Umphakathi Wethu Wofudu Lwasolwandle

UMark Spalding

Eminyakeni ethile edlule, ngangisengqungqutheleni ekude enyakatho yeMalaysia bude buduze nomngcele waseThailand. Okunye okuvelele kwalolo hambo kwaba ukuvakasha kwethu ebusuku e-Ma'Daerah Turtle Sanctuary lapho ukukhululwa kwe-Green Sea Turtles kwakwenzeka. Bekumnandi ukuthola ithuba lokuhlangana nabantu abazinikele ekuvikeleni izimfudu nezindawo ezithembele kuzo. Ngibe nenhlanhla yokuvakashela izidleke zofudu lwasolwandle emazweni amaningi ahlukene. Ngiye ngakubona kokubili ukufika kwezinsikazi zizomba izidleke zazo futhi zizalele amaqanda azo, nokuchanyuselwa kwezimfudu zasolwandle ezincane, ezinesisindo esingaphansi kwengxenye yephawundi. Ngimangele ngohambo lwabo oluzimisele ukuya onqenqemeni lwamanzi, bedabula amagagasi olwandle, baphumele olwandle. Abayeki ukumangala.

U-April yinyanga esibungaza ngayo izimfudu zasolwandle lapha e-The Ocean Foundation. Kunezinhlobo eziyisikhombisa zezimfudu zasolwandle, eyodwa yazo itholakala e-Australia kuphela. Ezinye eziyisithupha zizulazula olwandle lwembulunga yonke futhi zonke zibhekwa njengezisengozini ngaphansi koMthetho wase-US. Izimfudu zasolwandle nazo zivikelekile emhlabeni jikelele ngaphansi kweNgqungquthela Yokuhwebelana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Ngezilwane Ezisengozini Yokushabalala Yezitshalo Nezilwane Zasendle noma i-CITES. CITES yisivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe esineminyaka engamashumi amane sasayinwa yizizwe eziyi-176 ukuze zilawule ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe ngezilwane nezitshalo. Ezimfudumeni zasolwandle, kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba imingcele yezwe ayisho lukhulu emizileni yazo efudukayo. Ukusebenzisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kuphela okungabavikela. Zonke izinhlobo eziyisithupha zezimfudu zasolwandle ezifudukela kwamanye amazwe zibalwe ku-CITES Appendix 1, enikeza izinga eliphezulu lokuvikela ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe ngezinhlobo ezisengozini.

Izimfudu zasolwandle ziyamangalisa ngokwazo—amatilosi anokuthula abanzi olwandle lwethu lomhlaba wonke, aphuma ezimfudumeni zasolwandle ezavela eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi eziyikhulu edlule. Ziphinde zibe umsunguli wendlela ubuhlobo babantu nolwandle obuqhubeka ngayo—futhi kufika imibiko evela emhlabeni wonke yokuthi kudingeka senze okwengeziwe nangcono.

Njengoba ibizwa ngekhanda layo elincane kanye noqhwaku olucijile, olufana nezinyoni, ama-hawksbill angafinyelela emifantwini nasemifantwini yezixhobo zamakhorali efuna ukudla. Ukudla kwabo kukhethekile kakhulu, badla izipontshi kuphela. Njengoba ibizwa ngekhanda layo elincane kanye noqhwaku olucijile, olufana nezinyoni, ama-hawksbill angafinyelela emifantwini nasemifantwini yezixhobo zamakhorali efuna ukudla. Ukudla kwabo kukhethekile kakhulu, badla izipontshi kuphela. Amabhishi asele okuzalela kuwo lapho izimfudu zasolwandle ezinsikazi zibuyela kuwo kaningi esikhathini sokuphila kwazo ziyashabalala ngenxa yokukhuphuka kwamanzi, okunezela ekulahlekelweni okukhona okuvela ogwini ngenxa yentuthuko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lokushisa lezidleke ezimbiwa kulawo mabhishi linquma ubulili bamachwane ofudu. Amazinga okushisa afudumeza isihlabathi kulawo mabhishi, okusho ukuthi kuchanyuselwa abesifazane abaningi kunabesilisa. Njengoba abadobi bedonsa amanetha abo, noma imikhumbi emide idonsa izingwegwe zabo eziboshelwe kumakhilomitha amaningi odobo lokudoba, ngokuvamile kuba nezimfudu zasolwandle ezibanjwe ngephutha (futhi ziminze) nezinhlanzi eziqondiswe kubo. Izindaba zalolu hlobo lwasendulo azivamile ukuba zizinhle, kodwa likhona ithemba.

Njengoba ngibhala, uchungechunge lwaminyaka yonke lofudu lwasolwandle lwama-34 luyaqhubeka eNew Orleans. Eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi I-Symposium yaminyaka yonke ye-Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation, isingathwa minyaka yonke yi-International Sea Turtle Society (ISTS). Kusuka emhlabeni wonke, kuyo yonke imikhakha namasiko, ababambiqhaza bayabuthana ukuze babelane ngolwazi futhi bahlangane bezungeza izintshisekelo ezifanayo nenjongo: ukulondolozwa kwezimfudu zasolwandle nendawo yazo.

I-Ocean Foundation iyaziqhenya ukuxhasa lo mcimbi wokwakha umphakathi, futhi iyaziqhenya ngamalungu omphakathi wethu anikela ngobuchule bawo embuthanweni. I-Ocean Foundation iyikhaya lamaphrojekthi angu-9 agxile ezimfudumeni zasolwandle futhi isisekele inqwaba eyengeziwe ngokwenza kwayo izibonelelo. Ngezansi kunezibonelo ezimbalwa zamaphrojekthi ethu ofudu lwasolwandle. Ukuze ubuke wonke amaphrojekthi ethu, sicela uchofoze lapha.

I-CMRC: Izimfudu zasolwandle ziwuhlobo olukhathazayo ngokukhethekile ngaphansi kwephrojekthi yeCuba Marine Research and Conservation okugxilwe kuyo ngokuyinhloko kule phrojekthi kuwukwenza ucwaningo olunzulu logu lwezindawo zokuhlala zasolwandle emanzini aseCuba.

I-ICAPO: I-Eastern Pacific Hawksbill Initiative (ICAPO) yasungulwa ngokusemthethweni ngoJulayi 2008 ukuze ikhuthaze ukutholwa kwezimfudu ze-hawksbill empumalanga ye-Pacific.

I-ProCaguama: I-Proyecto Caguama (i-Operation Loggerhead) ibambisana ngqo nabadobi ukuze baqinisekise inhlalakahle yemiphakathi edobayo kanye nezimfudu zasolwandle ngokufanayo. Izinhlanzi ezidotshwayo zingabeka engcupheni impilo yabadobi kanye nezinhlobo ezisengozini yokushabalala njengofudu lwe-loggerhead. Ukuzalela izidleke e-Japan kuphela, lesi sibalo sabantu sehle kakhulu ngenxa yokubanjwa kakhulu kwezinhlanzi.

Iphrojekthi ye-Sea Turtle Bycatch: I-Sea Turtle Bycatch ikhuluma ngezindaba eziphathelene nomthelela wokudoba endaweni ezungezile yasolwandle ngokuhlonza izindawo ezitholakala kuzo izimfudu zasolwandle ezithathwe ngengozi (ezibanjwe ngokungemthetho) ezindaweni zokudoba emhlabeni jikelele, futhi ikakhulukazi lezo eziseduze ne-USA.

BHEKA OFudu: BHEKA I-Turtles ixhuma abahambi namavolontiya ezindaweni ezinomfudu kanye nabaqhubi bezokuvakasha abanomthwalo wemfanelo. Isikhwama sethu se-Sea Turtle Fund sihlinzeka ngezibonelelo ezinhlanganweni ezisebenzela ukuvikela amabhishi aklama izidleke, ukukhuthaza izinto zokudoba eziphephile zofudu, kanye nokunciphisa izinsongo olwandle emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuze ujoyine umphakathi wokongiwa kofudu lwasolwandle, unganikela ku-Sea Turtle Conservation Fund yethu. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, sicela uchofoze lapha.

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Izinhlobo Zezimfudu Zasolwandle

Ufudu oluluhlaza—Izimfudu eziluhlaza ziyizimfudu ezinkulu ezinamagobolondo aqinile (zinesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu angu-300 namafidi angu-3 ububanzi. Izidleke ezimbili ezinkulu kunazo zonke zitholakala ogwini lwaseCaribbean eCosta Rica, lapho izidleke zezinsikazi ezingu-22,500 ngesizini ngokwesilinganiso naseRaine Island, ku-Great Barrier Reef e-Australia, lapho abesifazane abangu-18,000 benza izidleke ngesizini ngayinye.

I-Hawksbill-Ama-Hawksbill angamalungu amancane omndeni wofudu lwasolwandle. Ngokuvamile zihlotshaniswa nezixhobo zamakhorali ezempilo-zikhoselise emigedeni emincane, zidla izinhlobo ezithile zezipontshi. Izimfudu ze-Hawksbill ziyi-circumtropical, ngokuvamile zenzeka ukusuka ku-30° N ukuya ku-30° S latitude e-Atlantic, Pacific, kanye noLwandlekazi lwase-Indian kanye nemithombo yamanzi ehlobene.

Lena indawo ka-Kemp-Lolu fudu lufinyelela kumakhilogremu angu-100 futhi kufika kuma-intshi angu-28 ububanzi, futhi lutholakala kulo lonke elaseGulf of Mexico kanye nase-Eastern Seaboard yase-US. Ukuzalela okuningi kwenzeka esifundeni saseTamaulipas, eMexico. I-Nesting ibonwe eTexas, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile eCarolinas naseFlorida.

Isikhumba emuva—Ngesinye sezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinkulu emhlabeni, i-Leatherback ingafinyelela isisindo esiyithani futhi ibe ngaphezu kwamamitha ayisithupha ububanzi. Njengoba kuxoxwe ngakho kubhulogi edlule ethi LINK, i-leatherback ingabekezelela ububanzi obubanzi bamazinga okushisa kunezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Amabhishi ayo okuzalela kuwo angatholakala eNtshonalanga Afrika, enyakatho yeNingizimu Melika, nasezindaweni ezimbalwa e-US

I-Loggerhead-Ziqanjwe ngamakhanda azo amakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa, asekela imihlathi enamandla, ziyakwazi ukudla inyamazane enamagobolondo aqinile, njengama-whelks nama-conch. Zitholakala kulo lonke elaseCaribbean nakwamanye amanzi asogwini.

U-Olive ridley—Ufudu lwasolwandle oluningi kakhulu, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa kwalo kabanzi, lucishe lulingane nohlobo lwe-Kemp’s ridley. I-Olive rilleys isatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-South Atlantic, Pacific, kanye ne-Indian Oceans. E-South Atlantic Ocean, zitholakala ogwini lwe-Atlantic eNtshonalanga Afrika naseNingizimu Melika. EMpumalanga Pacific, zivela eSouthern California kuya eNyakatho Chile.