Oceans Big Think

I-Oceans Big Think - Yethula Izinselelo Ezinkulu Zokongiwa Kolwandle - eScripps Institution of Oceanography

nguMark J. Spalding, uMongameli

Ngangisanda kuchitha isonto lonke I-Loreto, idolobha elisogwini esifundazweni sase-Baja California Sur, eMexico.  Lapho ngakhunjuzwa ukuthi njengoba nje yonke ipolitiki iyindawo, kanjalo nokongiwa kwemvelo—futhi ngokuvamile kuhlangene njengoba wonke umuntu elwela ukulinganisa izithakazelo eziningi zempilo yezinsiza sonke esithembele kuzo. I-plaque yokuqoka indawo yamagugu omhlaba, abafundi abahlomule ekuqoqweni kwezimali kwangoMgqibelo ebusuku, kanye nokukhathazeka kwezakhamuzi konke kuyisikhumbuzo esiphathekayo sezingcezu ezincane, kodwa ezibalulekile zezinselele zomhlaba wonke esizama ukuzixazulula.

Ngabuyiselwa ngokushesha ezingeni lezinyawo eziyizinkulungwane eziningi lapho ngifika eSan Diego ngobusuku bangeSonto lakamuva. Ukumisa izinselelo kusho ukuthi zikhona izixazululo, okuyinto enhle. Ngakho-ke, bengise-Scripps Institution of Oceanography ngihambele umhlangano obizwa nge-“Oceans Big Think” obuhloselwe ukuhlonza izixazululo ezingakhiqizwa ngomklomelo noma ngomncintiswano wenselelo (ukusungula izinto ezintsha kungenzeka ngemiklomelo, ama-hackathons, izikhathi zokuklama, eziqondisiwe. emisha, imiqhudelwano yasenyuvesi, njll.). Ibanjwe yi-Conservation X Labs kanye ne-World Wildlife Fund, ibigxile kakhulu ekusebenziseni ubuchwepheshe nobunjiniyela ukuxazulula izinkinga ezibhekene nolwandle lwethu. Iningi labantu lalingebona ochwepheshe bezolwandle—ababungazi balubiza ngokuthi “ingqungquthela yochwepheshe abakhethiwe, abasunguli bezinto ezintsha, nabatshalizimali” ababehlangene “ukuze bacabange kabusha ukongiwa kolwandle,” ukuze baxhumanise amachashazi akhona ngezindlela ezintsha zokuxazulula izinkinga ezindala.

Kwa-The Ocean Foundation, sibona ukuxazulula izinkinga njengokuwumgogodla womsebenzi wethu, futhi sibheka amathuluzi esinawo njengabalulekile, kodwa futhi njengengxenye yendlela ebanzi, enezinhlangothi eziningi. Sifuna isayensi isazise, ​​sifuna izixazululo zobuchwepheshe nezobunjiniyela zihlolwe futhi zisetshenziswe lapho kufanele khona. Bese, sifuna futhi ukuvikela nokuqondisa amagugu ethu afanayo (izinsiza zethu ezabiwe) ngenqubomgomo nezinhlaka zokulawula ezisebenzisekayo futhi eziphoqelelwe. Ngamanye amazwi, ubuchwepheshe buyithuluzi. Akuyona inhlamvu yesiliva. Futhi, ngaleyo ndlela ngize ku-Oceans Big Think ngesilinganiso esinempilo sokungabaza.

Izinselelo ezinkulu zihloselwe ukuba yindlela enethemba lokubeka ohlwini izinsongo olwandle. Ithemba liwukuchaza ukuthi izinselelo zimele amathuba. Ngokusobala, njengesiqalo okwabelwana ngaso, isayensi yolwandle (yezinto eziphilayo, ezomzimba, amakhemikhali, kanye nezakhi zofuzo) inokuningi okungasazisa ngayo mayelana nezinsongo zokuphila kolwandle kanye nempilo yabantu kanye nokuphila kahle. Kulo mhlangano, idokhumenti engemuva "yokwakheka kwezwe" iveze izinsongo eziyi-10 olwandle okufanele zihlolwe ukuze ochwepheshe abaqoqiwe banqume ukuthi "inselele enkulu" ingathuthukiswa yini njengendlela yokuthola isixazululo sanoma yiziphi noma zonke.
Lezi yizinsongo ezingu-10 olwandle njengoba zifakwe idokhumenti:

1. I-Blue Revolution Yezilwandle: I-Reengineering Aquaculture for Sustainability
2. Ukuqeda kanye Nokubuyiselwa Kumfucumfucu Yasolwandle
3. Ukungafihli nokulandeleka ukusuka olwandle ukuya ogwini: Ukuphelisa Ukudoba Ngokudlulele
4. Ukuvikela Izindawo Ezihlala Ezilwandle Ezibucayi: Amathuluzi Amasha Okuvikela Olwandle
5. I-Engineering Ecological Resilience in Nearshore and Coastal Area
6. Ukunciphisa I-Ecological Footprint Yokudoba Nge-Smart Gear
7. Ukubopha Ukuhlasela Kwe-alien: Ukulwa Nezinhlobo Ezihlaselayo
8. Ukulwa Nemiphumela Ye-Ocean Acidification
9. Ukuqeda Ukushushumbiswa Kwezilwane Zasolwandle
10. Ukuvuselela Izindawo Ezifile: Ukulwa Nokuphelelwa Omoya Olwandle, Izindawo Ezifile, kanye Nokugeleza Kwezakhi

Kusukela ekusabiseni, inhloso ukuhlonza izixazululo ezingaba khona, nokuthi ngabe kukhona yini kuzo ezibolekayo emqhudelwaneni oyinselelo. Okusho ukuthi, iyiphi ingxenye yosongo, noma isimo esingaphansi esenza usongo lube lubi nakakhulu, olungaxazululwa ngokukhipha inselelo ebandakanya umphakathi obanzi ngobuchwepheshe ekuyixazululeni? Izinselelo kuhloswe ngazo ukudala izikhuthazo zesikhashana zokutshala imali ezisombululweni, ngokuvamile ngomklomelo wemali (isb. i-Wendy Schmidt Ocean Health XPrize). Ithemba liwukuthi umklomelo uzovusa isixazululo esiguquguqukayo ngokwanele ukuze usisize sigxumele ezinyathelweni eziningi ezihamba kancane, zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela sithuthukele ngokushesha ekusimameni. Abaxhasi kanye nezikhungo ezilandela le miqhudelwano bafuna uguquko olungenzeka ngokushesha, esikhathini esingaphansi kakhulu kweminyaka eyishumi. Kuhloswe ukuba kuthathe ijubane futhi kwandise izinga lezixazululo: Konke kubhekene nesivinini esisheshayo kanye nesilinganiso esikhulu sokubhujiswa kolwandle. Futhi uma isixazululo singatholwa ngobuchwepheshe obusetshenzisiwe noma ubunjiniyela, amandla okuthengisa adala izikhuthazo zesikhathi eside, okuhlanganisa ukutshalwa kwezimali okwengeziwe okuqhubekayo.

Kwezinye izimo, ubuchwepheshe sebuvele buthuthukisiwe kodwa abukamukelwa kabanzi ngenxa yobunzima nezindleko. Khona-ke umklomelo ungase ukwazi ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obungabiza kakhulu. Sisanda kukubona lokhu emqhudelwaneni we-XPrize ukuze sakhe izinzwa ze-pH ezinembe kakhudlwana, ezihlala isikhathi eside, nezingabizi ukuze zisetshenziswe ulwandle. Owinile uyiyunithi engu-$2,000 eyenza kangcono kunezinga lamanje lemboni, elibiza u-$15,000 futhi alihlali isikhathi eside noma lithembekile.

Lapho i-Ocean Foundation ihlola izixazululo ezihlongozwayo zobuchwepheshe noma zobunjiniyela, siyazi ukuthi kudingeka siqaphele futhi sicabange kanzima ngemiphumela engahlosiwe, njengoba sibona ubucayi bemiphumela yokungathathi isinyathelo sokubhekana nalezi zinsongo. Kudingeka siqhubeke ngokubuza imibuzo mayelana nokuthi yimuphi umonakalo otholakala eziphakamisweni ezifana nokulahla amafayili ensimbi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhula kolwelwe; ukukhiqiza izinto eziphilayo eziguqulwe ngofuzo (GMOs); ukwethula izinhlobo zezilwane ukuze kunqandwe abahlaseli abanolaka; noma ukudosa izixhobo ngama-antacid—kanye nokuphendula leyo mibuzo ngaphambi kokuba noma yikuphi ukuhlola kufinyelele esikalini. Futhi, sidinga ukugcizelela izixazululo zemvelo nokulungiswa kwebhayoloji okusebenzisana ne-ecosystem yethu, kunezisombululo ezinjiniyela ezingasebenzi.

Ngesikhathi "somcabango omkhulu" kwa-Scripps, iqembu lehlise uhlu ukuze ligxile ekufuyweni kwasemanzini okusimeme kanye nokudoba okungekho emthethweni. Lokhu okubili kuhlobene ngokuthi ukufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini, osekusezingeni lezentengiselwano emhlabeni wonke kanye nokukhula, kubangela isidingo esikhulu sompuphu kanye nowoyela wezinhlanzi okuholela ekudobeni ngokweqile ezindaweni ezithile.

Endabeni yokusimama kwezilwane zasemanzini, kungase kube nenani lobuchwepheshe noma izixazululo zobunjiniyela ezingaba isihloko somklomelo noma inselele yokuncintisana ukushintsha amasistimu / okokufaka.
Lawa yilawo ochwepheshe begumbi abawabona njengakhuluma ngamazinga athile aphathelene nezasemanzini:

• Thuthukisa ubuchwepheshe be-aquaculture obuklanyelwe izinhlobo ezidla utshani ezingafuywanga njengamanje (ukulima izinhlanzi ezidla inyama kungasebenzi kahle)
• Zalisa (njengoba kuye kwenziwa ekufuyweni kwezilwane zasemhlabeni) izinhlanzi ezinezilinganiso ezingcono zokuguqulwa kokuphakelayo (impumelelo esekelwe kufuzo, ngaphandle kokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo)
• Dala ukudla okusha okunomsoco kakhulu, okubiza izindleko (okungancikile ekuqedeni isitokwe esibanjiwe sasendle sesidlo sezinhlanzi noma samafutha ezinhlanzi)
• Thuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obungabizi kakhulu, obuphindaphindekayo ukuze uhlukanise ukukhiqizwa ukuze kusondele ezimakethe (kugqugquzela ukunyakaza kwendawo) ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana neziphepho, ukuhlanganiswa namapulazi emvelo asemadolobheni, kanye nokunciphisa ukulimala ogwini.

Ukuze kunqandwe ukudoba okungekho emthethweni, ochwepheshe ababekulelo gumbi bacabange ukuphinda kwenziwe kabusha kobuchwepheshe obukhona, okuhlanganisa nezinhlelo zokuqapha imikhumbi, ama-drones, ama-AUV, amaza okundiza, amasathelayithi, izinzwa, nemishini yokubuka ama-acoustic ukuze kwandiswe ukukhanya.
Sizibuze imibuzo eminingi futhi sazama ukukhomba lapho umklomelo (noma inselele efanayo) ungasiza ukuhambisa izinto ziye ebuphathini obungcono: 

• Uma ukuzibusa komphakathi (ukunqoba komphakathi) kuhlanganisa ukuqondisa okuhle kakhulu kwezokudoba (isibonelo); senza kanjani okwengeziwe? Sidinga ukubuza ukuthi isebenza kanjani. Kulezo zimo zesilinganiso sendawo yonke isikebhe nabo bonke abadobi bayaziwa futhi bayabukwa. Umbuzo owethulwa ubuchwepheshe obutholakalayo ngowokuthi singakwazi yini ukuphinda lokhu kuqaphela nokuqapha ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu lendawo sisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe. 
• Futhi uma sicabanga ukuthi singabona futhi sazi yonke imikhumbi kanye nabo bonke abadobi kuleso sikali esikhulu sendawo, okusho ukuthi singakwazi futhi ukubona abadobi abangekho emthethweni, ingabe sinayo indlela yokwabelana ngalolo lwazi emiphakathini ekude (ikakhulukazi eziqhingini ezincane ezisathuthuka) ; ezinye zazo ezingenawo ugesi, i-Internet nemisakazo? Noma lapho ukuthola idatha kungeyona inkinga, kuthiwani mayelana namandla okucubungula amanani amakhulu wedatha futhi uhlale unolwazi lwakamuva ngayo?
• Ingabe sinayo indlela yokuvimbela labo abephula umthetho ngesikhathi sangempela (ngokuqhathaniswa)? Ingabe izinxephezelo zingahle zenzelwe ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho yokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi kanye nokubikwa kwabanye abadobi (ngoba ngeke kube khona uxhaso olwanele lokuphoqelela umthetho)? Isibonelo, ingabe ama-transponders omkhumbi anciphisa izindleko zomshwalense ngenxa yenzuzo eseceleni yokugwema ukushayisana? Ingabe izindleko zomshwalense zinganyuka uma umkhumbi ubikwa futhi uqinisekiswa?
• Noma, ingabe ngolunye usuku singafika esilinganisweni sekhamera yejubane, noma simise ikhamera ekhanyayo, ethatha isithombe somsebenzi wokudoba ongekho emthethweni isuka kusilayida esizimele, isilayishe kusathelayithi futhi ikhiphe inhlawulo (kanye nenhlawulo) ngqo umnikazi wesikebhe. Ikhamera enencazelo ephezulu ikhona, i-wave glider ikhona, nekhono lokulayisha isithombe nezixhumanisi ze-GPS likhona.  

Izinhlelo zokuhlola ziyaqhubeka ukuze sibone ukuthi singakuhlanganisa yini esesikwazi kakade futhi sikusebenzise emisebenzini yokudoba engekho emthethweni ngezikebhe ezisemthethweni zokudoba. Kodwa-ke, njengoba sesivele sazi ezenzakalweni ezisekhona zokuvinjelwa komsebenzi wokudoba ongekho emthethweni, kuvame ukuba nzima kakhulu ukwazi ubuzwe bangempela kanye nobunikazi bomkhumbi wokudoba. Futhi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezikude e-Pacific noma eNingizimu Nenkabazwe, silwakha kanjani uhlelo lokunakekela nokulungisa amarobhothi asebenza ezindaweni ezinonya emanzini anosawoti?

Iqembu liphinde labona isidingo sokulinganisa kangcono esikuthatha olwandle, sigweme ukubhala ngokungeyikho, futhi sinciphise izindleko zokuqinisekisa imikhiqizo nezindawo zokudoba ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulandeleka. Ingabe ukulandeleka kunengxenye yobuchwepheshe? Yebo, liyakwenza. Futhi, kunenani labantu abasebenza kumathegi ahlukahlukene, amabhakhodi akwazi ukuskena, ngisho nabafundi bekhodi yofuzo. Ingabe siyawudinga umncintiswano wemiklomelo ukuze siphushe umsebenzi osuvele wenziwe futhi sigxumele esixazululweni esiphezulu sekilasi ngokubeka imibandela yalokho esikudingayo ukuze sikufeze? Futhi, noma kunjalo, ingabe ukutshalwa kwezimali ekulandeleleni kolwandle kuya etafuleni kusebenza kuphela emikhiqizweni yezinhlanzi zenani eliphakeme emazweni athuthukile anemali engenayo ephezulu?

Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, inkinga ngobunye balobu buchwepheshe obuhlobene nokubuka nokubhala imibhalo ukuthi bakha idatha eningi. Kufanele sikulungele ukuphatha leyo datha, futhi nakuba wonke umuntu ewathanda amagajethi amasha, ambalwa athanda ukulungiswa, futhi kunzima nakakhulu ukuthola imali yokuwakhokhela. Futhi idatha evulekile, efinyelelekayo ingaqalisa ukudayiswa kwedatha engase idale isizathu sokuthengisa sokunakekelwa. Noma kunjalo, idatha engaguqulelwa olwazini iyisimo esidingekayo kodwa esinganele sokushintsha ukuziphatha. Ekugcineni, idatha nolwazi kufanele kwabiwe ngendlela ehlanganisa izinkomba kanye nohlobo olufanele lwezikhuthazo zokushintsha ubudlelwano bethu nolwandle.

Ekupheleni kosuku, abasingathi bethu base bengene kulwazi lwabantu abangamashumi amahlanu egumbini futhi bathuthukise uhlu olusalungiswa lwezinselele ezingaba khona. Njengayo yonke imizamo yokusheshisa izinqubo, sisekhona isidingo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi izigaba zokugxumela ekuthuthukisweni kwesistimu azibangeli imiphumela engahlosiwe engase iphazamise ukuqhubeka, noma, isibuyisele emuva ngezindawo esizijwayele ukuze siphinde sisebenze kulezi zinkinga. Ukuphatha okuhle kuncike ekusetshenzisweni kahle nasekuqinisweni komthetho. Njengoba silwela ukwenza ngcono ubudlelwano babantu nolwandle, kufanele futhi silwele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lezo zindlela zikhona ukuze kuvikelwe imiphakathi esengozini yazo zonke izinhlobo, emanzini nasemhlabeni. Lelo nani eliwumongo kufanele lihlanganiswe kunoma iyiphi “inselelo” esiyikhiqizayo ukuze umphakathi omkhulu wabantu usungule isixazululo.