Iphephabhuku locwaningo (2005, Ikota yesi-3)

nguMark J. Spalding

I-Ocean Foundation "iyisisekelo somphakathi" sokuqala solwandle, esinawo wonke amathuluzi asekelwe kahle esisekelo somphakathi nokugxila okuyingqayizivele ekongiweni kwasolwandle. Ngakho-ke, i-Ocean Foundation ibhekana nezithiyo ezimbili ezinkulu ekongiweni olwandle ngempumelelo kakhudlwana: ukushoda kwemali kanye nokuntuleka kwendawo yokuxhumanisa ochwepheshe bezokongiwa kwasolwandle kalula kubaxhasi abafisa ukutshala imali. Umgomo wethu uwukusekela, ukuqinisa, nokukhuthaza lezo zinhlangano ezizinikele ekubuyiseleni umkhuba wokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zolwandle emhlabeni jikelele.

3rd Quarter 2005 Investments by The Ocean Foundation

Ngekota yesi-3 ka-2005, i-Ocean Foundation yagqamisa amaphrojekthi alandelayo, futhi yenza izibonelelo zokuwasekela: 

IZIPHENGULULO NOKUKONDISWA KOLWANDLE

IZINHLANZI

Inqwaba yemikhumbi yokudoba izimfanzi, ama-crane awo namanetha eshwibilika ezinhlangothini zawo njengamaphiko, aye aphonswa ogwini noma otshanini basolwandle. Balala behlangene noma bebodwa ema-engeli angajwayelekile . . . Izitshalo zokucubungula izimfanzi ku-bayou ziyaphihlizwa futhi zigcotshwe ngodaka olunuka kabi, ugqinsi lwamasentimitha. Amanzi asebohlile, kodwa yonke indawo inuka indle, udizili nokubola. (IntraFish Media, 7 September 2005)

Cishe u-30% wezinhlanzi ezidliwa e-US unyaka ngamunye zivela eGulf of Mexico, kanti ingxenye yawo wonke ama-oyster adliwayo avela emanzini ase-Louisiana. Iziphepho uKatrina noRita zabangela ukulahlekelwa okulinganiselwa ku-$2 billion embonini yezilwane zasolwandle, futhi lesi samba asibandakanyi ingqalasizinda eyonakele, njengezikebhe, amadokhu, nezitshalo. Ngenxa yalokho, i-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) imemezele inhlekelele yezokudoba eGulf, isinyathelo esidingekayo sokukhulula usizo kubadobi nezinhlangano zezinhlanzi zendawo kanye nezilwane zasendle.

Izinhlobo ezinjengezimfanzi ezinsundu nezimhlophe ezizala ogwini futhi zithuthele phakathi nezwe ukuze zihlale emaxhaphozini ziye zacekelwa phansi indawo yazo eminingi. Izikhulu zezinhlanzi nezilwane zasendle ziye zazwakalisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi kuzoba nokwanda kokubulawa kwezinhlanzi ngenxa “yezindawo ezifile,” izindawo ezinomoya-mpilo omncane noma ezingenawo nhlobo njengezinto ezibolayo eziye zakhukhuleka zangena emachibini naseGulf.

Ingxenye elinganiselwa kwengxenye kuya kwezintathu yemboni yokubamba ama-lobster eFlorida iye yasuswa ngenxa yokulimala kwemishini. Imboni ye-oyster yaseFlorida yaseFranklin County, kakade ebhekene nomonakalo obangelwa iSiphepho uDennis, manje ilwa negagasi elisha elibomvu kanye nemiphumela ebhubhisayo yeSiphepho uKatrina.

Okunye okuthintekile kwaba imboni yokudoba yokuzijabulisa ebalulekile e-Louisiana nakwezinye izifundazwe zase-Gulf. E-Louisiana, ukudoba kwezemidlalo kwenza amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-895 ekuthengisweni kwezitolo ngo-2004, futhi kwasekela imisebenzi engu-17,000 (Associated Press, 10/4/05).

Ubufakazi obuqanjiwe bokwehla okukhulu kwezinhlanzi ezidotshwayo ezinsukwini zangaphambi kweSiphepho uKatrina bubonisa ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi ezihlosiwe zashiya isifunda ngaphambi kwesiphepho. Nakuba lokhu kunikeza abadobi abaningi ithemba lokuthi izinhlanzi nokudoba kuyobuya ngelinye ilanga, kuzothatha isikhathi ngaphambi kokuba sazi ukuthi kuyoba nini, noma ukuthi kuyoba nempilo kangakanani.

UKUNGCOLA

Izilinganiso zomonakalo embonini yokudoba aziqali ukulandisa nganoma yikuphi ukulimala okungaba khona okuvela emanzini angcolile ampontshwa esuka eNew Orleans eya eLake Ponchartrain futhi esuka lapho engena eGulf. Okufakiwe kulokhu kukhathazeka imithelela yokugcwala kwenhlabathi kanye nobuthi embonini ye-oyster eyizigidi ezingama-$300 ngonyaka e-Louisiana. Okunye okukhathazayo izigidi zamalitha kawoyela achitheka phakathi neziphepho—kubikwa ukuthi izisebenzi zokuhlanza sezivele zikha noma zakhipha amalitha ayizigidi ezingu-2.5 zamafutha emaxhaphozini, emiseleni nasemazweni lapho ichitheke khona kakhulu.

Ngokusobala iziphepho bezilokhu zihlasela iGulf coast amakhulu eminyaka. Inkinga ukuthi i-Gulf manje isinezimboni kakhulu kangangokuthi lokhu kudala inhlekelele yesibili kubantu kanye ne-ecosystems esifundeni. Izitshalo eziningi ze-petrochemical, izizinda zemfucuza enobuthi, izindawo zokuhluza uwoyela nezinye izimboni zitholakala eduze kweGulf kanye nemisele yayo. Izikhulu zikahulumeni ezithintekayo ekukhucululeni zisasebenza ukuhlonza izigubhu “zezintandane” eziye zadedelwa futhi zachithwa yiziphepho nazo zilahlekelwe amalebula azo kulesi sikhukhula kulandela iziphepho zakamuva. Okwamanje akukacaci ukuthi yikuphi ukuchitheka kwamakhemikhali, ukuchichima kwendle noma obunye ubuthi obugezwe eGulf of Mexico noma ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi ezisele ezisogwini, noma ubukhulu bemfucumfucu ebuyiselwe eGulf ngokuhlehla kwesiphepho. Kuzothatha izinyanga ukususa imfucumfucu ezobamba amanetha okudoba nezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo. Izinsimbi ezisindayo “esobhoni elinobuthi” ezivela e-Katrina nase-Rita zingase zibe nomthelela wesikhathi eside ezinhlanzini zasogwini kanye ne-pelagic, okuholela ekwengezeni usongo ezimpilweni zabadobi besifunda bezentengiselwano nabezemidlalo, kanye nesimiso sezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle.

ISATHUBA LOKUBI ESIZAYO

Nakuba kungenakwenzeka ukusho noma yisiphi isiphepho esisodwa esibangelwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke cishe kubangela ukwanda kwemvamisa kanye nobudlova beziphepho ezihlasela i-United States. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umagazini i-Time ka-October 3 wabika ukwanda kweziphepho ezinamandla phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amabili edlule.

•     Isilinganiso sonyaka sesigaba sesi-4 noma seziphepho ezi-5 1970-1990: 10
• Isilinganiso sonyaka sesigaba 4 noma sesi-5 seziphepho zika-1990-manje: 18
• Isilinganiso sokunyuka kwezinga lokushisa lolwandle eGulf kusukela ngo-1970: 1 degree F

Okumele lezi ziphepho, noma kunjalo, isidingo sokugxila ekulungiseleleni izinhlekelele, noma ukuphendula ngokushesha ogwini kanye nezinhlangano ezisebenzela ukuvikela imithombo yazo yasolwandle. Siyazi ukuthi inani labantu emhlabeni liyafudukela ogwini, ukuthi ukukhula kwenani labantu ngeke kwehle emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule, nokuthi izibikezelo zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu zidinga ukwanda komfutho (okungenani), futhi ngokunokwenzeka nemvamisa, yalezi zinhlobo izivunguvungu. Isizini yangaphambili yeziphepho, kanye nenani elikhulayo namandla eziphepho kule minyaka emibili edlule kubonakala kuyizandulela zalokho esibhekana nakho esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Ukwengeza, ukukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle okucatshangwayo kungakhuphula ubungozi bogu ngenxa yeziphepho ngenxa yokuthi ama-levees nezinye izindlela zokuvikela izikhukhula zizogcwala kalula. Ngakho-ke, uKatrina noRita bangaba ngeyokuqala kweziningi zezinhlekelele zomphakathi wasogwini lwasemadolobheni esingazilindela—ezinemiphumela emibi kakhulu yemithombo yasolwandle yasogwini.

I-Ocean Foundation izoqhubeka nokuxhasa ngezimali ukusimama, inikeze usizo lapho singakwazi khona, futhi izofuna amathuba okusekela imizamo yezinhlangano zokulondoloza ugu kanye nezinhlaka zikahulumeni zokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthathwa kwezinqumo ezinhle kuyangena ezinhlelweni zokwakha kabusha nokubuyisela.

Amathuba Amasha Okutshala

I-TOF iqapha ngokucophelela ukuhamba phambili komsebenzi wokongiwa kolwandle, ithungatha izixazululo zempumelelo ezidinga uxhaso lwezimali nokusekelwa, futhi ikudlulisele ngolwazi olusha olubaluleke kakhulu.

I-WHO: Inhlangano Yokongiwa Kwezilwane Zasendle
kuphi: Amanzi ase-US/ IGulf of Mexico
Ini: I-Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary engu-42-square-nautical-mile ingenye yezindawo ezingcwele ezingu-13 eziqokwe ngokusemthethweni kuze kube manje, futhi itholakala eGulf of Mexico, cishe amakhilomitha angu-110 ukusuka ogwini lwaseTexas naseLouisiana. I-FGBNMS iphethe omunye wemiphakathi enempilo kakhulu yezixhobo zamakhorali esifundeni saseCaribbean, kanye nezixhobo zamakhorali ezisenyakatho kakhulu e-United States. Kuyikhaya labantu abanempilo bezinhlanzi ezibalulekile kwezentengiselwano nakwezomnotho, okuhlanganisa imidondoshiya emibili: inhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke kanye noshaka omkhomo osengcupheni emhlabeni wonke kanye ne-ray enkulu kunazo zonke, i-manta. I-Scuba diving ngaphakathi kwe-FGBNMS isekela umnotho wendawo futhi ithembele ebuningini bezilwane zasendle zasolwandle ukuze ihlangane noshaka be-whale, imisebe ye-manta, nezinye izilwane ezinkulu ze-pelagic. Izinhlanzi ezinkulu zasolwandle ezifuduka kakhulu njenge-Manta kanye ne-Whale Shark ngokuvamile ziyizinhlobo ezidlula emifantwini yokongiwa kwemvelo ngenxa yokuntuleka kolwazi ngebhayoloji yazo futhi ikakhulukazi indawo nokusetshenziswa kwezindawo ezibucayi, ubuningi nokunyakaza.
Kungani: UDkt. Rachel Graham we-Wildlife Conservation Society usebenze ezinhlelweni eziningi zokuqapha zokumaka kanye nokucwaninga ngoshaka omkhomo eCaribbean kusukela ngo-1998. Iphrojekthi ye-WCS eGulf izoba ngeyokuqala ukutadisha oshaka bemikhomo ku-FGBNMS kanye nokufuduka kwabo okucatshangelwayo phakathi kweCaribbean kanye neGulf of Mexico. Ulwazi olususelwe kulolu cwaningo lubalulekile ngenxa yokungabi bikho kolwazi mayelana nalezi zilwane ngokujwayelekile kanye nokudla kwazo kanye nokuncika kwazo ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka kulezi zintaba zasolwandle kanye nokubaluleka kwale ndawo yesizwe yasolwandle ekuzivikeleni ezigabeni ezihlukene emijikelezweni yazo yokuphila. Inyama yoshaka womkhomo inenani eliphezulu futhi ukuzingela kwalesi sikhulu esinokuthula kubeka engcupheni ithuba lokufunda kabanzi ngabo nomthelela wabo endaweni ezungezile.
Kanjani: Isikhwama se-Ocean Foundation's Coral Reef Field-of-Interest Fund, esisekela amaphrojekthi endawo akhuthaza ukuphathwa okusimeme kwezixhobo zamakhorali kanye nezinhlobo ezincike kuzo, kuyilapho kufunwa amathuba okuthuthukisa ukuphathwa kwezixhobo zamakhorali ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu.

Ngubani: I-Reef Environmental Education Foundation
kuphi: IGulf of Mexico
Ini: I-REEF isebenzela ekuhloleni izinhlanzi okuqhubekayo ukuze kubhalwe isakhiwo somphakathi wezinhlanzi kanye nokuqapha izinhlanzi e-Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary kanye ne-Stetson Bank futhi izoba nethuba lokwenza ukuhlola kokulandelela ngokuqhathanisa idatha yocwaningo lwezinhlanzi ngaphambi nangemuva kweziphepho. Itholakala ngamamayela ambalwa ukusuka ogwini lwase-Texas, i-Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary (FGBNMS) isebenza njengendawo yokugcina izinto eziphilayo zezinhlobo ze-Caribbean enyakatho yeGulf of Mexico futhi izosebenza njengomsizi wempilo yezinhlanzi zamatshe e-Gulf ngemva kwalokho. zezivunguvungu. Amazinga okushisa ayabanda kancane ebusika eStetson Bank, engamakhilomitha angu-48 enyakatho futhi yengezwa eSanctuary ngo-1996. Ibhange leseka umphakathi wezinhlanzi ongavamile. Ukuzijabulisa nge-scuba diving nokudoba kuyimisebenzi evamile ngaphakathi kwendawo engcwele. Ezinye izingxenye zendlu engcwele zenzelwe ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela negesi.
Kungani: I-REEF ibilokhu yenza ucwaningo lwezinhlanzi eGulf kusukela ngo-1994. Uhlelo lokuqapha olukhona luvumela i-REEF ukuthi ilandele noma yiziphi izinguquko esibalweni sezinhlanzi, ubukhulu, impilo, izindawo kanye nokuziphatha. Ngemuva kwezishingishane ezidlula esifundeni saseGulf kanye nezinguquko zokushisa kwamanzi afudumele, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthola ukuthi lezi zinguquko zesimo sezulu zithinta kanjani imvelo yasolwandle. Ulwazi lwe-REEF namarekhodi akhona endawo engaphansi kwamanzi kulesi sifunda azodlala indima ebalulekile ekuhloleni imithelela yalezi ziphepho zakamuva. I-REEF isebenzisa izinhlolovo ezenziwe ukusiza iNdawo Engcwele ezinqubweni zokuphatha kanye nokuxwayisa iziphathimandla nganoma yiziphi izinsongo kulezi zindawo.
Kanjani: Isikhwama se-Ocean Foundation's Coral Reef Field-of-Interest Fund, esisekela amaphrojekthi endawo akhuthaza ukuphathwa okusimeme kwezixhobo zamakhorali kanye nezinhlobo ezincike kuzo, kuyilapho kufunwa amathuba okuthuthukisa ukuphathwa kwezixhobo zamakhorali ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu.

Ngubani:  I-TOF Rapid Response Field-of-interest Fund
kuphi: Emhlabeni jikelele
Ini: Lesi sikhwama se-TOF sizoba yithuba lokunikeza usizo lwezezimali ezinhlanganweni ezifuna usizo olusheshayo ngezidingo ezicindezelayo kanye nomsebenzi ophuthumayo.
Kungani: Ngemva kweziphepho u-Emily, uKatrina, uRita, noStan kanye neTsunami, i-TOF yathola izicelo zesibonelelo esiphuthumayo ezivela ezinhlanganweni ezihlukahlukene ezicela uxhaso ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo eziphuthumayo. Lezo zidingo zazihlanganisa izimali zemishini yokuqapha izinga lamanzi kanye nemali yokuhlola ilabhorethri; izimali zokushintsha izinto zokusebenza ezilinyazwe yizikhukhula; kanye nezimali zokuhlola ngokushesha izinsiza zasolwandle ukusiza ukwazisa impendulo yokubuyisela/ukubuyisela. Kuphinde kwaba nokukhathazeka ngokuthi umphakathi ongenzi nzuzo awunalo ikhono lokwakha uhlobo lwezindawo zokugcina imali noma ukuthenga “umshwalense wokuphazamiseka kwebhizinisi” ongasiza ukukhokhela amaholo abasebenzi babo abanolwazi, abanolwazi ngalezi zikhathi zokuxoshwa.

Ngemva kwalezo zicelo, Ibhodi Le-TOF linqume ukudala Isikhwama esizosetshenziswa kuphela ukunikeza usizo olusheshayo emaqenjini abhekene nezimo eziphuthumayo lapho izinsiza zidingeka ngokushesha. Lezi zimo azigcini nje ngezinhlekelele zemvelo, kodwa zizofaka amaphrojekthi afuna imiphumela ngokushesha njengoba imizamo ezingeni lendawo ihlela ukwakha isu lesikhathi eside lemithombo yasolwandle ethintekile kanye nempilo yalabo abathembele kuzo.
Kanjani: Iminikelo evela kubaxhasi ecacisa ukuthi bangathanda ukuthi imali yabo ifakwe ku-TOF Rapid Response FIF.

Izindaba ze-TOF

• I-Tiffany Foundation iklomelise i-TOF isibonelelo sika-$100,000 sokusekela abasebenzi be-TOF ekucwaningeni amaphrojekthi ajabulisayo emhlabeni wonke kanye nokusiza abanikeli ngamathuba amahle kakhulu ahambisana nezidingo zabo zokupha.
• I-TOF isezinhlelweni zocwaningo lwayo lokuqala lochwepheshe futhi izoba nombiko maduze nje!
• UMongameli u-Mark Spalding uzobe emele i-TOF ku-Global Forum on Oceans, Coast, and Islands Conference on Global Policy e-Lisbon, e-Portugal mhla ziyi-10 kuMfumfu wezi-2005 lapho ezoba yingxenye yomhlangano wabaxhasi bamazwe ngamazwe.
• I-TOF isanda kuphothula imibiko yocwaningo lwabanikeli ababili: Omunye use-Isla del Coco, eCosta Rica nomunye useziQhingini zaseNorthwestern Hawaiian.
• I-TOF yasiza ukuxhasa inhlolovo yangemva kwe-tsunami yomthelela ezinsizeni zasolwandle eyenziwe yi-New England Aquarium kanye ne-National Geographic Society. Indaba izoba kumagazini ka-December we-National Geographic.

Amanye Amazwi Okugcina

I-Ocean Foundation ikhulisa amandla omkhakha wezokongiwa kolwandle futhi ivala igebe phakathi kwalesi sikhathi sokuqwashisa okukhulayo ngenhlekelele ezilwandle zethu kanye nokongiwa kweqiniso, osekwenziwe kwezilwandle zethu, okuhlanganisa nokuphathwa okusimeme kanye nezinhlaka zokubusa.

Ngo-2008, i-TOF izobe isidale uhlobo olusha ngokuphelele lwe-philanthropy (isisekelo somphakathi esihlobene nesizathu), isungule isisekelo sokuqala samazwe ngamazwe esigxile kuphela ekongiweni kolwandle, futhi ibe umxhasi wesithathu omkhulu wangasese wokongiwa kolwandle emhlabeni. Noma iyiphi yalezi zimpumelelo ingathethelela isikhathi sokuqala nemali ukwenza i-TOF iphumelele - zontathu ziyenza ibe utshalomali oluyingqayizivele futhi oluphoqelelayo egameni lezilwandle zomhlaba kanye nezigidigidi zabantu abathembele kuzo ukuze bathole ukwesekwa kwempilo okubalulekile.

Njenganoma yisiphi isisekelo izindleko zethu zokusebenza ezezindleko ezisekela ngokuqondile imisebenzi yokunikezwa kwezibonelelo noma imisebenzi eqondisayo yokupha (efana nokuhambela imihlangano yama-NGO, abaxhasi bezimali, noma ukubamba iqhaza emabhodini, njll.).

Ngenxa yesidingo esengeziwe sokugcinwa kwamabhuku ngokucophelela, ukutshala abaxhasi, nezinye izindleko zokusebenza, sabe cishe amaphesenti angu-8 kuya kwangu-10 njengephesenti lethu lokuphatha. Silindele ukunyuka kwesikhashana njengoba siletha abasebenzi abasha ukuze balindele ukukhula kwethu okuzayo, kodwa umgomo wethu wonke kuzoba ukugcina lezi zindleko zisezingeni eliphansi, ngokuvumelana nombono wethu omkhulu wokuthola imali engaka emkhakheni wezokongiwa kwasolwandle. ngangokunokwenzeka.