sethu sika-2007 sagqitywayo, i-58% yabemi yayilahlekile, ishiya abantu abangama-245. Namhlanje inani labemi liqikelelwa kubantu abangama-97. Ukwanda kwabemi ngokwendalo kwiVaquita kumalunga nesi-3 ekhulwini kuphela ngonyaka. Kwaye, ukuphelisa oku lizinga eligulisayo lokuhla, eliqikelelwa kwi-18.5%, ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu.

Ingxelo yempembelelo yolawulo lwaseMexico eyakhutshwa ngomhla wama-23 kuDisemba 2014 icebisa ukuvalwa kokuloba ngeegillnet kulo mmandla iminyaka emibini kuphela, imbuyekezo epheleleyo yengeniso elahlekileyo kubalobi, unyanzeliso loluntu, kunye nethemba lokuba liza kubakho ukwanda kwamanani eVaquita. kwiinyanga ezingama-24. Esi sitatimende sisenzo sikarhulumente esiyilwayo esivuleleke ukuba uluntu luhlomle, kwaye ke asazi ukuba urhulumente waseMexico uza kuyamkela okanye hayi.

Ngelishwa, uqoqosho lweshishini lokuloba iTotoaba elingekho mthethweni lisenokutshabalalisa nasiphi na isicwangciso, kwanabo babuthathaka basetafileni. Nazi iingxelo eziqinisekisiweyo ukuba amaqela athengisa amachiza aseMexico athatha inxaxheba kushishino lokuloba iTotoaba ukuze kuthunyelwe izinyinyiba zeentlanzi eTshayina. Ide yabizwa ngokuba yi "icrack cocaine yentlanzi" ngenxa yokuba i-Totoaba bladders ithengiswa malunga ne-$ 8500 ngekhilogram; kunye neentlanzi ngokwabo ukuya $10,000-$20,000 ngalinye China.

Nokuba iyamkelwa, akucaci ukuba ukuvalwa kuya kwanela. Ukuze isebenze kakuhle nakancinane, kufuneka kubekho unyanzeliso olumandla nolunentsingiselo. Ngenxa yokubandakanyeka kwee-cartels, ukunyanzeliswa mhlawumbi kufuneka kube nguMkhosi waManzi waseMexico. Kwaye, uMkhosi waManzi waseMexico kuya kufuneka ube nentando yokuthintela kunye nokuhlutha izikhephe kunye nezixhobo zokuloba, kubalobi abanokuthi babe nenceba yabanye. Noko ke, ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu lazo zonke iintlanzi, ukhuseleko nokunyaniseka kwabo bonke abanyanzelisi bekuya kubekwa kuvavanyo oluqatha. Nangona kunjalo, akunakwenzeka ukuba urhulumente waseMexico alwamkele uncedo lonyanzeliso lwangaphandle.

Kwaye ngokuphandle, i-US inetyala kurhwebo olungekho mthethweni. Sithintele ngokwaneleyo iTotoaba engekho mthethweni (okanye ibladders) kumda wase-US-Mexico nakwezinye iindawo eCalifornia ukwazi ukuba i-LAX okanye ezinye izikhululo zeenqwelo moya ezinkulu zinokuba ziindawo zokuthutha. Kufuneka kuthathwe amanyathelo ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente waseTshayina akabandakanyeki ekungeniseni le mveliso ivunwe ngokungekho mthethweni. Oku kuthetha ukuthatha le ngxaki kwinqanaba leengxoxo zokurhweba kunye neChina kunye nokugqiba apho kukho imingxuma kwi-net ukuba urhwebo luhamba.

Sifanele sithathe la manyathelo kungakhathaliseki ukuba iVaquita kunye nokuphela kwayo kunokwenzeka-egameni leTotoaba esengozini ubuncinane, kwaye egameni lenkcubeko yokuthintela kunye nokunciphisa urhwebo olungekho mthethweni kwizilwanyana zasendle, abantu kunye nempahla. Ndiyavuma ukuba ndixhelekile kukusilela kwethu ngokubambisana ekuphumezeni oko besikwazi ngeemfuno zesi silwanyana sanyisayo sikhethekileyo kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo, xa sasinethuba kwaye noxinzelelo lwezoqoqosho nezopolitiko lwalungenaburhalarhume.

Ndiyothuswa kukuba nabani na ubambelele kuluvo lokuba singaphuhlisa isicwangciso se “Vaquita-safe shrimp” kushiyeke abantu abangama-97 kuphela. Ndothuswa kukuba uMntla Melika unokuvumela uhlobo oluthile lusondele ekutshabalaleni nayo yonke isayensi kunye nolwazi olusezandleni zethu, kwaye umzekelo wamva nje wehlengesi laseBaiji lokusikhokela. Ndifuna ukuba nethemba lokuba iintsapho ezihluphekayo zokuloba zifumana uncedo eziludingayo lokubuyisela ingeniso evela kushishino lokuloba ishrimps kunye nefinfish. Ndifuna ukuba nethemba lokuba siza kumisa zonke iindlela zokuvala ushishino lokuloba ngeegillnet kwaye sikunyanzelise ngokuchasene nemibutho. Ndifuna ukukholelwa ukuba sinako.

Umfanekiso ophambili ngoncedo lukaBarb Taylor