I-2/3 Yalutho: Esikwazi Ngempela Ngokulondolozwa Kwezilwane Ezincelisayo Zasolwandle

Ngu: Jacob Zadik, Communications Intern, The Ocean Foundation

Izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle zimelela ezinye zezidalwa ezithakazelisayo neziphawuleka kakhulu ebusweni balo mhlaba. Nakuba zingabaningi ngenani lezinhlobo zezilwane uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, zingabaphambili ezicini eziningi ezeqisayo neziyihaba. Umkhomo uyisilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke ezake zaphila emhlabeni. I-sperm whale inobukhulu bobuchopho obukhulu kunanoma yisiphi isilwane. I I-bottlenose dolphin inenkumbulo ende erekhodiwe, ekhipha inkumbulo yangaphambilini indlovu. Lezi yizibonelo ezimbalwa kuphela.

Yebo, ngenxa yalezi zici, amakhono okuqonda, nokuxhumana kwethu ne-endothermic, izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle bezilokhu zihamba phambili ekufuneni kwethu ukongiwa kwemvelo. Imithetho eyashaywa ngo-1934 yokuvimbela ukuzingela imikhomo iwumthetho wokuqala omelene nokuzingela imikhomo kanye neminye yemithetho yokuqala yokongiwa kwemvelo. Njengoba iminyaka iqhubeka, ukwanda kokuphikiswa kokudotshwa kwemikhomo kanye nokubulawa kwezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle kwaholela kuMthetho Wokuvikela Izilwane Ezincelisayo Zasolwandle (MMPA) ngo-1972. Lo mthetho wawuyingxenye enkulu kanye nesandulela sokuphasiswa koMthetho Wezilwane Ezisengozini ngo-1973, esibone impumelelo enkulu eminyakeni edlule. Futhi, ngo-1994, i-MMPA yachitshiyelwa ukuze kubhekwane kangcono nezindaba zesimanje ezithinta izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle. Sekukonke kuyizinjongo zale mithetho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlobo zezilwane awehli ngaphansi kwezinga eliphezulu labantu elizinzile.

Umthetho onjalo uthole impumelelo emangalisayo phakathi neminyaka edlule futhi iningi lezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ezicwaningiwe zibonisa ukukhula kwesibalo sabantu. Lokhu kungaphezu kwalokho okungashiwo kwamanye amaqembu amaningi ezilwane, futhi lokhu kubangela umbuzo wokuthi kungani siqhubeka sikhathalela kangaka lezi zidalwa ezinkulu ngomqondo wokongiwa kwemvelo? Ngokwami, ukuba yi-herpetologist enhliziyweni, lokhu bekulokhu kuyindida kimina. Ngaso sonke isilwane esincelisayo esisengozini umuntu angasisho, ngingaphendula ngezilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini ezisengozini yokushabalala noma izilwane ezihuquzelayo. Kungashiwo okufanayo ngezinhlanzi, amakhorali, ama-arthropods, nezitshalo ezisonqenqemeni lokuqothulwa. Ngakho futhi, umbuzo uwukuthi kungani izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle? Alikho elinye iqembu lezilwane elinemithetho evelele kangaka eklanyelwe ukuvikela abantu bazo.

Impendulo iwukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle njengeqembu mhlawumbe ezinye zezinkomba ezinkulu zempilo yemvelo yasolwandle. Ngokuvamile ziyizilwane ezizingelayo eziphezulu noma i-apex predator ezindaweni zazo. Ziyaziwa futhi ngokudlala indima yomthombo omkhulu wokudla wezilwane ezidla ezinye ezinkulu noma ama-scavenger ama-benthic amancane lapho efa. Bahlala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, kusukela olwandle olusenyakatho kuya ezindaweni ezishisayo. Ngakho, impilo yabo iwukumela okuqondile kokuphumelela kwemizamo yethu yokonga. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ziphinde zibe ukumelelwa kokucekelwa phansi kwesithunzi ngenxa yokwanda kwentuthuko, ukungcola, kanye nemizamo yethu yokudoba. Isibonelo, ukwehla kwe-manatee kuwuphawu lokuncipha kwendawo ehlala utshani basolwandle. Cabangela isimo senani lezinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle njengenhlanganisela yamabanga ekhadini lombiko wokongiwa kolwandle uma uthanda.

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, iphesenti eliphezulu lezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ezicwaningiwe libonisa ukwanda kwabantu futhi okuqhubekayo. Ngeshwa kunenkinga ngalokhu, futhi iningi lenu kungenzeka selikwazile ukuthola inkinga ekukhetheni kwami ​​amagama ngokucophelela. Ngokudabukisayo, ngaphezu kuka-2/3rds wezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle azifundwa ngokwanele, futhi inani lazo lamanje akwaziwa nhlobo (uma ungangikholwa, hamba Uhlu Olubomvu lwe-IUCN). Lena inkinga enkulu ngoba 1) ngaphandle kokwazi inani labantu bakhona, kanye nokuguquguquka kwayo, bayehluleka njengekhadi lombiko elanele, futhi 2) ngenxa yokuthi ukwanda kwemikhuba yezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ezicwaningiwe kuwumphumela oqondile wemizamo yocwaningo ehumushela ekulawuleni ukongiwa kwemvelo okungcono.

Kuphoqelekile ukuthi kuthathwe imizamo ngokushesha yokubhekana nokuntuleka kolwazi oluzungeze iningi lezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle. Nakuba kungesona ncamashi isilwane esincelisayo “sasolwandle” (uma sicabanga ukuthi sasihlala endaweni enamanzi ahlanzekile), indaba yakamuva yeDolphin Yomfula iYangtze iyisibonelo esidumazayo salapho imizamo yocwaningo yayiphuze kakhulu. Kwamenyezelwa ukuthi ashabalala ngo-2006, inani lamahlengethwa lalingaziwa ngaphambi kuka-1986, futhi imizamo emikhulu yokubuyisela inani labantu ayizange ibonakale ngaphambi kweminyaka yama-90s. Ngokuthuthuka okungavimbeki kweShayina engxenyeni enkulu yamahlengethwa, le mizamo yokulondoloza ibisiphuze kakhulu. Noma kuyindaba edabukisayo, ayisoze yaba yize; kusikhombisa ukubaluleka kokuqonda okuphuthumayo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle.

Mhlawumbe usongo olukhulu lwanamuhla ezilwaneni eziningi ezincelisayo zasolwandle imboni yezokudoba ekhula njalo - ukudoba ngamagillnet ngokuba yingozi kakhulu. Izinhlelo zokubuka zasolwandle (umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu wokuphuma ekolishi) buthelela ezibalulekile bycatch idatha. Kusukela ngonyaka we-1990 kuya ku-2011 kuye kwatholakala ukuthi okungenani amaphesenti angama-82 ezinhlobo ze-Odontoceti, noma imikhomo enamazinyo (i-orcas, imikhomo enoqhwaku, amahlengethwa, nezinye), isengozini yokudoba ngama-gillnet. Imizamo evela ezindaweni zokudoba ukuze iqhubeke ikhula futhi umphumela ocatshangelwayo ungaba kuphela ukuthi ukubanjwa kwezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle kulandela lo mkhuba owandayo. Kufanele kube lula ukubona ukuthi ukuqonda kangcono izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle kanye nokuziphatha kokukhwelana kungaba nomthelela kanjani ekuphathweni okungcono kwezindawo zokudoba.

Ngakho-ke ngiphetha ngalokhu: noma ngabe ukhangwa imikhomo ye-gargantuan baleen, noma uthakazelisa kakhulu tukuziphatha kokukhwelana kwama-barnacles, impilo yesimiso sezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle ibonakala ngokukhazimula kwezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle. Kuwumkhakha wokufunda obanzi, futhi ucwaningo oluningi oludingekayo lusele ukuze lufundwe. Nokho, imizamo enjalo ingenziwa kuphela ngokusekelwa okuphelele komphakathi womhlaba.