I-IUU Fishing Enforcement Act Isayinwe Emthethweni

nguJessie Neumann, Umsizi Wezokuxhumana we-TOF

I-HR 774: Umthetho Wokuphoqelela Ukudoba Okungekho emthethweni, Okungabikwanga, Nokungalawulwa (IUU) ka-2015

NgoFebhuwari, omele uMadeleine Bordallo (D-Guam) wethulwe kabusha Umthethosivivinywa we-HR 774 kuCongress. Umthethosivivinywa uhlose ukuqinisa izindlela zokuphoqelela ukunqanda ukudoba okungekho emthethweni, okungabikwanga, nokungalawulwa (IUU). Umthethosivivinywa wamiswa ngemuva kokusayinwa nguMongameli Obama ngoNovemba 5, 2015.

Inkinga

Ukudoba okungekho emthethweni, okungabikwanga nokungalawulwa (IUU) kusongela izimpilo zabadobi emhlabeni wonke njengoba imikhumbi engalawulwa iqeda ukudoba futhi ilethe ukulimala kwemvelo yasolwandle. Ngaphezu kokuphuca abadobi abathobela umthetho kanye nemiphakathi yasogwini ukudla kwasolwandle okulinganiselwa ku-$23 billion njalo ngonyaka, imikhumbi edoba nge-IUU maningi amathuba okuthi ihileleke kweminye imisebenzi yokushushumbisa okuhlanganisa ubugebengu obuhleliwe, ukuthuthwa kwezidakamizwa kanye nokushushumbiswa kwabantu.

Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-20 abasebenza ngaphansi kwezimo eziphoqelelwe noma eziphoqelelwe emhlabeni wonke, ngokuthi bangaki abasebenza ngokuqondile embonini yokudoba, lelo nani cishe akunakwenzeka ukubala. Ukushushumbiswa kwabantu ezindaweni zokudoba akuyona into entsha, nokho ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwemboni yezilwane zasolwandle kusiza ukukubhebhethekisa. Imvelo eyingozi yokusebenza emkhunjini wokudoba yenza abantu abaningi bangazimisele ukubeka ukuphila kwabo engcupheni ukuze bathole amaholo aphansi kangaka. Abafuduki ngokuvamile yibona kuphela imiphakathi elangazelela ngokwanele le misebenzi esezingeni eliphansi, futhi ngenxa yalokho iba sengcupheni yokushushumbiswa nokuhlukunyezwa. E-Thailand, u-90% wabasebenzi abalungisa ukudla kwasolwandle wakhiwe ngabasebenzi bokufika abavela emazweni angomakhelwane njengeMyanmar, iLao PDR neCambodia. Kolunye ucwaningo olwenziwa yinhlangano, iFishWise eThailand, u-20% walabo okwaxoxwa nabo ngezikebhe zokudoba kanye no-9% walabo okwaxoxwa nabo lapho kulungiswa imisebenzi bathi “baphoqelekile ukusebenza.” Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwehla kancane kancane kwenani lezinhlanzi emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yokudoba ngokweqile kuphoqa imikhumbi ukuthi ihambe iye olwandle, iyodoba ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu nesikhathi eside. Kukhona ubungozi obuncane bokubanjwa olwandle futhi abaqhubi bemikhumbi bayasizakala ngalokhu, kalula nje benza kabi ukudoba kwe-IUU okungenzeka kubasebenzi abahlukunyeziwe. Kunobunzima obusobala bokuqapha kanye nokuphoqelela izindinganiso zabasebenzi emkhunjini womhlaba wonke wokudoba wemikhumbi elinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-4.32, nokho ukuqeda ukudoba kwe-IUU kuzoba negalelo ekulweni nokuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu okwenziwa olwandle.

Ukudoba nge-IUU kuyinkinga yamazwe ngamazwe, okwenzeka kuzo zonke izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba futhi kunokuntuleka okukhulu kwamathuluzi okuqinisa ukukuqapha. Ulwazi olumayelana nemikhumbi ye-IUU eyaziwayo aluvamile ukwabelwa phakathi kwe-US kanye nohulumeni bangaphandle, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuhlonza ngokusemthethweni nokujezisa izephulamthetho. Ngaphezu kwesigamu sezinhlanzi zasolwandle (57.4%) zixhashazwa ngokugcwele okusho ukuthi noma izitokwe ezithile zivikelekile ngokusemthethweni, ukusebenza kwe-IUU kusenomphumela omubi ekhonweni lezinhlobo ezithile zokuzinza.

Isixazululo sika-HR 774

"Ukuqinisa izindlela zokuphoqelela ukunqanda ukudoba okungekho emthethweni, okungabikwanga, nokungalawulwa, ukuchibiyela uMthetho we-Tuna Conventions ka-1950 ukuze kusetshenziswe i-Antigua Convention, kanye nezinye izinjongo."

I-HR 774 ihlongoza ukuqinisa umsebenzi wamaphoyisa ekudobeni kwe-IUU. Izothuthukisa igunya lokuphoqelela le-US Coast Guard kanye ne-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Umthethosivivinywa uhlinzeka ngemithetho neziqondiso zokuqinisekisa izimvume zemikhumbi, imikhumbi yokugibela neyokusesha, ukuphika ichweba, njll. Uzosiza ukukhuthaza imboni enesibopho kanye nokusimama kwezilwane zasolwandle ngokuqeda imikhiqizo engekho emthethweni ezitolo zasolwandle. Umthethosivivinywa uhlose futhi ukukhulisa amandla okusebenza okuqapha imikhumbi yangaphandle engekho emthethweni ngokwandisa ukwabelana ngolwazi nohulumeni bangaphandle. Ukwanda kokungafihli nokulandeleka kuzosiza iziphathimandla eziningi ukuthi zihlonze futhi zijezise amazwe angahambisani nemithetho yokuphatha imboni yokudoba. Umthethosivivinywa uphinde uvumele ukuthuthukiswa nokusatshalaliswa kohlu lomphakathi lwemikhumbi eyaziwayo ebamba iqhaza ku-IUU.

I-HR 774 ichibiyela izivumelwano ezimbili zamazwe ngamazwe ukuze zivumele ukuqaliswa okungcono kwezinqubomgomo kanye nezinhlawulo ezibonakalayo zokudoba i-IUU. Lo mthethosivivinywa ufuna ukuthi kusungulwe iKomidi Elincane Lokweluleka Ngesayensi eliqokiwe njengengxenye ye-Antigua Convention ka-2003, isivumelwano esasayinwa yi-US kanye neCuba ukuze kuqiniswe ukongiwa nokuphathwa kwezindawo zokudoba ama-tuna nezinye izinhlobo ezithathwa yimikhumbi yokudoba i-tuna empumalanga Pacific Ocean. I-HR 774 iphinde isungule izijeziso zomphakathi nezobugebengu ezikebheni ezitholakala zephula Isivumelwano. Okokugcina, lo mthethosivivinywa uchibiyela Izivumelwano Zezilinganiso Zesifunda Sechweba zika-2009 ukuze kusetshenziswe igunya le-Coast Guard kanye ne-NOAA enamandla okunqabela kokubili imikhumbi kazwelonke kanye “esohlwini lwangaphandle” ukungena kanye nezinkonzo uma bezibandakanya ekudobeni kwe-IUU.

Ngemva kokwethulwa ngoFebhruwari 2015, i-HR 774 yaphasiswa ngeNdlu yabaMeli, yagunyazwa ngemvume efanayo (isenzakalo esingajwayelekile) yiSigele, futhi yasayinwa njengomthetho nguMongameli Obama ngoLwesine, ngoNovemba 5, 2015.

Isithombe: Izisebenzi ze-Coast Guard Cutter Rush ziphelezela umkhumbi okusolakala ukuthi udotshwa yi-Da Cheng eNorth Pacific Ocean ngo-August 14, 2012. Ikhredithi Yesithombe: US Coast Guard
Yonke idatha ikhishwe emithonjeni elandelayo:
Fishwise. (2014, Mashi). ITraficked II – Isifinyezo Esibuyekeziwe Sokuhlukunyezwa Kwamalungelo Abantu Embonini Yezokudla Kwasolwandle.