I-Arctic Shipping iyinhlekelele elindele ukwenzeka

Ibhalwe nguRichard Steiner

Ngenkathi umkhumbi wezimpahla wase-Malaysia u-Selendang Ayu ufika e-Alaska's Aleutian Islands eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili edlule kuleli sonto, bekuyisikhumbuzo esidabukisayo sezingozi ezikhulayo zemikhumbi yasenyakatho. Ngesikhathi sisendleleni esuka e-Seattle iya e-China, esiphepho sasebusika sase-Bering Sea esinomoya wamafindo angu-70 nolwandle olungamamitha angu-25, injini yomkhumbi yehluleka. Njengoba intweza ibheke ogwini, zazingekho izikebhe ezanele zokuyidonsa, futhi yehla e-Unalaska Island ngo-December 8, 2004. Kwalahleka abasebenzi abayisithupha, umkhumbi waphuka phakathi, nempahla yawo yonke engaphezu kuka-335,000. amalitha kawoyela asindayo achitheke emanzini e-Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge (I-Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge). Njengabanye ukuchitheka okukhulu olwandle, lokhu kuchitheka akuzange kuvinjwe, futhi kwabulala izinkulungwane zezinyoni zasolwandle nezinye izilwane zasendle zasolwandle, izindawo zokudoba ezivaliwe, futhi kwangcolisa amakhilomitha amaningi ogwini.

Njengezinhlekelele eziningi zezimboni, inhlekelele yaseSeendang Ayu idalwe inhlanganisela eyingozi yamaphutha abantu, izingcindezi zezezimali, ukwehluleka kwemishini, ukuxega kanye nokwengamela kukahulumeni, ([PDF]Ukumiswa kwefulegi lase-Malaysian Bulk Carrier M/V Selendang Ayu kuvuliwe). Isikhathi esithile, le nhlekelele yagxilisa ukunakekela engozini yemikhumbi yasenyakatho. Kodwa ngenkathi ezinye izici eziyingozi zixazululwa, ukukhululeka kwabuya ngokushesha. Namuhla, inhlekelele ye-Seendang isikhohlwe ngokuphelele, futhi ngokwanda kwezimoto zemikhumbi, ubungozi manje bukhulu kunangaphambili.

Nsuku zonke, imikhumbi yabathengisi emikhulu engu-10-20 - imikhumbi yamabhokisi, abathwali abaningi, abathwali bezimoto, namathangi - ihamba "umzila omkhulu oyindilinga" phakathi kwe-Asia neNyakatho Melika ngochungechunge lwe-Aleutian lwamamayela angu-1,200. Njengoba ukuhweba kwehla kusukela ekuwohlokeni komnotho, ukuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi ngalo mzila kukhuphuka kancane kancane. Futhi njengoba ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kuqhubeka nokuncibilikisa iqhwa lasolwandle ehlobo, ukuhamba kwemikhumbi nakho kwanda ngokushesha ngaphesheya kwe-Arctic Ocean. Kuleli hlobo elidlule, irekhodi lemikhumbi yabathengisi engu-46 yawela umzila woLwandle Olusenyakatho phakathi kweYurophu ne-Asia unqamula i-arctic yaseRussia (Barents Observer), ukwanda okuphindwe kashumi kusukela eminyakeni emibili nje edlule. Impahla engaphezu kwamathani ayizigidi ezingu-1 ihanjiswe emzileni kuzo zombili izinhlangothi kuleli hlobo (ukwenyuka ngo-50% ngo-2011), futhi okuningi kwalokhu bekuwumkhiqizo kaphethiloli oyingozi ofana nodizili, uphethiloli wejethi, ne-gas condensate. Futhi umkhumbi wokuqala we-Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) emlandweni uhambe umzila kulo nyaka, uthwele i-LNG usuka eNorway uya e-Japan engxenyeni yesikhathi obungasithatha ukuze uhambe umzila ojwayelekile waseSuez. Umthamo kawoyela negesi othunyelwa ngomkhumbi eNorthern Sea Route kulindeleke ukuthi ufinyelele amathani ayizigidi ezingu-40 ngonyaka ngo-2020. Kukhona futhi nokuhamba kwemikhumbi ehamba ngomkhumbi (ikakhulukazi ezungeze iGreenland), imikhumbi yokudoba, nemikhumbi ehlinzeka ngezinsiza zikawoyela negesi e-arctic nezimayini. .

Leli yibhizinisi eliyingozi. Lena imikhumbi emikhulu, ethwele uphethiloli oyingozi kanye nempahla, ehamba olwandle olukhohlisayo ogwini oluzwela kakhulu emvelweni, eqhutshwa izinkampani izimfuneko zazo zezentengiselwano ezivame ukuketula ukuphepha, futhi ezingenakho neze ingqalasizinda yokuvimbela noma yokusabela izimo eziphuthumayo endleleni. Iningi lale thrafikhi limakwe kwamanye amazwe futhi "epasejini elimsulwa," ngaphansi kwe-Flag-of-Convenience, ne-Crew-of-Convenience, namazinga okuphepha aphansi. Futhi konke kwenzeka ngaphandle kwamehlo, ngaphandle kwengqondo yomphakathi kanye nabalawuli bakahulumeni. Ngayinye yalezi zindlela zokuhamba ngomkhumbi ibeka engcupheni impilo yomuntu, umnotho, nendawo ezungezile, futhi ubungozi buyanda minyaka yonke. Ukuthumela ngemikhumbi kuletha izethulo zezinhlobo ezihlaselayo, umsindo ongaphansi kwamanzi, iziteleka zemikhumbi ezilwaneni ezincelisayo zasolwandle, kanye nokukhishwa kwenqwaba. Kodwa njengoba eminye yalemikhumbi ithwala izigidi zamalitha kaphethiloli osindayo, futhi imikhumbi ethwala amathanga ithwala amalitha ezigidi ezingamashumi ephethiloli noma amakhemikhali, ngokusobala ukwesaba okukhulu ukuchitheka okuyinhlekelele.

Ukusabela ku- Selengang inhlekelele, umfelandawonye wezinhlangano okungezona ezikahulumeni, aboMdabu base-Alaska, nabadobi bezentengiselwano bahlanganyele ndawonye kuShipping Safety Partnership ukuze bakhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kokuphepha okuphelele emizileni yemikhumbi yase-Aleutian ne-Arctic. Ngo-2005, Ubambiswano lwafuna ukulandelelwa kwesikhathi sangempela kwayo yonke imikhumbi, ukudonsa olwandle okudonsa amanzi, amaphakheji ezimo eziphuthumayo, izivumelwano zomzila, izindawo okufanele zigwenywe, ukukhushulwa kwesikweletu sezezimali, izinsiza ezingcono zokuzulazula, ukushayela okuthuthukisiwe, ukuxhumana okuyimpoqo. amaphrothokholi, okokusebenza okungcono kokuphendula ukuchitheka kwegazi, ukukhushulwa kwezindleko zempahla, kanye nokuhlolwa kwengozi yethrafikhi yemikhumbi. Okumbalwa kwalokhu (“isithelo esilenga kancane”) sekwenziwe: iziteshi ezengeziwe zokulandela umkhondo zakhiwe, amaphakheji okudonsa aphathwayo ahlelwa kusengaphambili e-Dutch Harbor, kukhona uxhaso oluthe xaxa kanye nemishini yokusabela yokuchitheka, i-Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment yasungulwa. okwenziwa (IZINCWADI > Okuhlobene > I-AMSA - US Arctic Research …), futhi ukuhlolwa kwengozi yomkhumbi wase-Aleutian kuyaqhubeka (Ikhasi Lasekhaya Lokuhlola Ubungozi base-Aleutian Islands).

Kodwa ekwehliseni ubungozi bubonke bokuthunyelwa kwe-Arctic ne-Aleutian, ingilazi mhlawumbe isagcwele ikota eyodwa, ikota yesithathu ingenalutho. Uhlelo lukude nokuvikeleka. Isibonelo, ukulandelela umkhumbi kuhlala kunganele, futhi namanje azikho izidonsa ezinamandla zokuhlenga olwandle ezimi emizileni. Uma kuqhathaniswa, ngemuva kuka-Exxon Valdez, iNkosana uWilliam Sound manje inezikhangisi eziyishumi nanye kanye nezimpendulo ekumeni okubekwe eceleni kwamathangi ayo (I-Alyeska Pipeline – TAPS – SERVS). Ku-Aleutians, umbiko ka-2009 weNational Academy of Sciences waphetha: “Azikho izindlela ezikhona ezanele zokusabela emikhunjini emikhulu ngaphansi kwesimo sezulu esibi.”
ING OB RiverIzindawo ezimbili ezikhathaza kakhulu, iningi lale mikhumbi ehamba kuzo, i-Unimak Pass (phakathi kweGulf of Alaska neBering Sea empumalanga ye-Aleutians), kanye neBering Strait (phakathi kweBering Sea ne-Arctic Ocean). Njengoba lezi zindawo zisekela izilwane eziningi ezincelisayo zasolwandle, izinyoni zasolwandle, izinhlanzi, izinkalankala, kanye nokukhiqiza okuphelele kunanoma iyiphi enye i-ecosystem yasolwandle emhlabeni, ingozi isobala. Ukujika okukodwa okungalungile noma ukulahlekelwa amandla ethangini elilayishiwe noma umkhumbi othwala impahla kulawa maphasi kungaholela kalula enhlekeleleni enkulu yokuchitheka. Ngakho-ke, zombili i-Unimak Pass kanye neBering Strait zanconywa ngo-2009 ukuze ziqanjwe ngamazwe ngamazwe njengezindawo Zasolwandle Ezibucayi Kakhulu, kanye Nezikhumbuzo Zikazwelonke Zasolwandle noma Izindawo Ezingcwele, kodwa uhulumeni wase-US akakasisukumeli lesi sincomo (Ungalindeli Izindawo Ezintsha Zasolwandle Ngaphansi … – Amaphupho Avamile).

Ngokusobala, sidinga ukuthola isibambo kulokhu manje, ngaphambi kwenhlekelele elandelayo. Zonke izincomo zeShipping Safety Partnership kusukela ngo-2005 (ngenhla) kufanele zisetshenziswe ngokushesha kuyo yonke imizila yemikhumbi yase-Aleutian ne-Arctic, ikakhulukazi ukulandelela umkhumbi nokudonsa okudonsa kanzima. Imboni kufanele ikhokhele konke ngezindleko zempahla. Futhi, ohulumeni kufanele benze impoqo Imihlahlandlela Yenhlangano Yasemanzini Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yemikhumbi Esebenza Emanzini Agcwele Iqhwa e-Arctic, bathuthukise amandla okusesha kanye nokuhlenga, futhi basungule Imikhandlu Yokululeka Izakhamuzi Zesifunda (Regional Citizens' Advisory Councils).Prince William Sound Regional Citizens' Advisory Council) ukwengamela yonke imisebenzi yokuhweba yaphesheya kwezilwandle.

Ukuthunyelwa kwe-Arctic kuyinhlekelele elindele ukwenzeka. Akukhona uma, kodwa nini futhi kuphi inhlekelele elandelayo izokwenzeka. Kungaba kulobubusuku noma iminyaka kusukela manje; kungaba se-Unimak Pass, Bering Strait, Novaya Zemlya, Baffin Island, noma Greenland. Kodwa kuzokwenzeka. Ohulumeni base-Arctic kanye nemboni yemikhumbi badinga ukuthatha ngokungathi sína ukunciphisa lobu bungozi ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi maduze.

URichard Steiner uqhuba i I-Oasis Earth iphrojekthi - umxhumanisi womhlaba wonke osebenzisana nama-NGO, ohulumeni, izimboni, kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi ukusheshisa ukuguqukela emphakathini osimeme imvelo. I-Oasis Earth yenza Ukuhlola Okusheshayo kwama-NGO emazweni asathuthuka ngezinselele ezibucayi zokongiwa kwemvelo, ibuyekeza ukuhlolwa kwemvelo, futhi yenza izifundo ezithuthuke ngokugcwele.