I-MMPA kanye ne-Dire Harm

Esikhathini esiningi seminyaka engamashumi amabili nesigamu edlule, nginikele amandla ami olwandle, empilweni yangaphakathi, nakubantu abaningi nabo abazinikele ekuthuthukiseni ifa lethu lolwandle. Umsebenzi omningi engiwenzile uphathelene noMthetho Wokuvikela Izilwane Ezincelisayo Zasolwandle mayelana nawo Ngike ngabhala ngaphambili.

Eminyakeni engamashumi amane nanhlanu edlule, uMongameli uNixon wasayina uMthetho Wokuvikelwa Kwezilwane Zasolwandle (i-MMPA) waba ngumthetho futhi waqala indaba entsha yobudlelwano baseMelika nemikhomo, amahlengethwa, ama-dugong, ama-manatee, amabhere amhlophe, ama-sea otters, ama-walrus, amabhubesi olwandle, nezinja zasolwandle. yazo zonke izinhlobo. Akuyona indaba ephelele. Akuzona zonke izinhlobo ezikhona emanzini aseMelika ezilulamayo. Kodwa abaningi basesimweni esingcono kakhulu kunalokho ababeyikho ngo-1972, futhi okubaluleke nakakhulu, emashumini eminyaka edlule siye safunda okwengeziwe ngomakhelwane bethu basolwandle—amandla okuxhumana kwemikhaya yabo, imizila yabo yokufuduka, izindawo zabo zokuzalela, indima yabo emvelweni. iwebhu yempilo, kanye negalelo labo ekuthathweni kwekhabhoni olwandle.

I-Sea Lion pup eBig Sur, eCalifornia. Ikhredithi: Kace Rodriguez @ Unsplash

Sifunde futhi ngamandla okubuyisela kanye nokwanda kwengozi obekungalindelekile. I-MMPA yayihloselwe ukuvumela abaphathi bethu bezilwane zasendle ukuthi bacabangele yonke i-ecosystem—zonke izinhlobo zezindawo zokuhlala ezidingwa izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle phakathi nomjikelezo wazo wokuphila—izindawo zokudla, izindawo zokuphumula, izindawo zokukhulisa amaphuphu azo. Kubonakala kulula, kodwa akunjalo. Kuhlale kunemibuzo okumele iphendulwe.

Eziningi zalezi zinhlobo ziyafuduka ngezikhathi ezithile—imikhomo ecula eHawaii ebusika yenza izivakashi zibambe ongezansi ezindaweni zazo zokudla ehlobo e-Alaska. Baphephe kangakanani emzileni wabo? Ezinye izinhlobo zidinga indawo emhlabeni nasolwandle ukuze zifuduke kanye nezidingo zazo—ibhere elimhlophe, i-walrus, nezinye. Ingabe ukuthuthukiswa noma omunye umsebenzi ukhawulele ukufinyelela kwabo?

Bengilokhu ngicabanga kakhulu nge-MMPA ngoba imele ukucabanga kwethu okuphezulu nokungcono kakhulu mayelana nobudlelwano bomuntu nolwandle. Ihlonipha lezo zidalwa ezithembele emanzini ahlanzekile olwandle anempilo, amabhishi, nezindawo ezisogwini, kuyilapho ivumela imisebenzi yabantu ukuthi iqhubeke—okufana nokuhamba kancane endaweni yesikole. Yazisa imithombo yemvelo yaseMelika futhi ilwela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ifa lethu elifanayo, impahla yethu evamile, ayilinyazwa ukuze kuzuze abantu ngabanye. Imisa izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi kodwa ulwandle luyinkimbinkimbi kanjalo nezidingo zempilo ngaphakathi-njengoba nje imiphakathi yethu yabantu iyinkimbinkimbi, kanjalo nokuhlangabezana nezidingo zempilo ngaphakathi.

Nokho, kukhona ababuka i-MMPA bathi iyisithiyo ekwenzeni inzuzo, ukuthi akuwona umthwalo kahulumeni ukuvikela izinsiza zomphakathi, ukuthi ukuvikelwa kwezithakazelo zomphakathi kungashiyelwa ezinhlanganweni ezizimele ngokuzibophezela okuqondakalayo ekwenzeni inzuzo ngaphezu kwakho konke. okunye. Laba ngabantu okubonakala bebambelele enkolelweni engavamile yokuthi imithombo yolwandle ayinamkhawulo—naphezu kwezikhumbuzo ezingapheli ezibonisa lokho. Laba ngabantu ababonakala bekholelwa ukuthi imisebenzi emisha ehlukahlukene edaleka ukwanda kwezilwane ezincelisayo olwandle ayiyona into yangempela; Lowo moya ohlanzekile namanzi akuzange kuyisize imiphakathi ukuba ichume; nokuthi izigidi zabantu baseMelika zazisa izilwane zabo ezincelisayo zasolwandle njengengxenye yefa lethu elifanayo kanye nefa lethu ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Abantu basebenzisa ulwazimagama olukhethekile lapho bebukela phansi ikhono lomphakathi lokunquma isiphetho sezinsiza zomphakathi. Bakhuluma ngokwenza lula—okuyinto cishe njalo esho ukweqa izinyathelo noma ukunciphisa isikhathi sokubheka imiphumela engaba khona yalokho abafuna ukukwenza. Ithuba lokuba umphakathi ubuyekeze futhi uphawule. Ithuba lokuthi abamelene nabo bazwakale. Bakhuluma ngokwenza lula okuvame ukusho ukweqa izimfuneko eziphazamisayo ukuze bathathe izinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi abafuna ukukwenza ngeke kubangele umonakalo NGAPHAMBI kokuba baqale ukukwenza. Bakhuluma ngokungenzeleli lapho abakushoyo ukuthi bafuna ukukhulisa inzuzo yabo ngezindleko zabakhokhi bentela. Baphambanisa ngamabomu umqondo obalulekile wamalungelo omhlaba kanye nesifiso sabo sokwenza kube yimfihlo imithombo yethu evamile yomphakathi ukuze bazuze yona. Bafuna inkundla yokudlala esezingeni labo bonke abasebenzisi basolwandle - kanti nokho inkundla yokudlala esezingeni kufanele icabangele labo abadinga ulwandle impilo yabo yonke kanye nalabo abafuna nje ukuxhaphaza izinsiza ezingaphansi.

Kuneziphakamiso eCapitol Hill nasezikhungweni ezehlukene, okuhlanganisa noMnyango Wezamandla, ezizonciphisa unomphela amandla omphakathi okulinganisa ukusungulwa kwezimboni zolwandle lwethu. Amazwe, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, nemiphakathi yasogwini izolahlekelwa ikhono layo lokusebenzisa umthetho, ukunciphisa ubungozi bayo, noma ukuthola ingxenye yazo yesinxephezelo ngokuvumela izinkampani ezizimele ukuthi zihlomule kusisetshenziswa somphakathi. Kuneziphakamiso ezikhulula lezo zinkampani ekubeni necala futhi zibeke phambili imisebenzi yazo yezimboni ngaphezu kwayo yonke eminye imisebenzi—ukuvakasha, ukubuka imikhomo, ukudoba, ukukama ogwini, ukubhukuda, ukuhamba ngomkhumbi, njalo njalo.

Ngokusobala, akukho ukushoda komsebenzi wethu, okuhlanganisa nozakwethu, umphakathi we-The Ocean Foundation, kanye nalabo abakhathalelayo. Futhi, akukhona ukuthi ngicabanga ukuthi i-MMPA iphelele. Ayizange ilindele izinhlobo zezinguquko ezibalulekile kumazinga okushisa olwandle, amakhemikhali olwandle, nokujula kolwandle okungase kudale ukungqubuzana lapho kwakungekho khona ngaphambili. Ayizange ilindele ukwanda okumangazayo kwemikhumbi, kanye nezingxabano ezingase zivele emikhunjini emikhulu kakhulu enamachweba amakhulu kakhulu kanye nokuhamba kancane kancane. Ayizange ilindele ukwanda okumangalisayo komsindo okhiqizwa umuntu olwandle. I-MMPA ibonakale ikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, nokho– isize imiphakathi ukuthi ihlukanise umnotho wayo ngezindlela ezingalindelekile. Kuye kwasiza inqwaba yezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ukuba ziphinde zivuke. Inikeze inkundla lapho kuzosungulwa khona ubuchwepheshe obusha ukuze imisebenzi yabantu ibeke ubungozi obuncane.

Mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu, i-MMPA ikhombisa ukuthi iMelika ingeyokuqala ekuvikeleni izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle—futhi ezinye izizwe zilandele ukuhola kwethu ngokudala indawo ephephile, noma izindawo ezikhethekile zokungcebeleka, noma ukukhawulela ukuvunwa ngokweqile okubeka ukuphila kwazo engozini. Futhi sakwazi ukwenza lokho futhi sisenokukhula komnotho futhi sahlangabezana nezidingo zenani labantu elikhulayo. Njengoba silwela ukwakha kabusha inani lemikhomo yaseNyakatho ye-Atlantic noma i-Belugas yase-Cook Inlet, futhi njengoba sisebenzela ukubhekana nokufa okungaqondakali kwezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ezivela ogwini nakweminye imithombo yabantu, singama kulezo zimiso ezibalulekile zokuvikela izinsiza zomphakathi izizukulwane ezizayo.